1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 全混合日粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the TMR (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米青贮 Corn silage | 16.66 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 6.63 |
| 羊草 Guinea grass | 19.54 |
| 稻草 Rice straw | 38.31 |
| 玉米 Corn | 6.29 |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 5.51 |
| 玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal | 6.06 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 维持净能 NEm/(MJ/kg) | 5.63 |
| 增重净能 NEg/(MJ/kg) | 2.63 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 12.60 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 11.04 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 2.20 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 48.60 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 29.60 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.81 |
| 磷 P | 0.21 |
1)预混料为每千克全混合日粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the TMR:VA 950 IU,VD 180 IU,VE 25 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 20 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.6 mg。 2)维持净能、增重净能为根据NASEM(2016)[15]计算得出的数值,Ash、CP、 EE 、NDF、 ADF、 Ca、P为分别根据国标GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018测定得出的数值。The NEm and NEg were values calculated according to NASEM (2016)[15], while Ash, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, Ca and P were values determined according to standards GB/T 6438—2007, GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6433—2006, GB/T 6434—2022, GB/T 6434—2022,GB/T 6436—2018, GB/T 6437—2018, respectively. |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 样品采集
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 体外降解率的测定
营养物质降解率(%)=100×[1-(m/M)]。
1.4.2 体外瘤胃发酵参数
1.4.3 微生物总DNA提取、扩增和测序
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响
表2 不同水平沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵液NH3-N和MCP含量的影响Table 2 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel powder on NH3-N and MCP contents in rumen in vitro fermentation broth of yaksmg/dL |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YZA | YLA | YMA | YHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 氨态氮 NH3-N | |||||||||
| 4 h | 14.76Aa | 13.88Aa | 11.45Bb | 14.96Aa | 0.465 | 0.003 | 0.407 | 0.002 | |
| 8 h | 15.13Aa | 12.56Bb | 12.78Bb | 17.01Aa | 0.607 | 0.002 | 0.059 | <0.010 | |
| 16 h | 16.73Aa | 11.25BCbc | 9.39Cc | 12.32Bb | 0.852 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
| 24 h | 20.79Aa | 20.11Aa | 10.79Bb | 12.91Bb | 1.359 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.109 | |
| 48 h | 26.07Aa | 24.34Aa | 15.64Bb | 16.35Bb | 1.622 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.541 | |
| 72 h | 28.54Aa | 21.34Bb | 18.54Bb | 21.66Bb | 1.456 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |
| 菌体蛋白 MCP | |||||||||
| 4 h | 11.36 | 12.52 | 13.37 | 12.54 | 0.208 | 0.120 | 0.060 | 0.187 | |
| 8 h | 10.79b | 11.25b | 13.15a | 11.58b | 0.314 | 0.013 | 0.041 | 0.032 | |
| 16 h | 9.98Bb | 10.73Bb | 12.36Aa | 12.02Aa | 0.318 | 0.002 | <0.010 | 0.114 | |
| 24 h | 11.86 | 12.06 | 13.02 | 11.92 | 0.284 | 0.486 | 0.667 | 0.291 | |
| 48 h | 10.29b | 10.63b | 11.56a | 10.60b | 0.168 | 0.013 | 0.083 | 0.015 | |
| 72 h | 10.46Bb | 10.69Bb | 12.03Aa | 11.69Aa | 0.215 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.188 | |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表3 不同水平沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵液pH和VFA含量的影响Table 3 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel powder on pH and VFA content in rumen in vitro fermentation broth of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YZA | YLA | YMA | YHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| pH | ||||||||
