1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 发酵白酒糟营养成分Table 1 Nutrients of fermented white distiller’s grains% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 水分 Moisture | 10.6 |
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 25.8 |
| 粗纤维 Crude fiber | 13.3 |
| 粗灰分 Crude ash | 9.5 |
| 粗脂肪 Crude fat | 7.1 |
| 总氨基酸 Total amino acids | 21.2 |
| 甘露聚糖 Mannan | 2.8 |
| 总能 Gross energy/(MJ/kg) | 19.6 |
表2 发酵白酒糟氨基酸组成Table 2 Amino acid composition of fermented white distiller’s grains% |
| 氨基酸 Amino acids | 含量 Content | 氨基酸 Amino acids | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 1.28 | 亮氨酸 Leu | 2.06 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.67 | 酪氨酸 Tyr | 0.64 | |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 0.83 | 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 1.04 | |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 5.32 | 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.40 | |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 0.81 | 组氨酸 His | 0.73 | |
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 1.62 | 精氨酸 Arg | 0.49 | |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 1.04 | 脯氨酸 Pro | 1.71 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.26 | 胱氨酸 Cys | 1.43 | |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 0.83 |
1.2 试验时间及地点
1.3 试验设计和饲养管理
1.4 试验饲粮组成
表3 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第1~60天 Days 1 to 60 | 第61~120天 Days 61 to 120 | 第1~60天 Days 1 to 60 | 第61~120天 Days 61 to 120 | ||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米青贮 Corn silage | 45.000 | 37.500 | 45.000 | 37.500 | |
| 燕麦干草 Oat hay | 15.000 | 12.500 | 15.000 | 12.500 | |
| 玉米 Corn | 23.530 | 29.420 | 22.520 | 28.150 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 6.150 | 7.690 | 5.160 | 6.450 | |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 4.360 | 5.450 | 4.360 | 5.450 | |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 4.000 | 5.000 | 4.000 | 5.000 | |
| 发酵白酒槽 Fermented white distiller grains | 2.000 | 2.500 | |||
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.600 | 2.000 | 1.600 | 2.000 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.180 | 0.220 | 0.180 | 0.225 | |
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 0.180 | 0.220 | 0.180 | 0.225 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.49 | 10.74 | 10.49 | 10.74 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 11.46 | 12.28 | 11.29 | 12.13 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.89 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.72 | |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of premix contained the following:VA 110 000 IU,VD 320 000 IU,VE 400 IU,Mn 1 000 mg,Zn 1 250 mg,Fe 1 200 mg,Cu 260 mg,I 20 mg,Se 7 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,根据各原料比例及其在中国饲料数据库(http://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn)中的代谢能值进行计算;其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value which was calculated according to the proportion and ME value of each raw material in China Feed Database (http://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn), while the others were measured values. |
1.5 样品采集与保存
1.6 测定指标及方法
1.6.1 饲粮营养水平测定
1.6.2 生长性能测定
1.6.3 血清生化和免疫指标测定
1.6.4 粪便菌群测定
1.7 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛生长性能的影响
表4 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of microecological preparations and fermented white distiller’s grains on growth performance of Simmental cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重 IBW/kg | 152.33±30.07 | 152.08±35.73 | 0.990 |
| 终末体重 FBW/kg | 257.00±26.22 | 298.33±43.03 | 0.072 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(kg/d) | 0.87±0.22A | 1.22±0.11B | 0.007 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(kg/d) | 5.42±0.10 | 5.45±0.05 | 0.485 |
| 料重比 F/G | 6.69±2.33b | 4.50±0.39a | 0.047 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛血清生化和免疫指标的影响
表5 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛血清生化和免疫指标的影响Table 5 Effects of microecological preparations and fermented white distiller’s grains on serum biochemical and immune indices of Simmental cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 73.29±14.75 | 89.55±21.59 | 0.159 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 44.26±11.95 | 64.16±23.17 | 0.091 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 6.78±1.27 | 5.63±1.61 | 0.198 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 16.66±4.81 | 14.38±3.83 | 0.385 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 6.57±1.58 | 7.06±2.36 | 0.685 |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 6.01±1.54 | 5.25±1.25 | 0.369 |
| 肌酐 Cr/(μmol/L) | 88.09±25.37 | 90.90±21.68 | 0.841 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(pg/mL) | 424.94±23.71a | 476.82±32.07b | 0.032 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(pg/mL) | 1 459.33±161.86a | 1 889.73±363.00b | 0.045 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(pg/mL) | 729.36±143.80a | 935.59±106.43b | 0.049 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 243.60±46.71 | 270.25±44.32 | 0.747 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 156.98±36.28 | 141.36±46.14 | 0.446 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) | 115.29±35.41 | 131.04±26.23 | 0.674 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 143.79±51.89 | 156.97±33.81 | 0.358 |
2.3 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛粪便菌群的影响
2.3.1 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛粪便菌群多样性的影响
表6 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛粪便菌群alpha多样性的影响Table 6 Effects of microecological preparations and fermented white distiller’s grains on alpha diversity in fecal microflora of Simmental cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 可见物种指数 Observed species index | 492.64±67.93 | 536.57±34.30 | 0.188 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 493.09±68.02 | 537.08±34.41 | 0.188 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 493.56±68.18 | 537.66±34.73 | 0.188 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 7.36±0.27a | 7.73±0.22b | 0.026 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.98±0.01 | 0.98±0.01 | 0.722 |
| PD指数 PD index | 32.91±3.19 | 35.11±1.79 | 0.171 |
图1 西门塔尔牛粪便菌群beta多样性分析0<R<1表示组间差异显著,-1<R<0表示组间差异不显著。 Fig.1 Beta-diversity analysis in fecal microflora of Simmental cattle 0<R<1 indicated significant difference between groups, and -1<R<0 indicated no significant difference between groups. |
图2 微生态制剂和发酵白酒糟对西门塔尔牛粪便菌群组成的影响A:门水平上群落结构柱状图 histogram of community structure at phylum level;B:属水平上群落结构柱状图 histogram of community structure at genus level;C:门水平上群落结构Circos图 Circos graph of community structure at phylum level;D:属水平上群落结构Circos图 Circos graph of community structure at genus level;CK:对照组 control group;EG:试验组 experimental group。 Fig.2 Effects of microecological preparations and fermented white distiller’s grains on fecal microflora composition of Simmental cattle |

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