| 4 h | 6.76a | 6.66b | 6.64b | 6.69ab | 0.016 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.065 |
| 8 h | 6.60 | 6.53 | 6.51 | 6.57 | 0.017 | 0.221 | 0.059 | 0.454 |
| 16 h | 6.58a | 6.44b | 6.42b | 6.54a | 0.023 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.320 |
| 24 h | 6.51 | 6.36 | 6.36 | 6.50 | 0.029 | 0.060 | 0.010 | 0.881 |
| 48 h | 6.45ab | 6.34bc | 6.30c | 6.47a | 0.027 | 0.032 | 0.006 | 0.850 |
| 72 h | 6.42Aa | 6.30Aa | 6.18Bb | 6.41Aa | 0.034 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.409 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 9.66Bb | 15.53Aa | 16.00Aa | 10.04Bb | 0.985 | 0.002 | 0.723 | <0.001 |
| 8 h | 28.91b | 35.62a | 36.58a | 26.86b | 1.497 | 0.015 | 0.558 | 0.002 |
| 16 h | 51.06b | 57.51a | 58.01a | 49.59b | 1.399 | 0.030 | 0.661 | 0.005 |
| 24 h | 54.89Bb | 61.13Aa | 60.84Aa | 53.85Bb | 1.048 | <0.001 | 0.317 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 72.61Cc | 87.92Aa | 85.49Aa | 77.57Bb | 1.917 | <0.001 | 0.049 | <0.001 |
| 72 h | 90.77 | 97.32 | 98.43 | 98.83 | 1.544 | 0.222 | 0.077 | 0.303 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 6.01b | 10.25a | 10.34a | 7.00b | 0.706 | 0.023 | 0.492 | 0.004 |
| 8 h | 16.05b | 19.27a | 19.42a | 15.03b | 0.713 | 0.025 | 0.515 | 0.004 |
| 16 h | 25.10b | 28.33a | 28.38a | 24.02b | 0.705 | 0.021 | 0.466 | 0.004 |
| 24 h | 24.33Dd | 27.36Bb | 29.05Aa | 25.80Cc | 0.559 | <0.001 | 0.010 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 39.61Bb | 47.27Aa | 49.86Aa | 40.86Bb | 1.341 | <0.001 | 0.128 | <0.001 |
| 72 h | 45.59Bb | 44.94Bb | 56.47Aa | 52.25Aa | 1.563 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.240 |
| 丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 1.22Cc | 2.39Aa | 2.71Aa | 1.79Bb | 0.187 | 0.001 | 0.029 | <0.001 |
| 8 h | 8.06b | 11.27a | 11.38a | 7.03b | 0.710 | 0.025 | 0.507 | 0.004 |
| 16 h | 18.11b | 21.27a | 21.38a | 17.03b | 0.708 | 0.026 | 0.486 | 0.004 |
| 24 h | 18.24Bb | 22.84Aa | 22.83Aa | 23.22Aa | 0.689 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| 48 h | 18.95Bb | 24.69Aa | 23.75Aa | 22.81Aa | 0.747 | 0.006 | 0.021 | 0.116 |
| 72 h | 25.51Cc | 32.83ABab | 36.54Aa | 28.72BCbc | 1.418 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.056 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 1.57b | 1.83a | 1.90a | 1.49b | 0.060 | 0.011 | 0.606 | 0.002 |
| 8 h | 3.42b | 3.69b | 5.04a | 4.31ab | 0.227 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.129 |
| 16 h | 6.04bc | 5.99c | 6.40a | 6.33ab | 0.066 | 0.032 | 0.016 | 0.888 |
| 24 h | 8.67Bb | 7.22Cc | 10.30Aa | 6.96Cc | 0.418 | <0.001 | 0.130 | 0.008 |
| 48 h | 8.64b | 9.78ab | 11.28a | 9.24ab | 0.424 | 0.031 | 0.333 | 0.057 |
| 72 h | 10.66b | 12.25ab | 15.05a | 12.44ab | 0.642 | 0.015 | 0.110 | 0.072 |
| 戊酸 Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 0.17Bb | 0.27Aa | 0.25Aa | 0.14Bb | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.137 | <0.001 |
| 8 h | 0.38a | 0.32b | 0.37a | 0.36ab | 0.009 | 0.045 | 0.957 | 0.143 |
| 16 h | 0.55bc | 0.59ab | 0.51c | 0.62a | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.119 | 0.117 |
| 24 h | 1.26ABab | 1.61Aa | 0.88Bb | 1.02Bb | 0.095 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.364 |
| 48 h | 2.31b | 3.54a | 2.41b | 2.46b | 0.182 | 0.021 | 0.547 | 0.039 |
| 72 h | 4.81Aa | 4.04Aa | 2.94Bb | 2.32Bb | 0.307 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.750 |
| 异丁酸 Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 0.26b | 0.26b | 0.27b | 0.29a | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.003 | 0.195 |
| 8 h | 0.44b | 0.48ab | 0.49a | 0.50a | 0.009 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.228 |
| 16 h | 0.59c | 0.60bc | 0.62ab | 0.63a | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.645 |
| 24 h | 1.13Aa | 0.94Cc | 1.07Bb | 0.88Dd | 0.031 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| 48 h | 1.25Aa | 1.17Aa | 1.29Aa | 0.89Bb | 0.053 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| 72 h | 1.61 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.37 | 0.064 | 0.423 | 0.251 | 0.278 |
| 异戊酸 Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| 4 h | 0.42ab | 0.53a | 0.54a | 0.30b | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.109 | 0.003 |
| 8 h | 0.56bc | 0.58ab | 0.61a | 0.53c | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.268 | 0.004 |
| 16 h | 0.68b | 0.73b | 0.71b | 0.97a | 0.041 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.076 |
| 24 h | 1.26Bb | 1.16Cc | 1.42Aa | 0.94Dd | 0.053 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 1.85Aa | 1.48Bb | 1.71Aa | 1.32Cc | 0.065 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.829 |
| 72 h | 2.59Aa | 1.93Bb | 1.51Cc | 1.73BCbc | 0.131 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| 乙酸/丙酸 A/P | ||||||||
| 4 h | 5.74a | 4.39ab | 3.81b | 3.50b | 0.349 | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.375 |
| 8 h | 2.00Aa | 1.73Bb | 1.72Bb | 2.14Aa | 0.062 | 0.008 | 0.226 | 0.001 |
| 16 h | 1.39ab | 1.33b | 1.33b | 1.41a | 0.013 | 0.025 | 0.358 | 0.005 |
| 24 h | 1.26b | 1.20b | 1.07b | 1.42a | 0.046 | 0.019 | 0.214 | 0.009 |
| 48 h | 1.67Bb | 1.92Bb | 2.64Aa | 1.80Bb | 0.121 | <0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 |
| 72 h | 1.25Cc | 1.37Cc | 2.22Aa | 1.85Bb | 0.128 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.038 |
2.2 沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵营养物质降解率的影响
表4 不同水平沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵DM、NDF和ADF降解率的影响Table 4 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel powder on degradation rates of DM, NDF and ADF in rumen in vitro fermentation of yaks% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YZA | YLA | YMA | YHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 干物质降解率 DMD | |||||||||
| 4 h | 14.85b | 18.04a | 18.24a | 19.27a | 0.583 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.168 | |
| 8 h | 15.79 | 16.80 | 16.85 | 17.22 | 1.149 | 0.983 | 0.731 | 0.908 | |
| 16 h | 25.91 | 26.66 | 26.77 | 27.89 | 0.623 | 0.786 | 0.369 | 0.897 | |
| 24 h | 28.50b | 29.93ab | 34.23a | 30.06ab | 0.916 | 0.029 | 0.225 | 0.104 | |
| 48 h | 37.22 | 39.03 | 41.53 | 39.75 | 0.958 | 0.517 | 0.435 | 0.237 | |
| 72 h | 42.15b | 45.97ab | 47.08a | 43.61ab | 0.835 | 0.037 | 0.406 | 0.031 | |
| 中性洗涤纤维降解率 NDFD | |||||||||
| 4 h | 6.96Bb | 7.55Bb | 10.07Aa | 9.77Aa | 0.418 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.072 | |
| 8 h | 9.49b | 9.60b | 12.43a | 10.47b | 0.414 | 0.011 | 0.033 | 0.072 | |
| 16 h | 14.39b | 14.77b | 16.49a | 14.67b | 0.321 | 0.025 | 0.261 | 0.051 | |
| 24 h | 15.72b | 17.95ab | 18.20a | 18.67a | 0.458 | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.252 | |
| 48 h | 22.37Bb | 21.43Bb | 28.39Aa | 27.73Aa | 0.946 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.679 | |
| 72 h | 32.08Bb | 36.07Aa | 35.78Aa | 36.06Aa | 0.537 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| 酸性洗涤纤维降解率 ADFD | |||||||||
| 4 h | 5.36Cc | 7.41Bb | 10.13Aa | 9.38Aa | 0.582 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |
| 8 h | 8.84Cc | 10.45Bb | 11.53Aa | 7.41Dd | 0.488 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.007 | |
| 16 h | 7.88Cc | 12.67ABab | 14.05Aa | 11.16Bb | 0.744 | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |
| 24 h | 12.29Bb | 15.86Aa | 15.56Aa | 15.60Aa | 0.466 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 48 h | 19.75c | 23.00ab | 23.84a | 20.68bc | 0.591 | 0.014 | 0.305 | 0.002 | |
| 72 h | 25.62Dd | 30.21Bb | 31.06Aa | 26.56Cc | 0.705 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | |
2.3 沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 稀释曲线及分类操作单元(OTU)的Venn图分析
图1 稀释曲线(a)和Venn图(b)YZA为对照组,不添加沙葱粉;YLA、YMA、YHA为试验组,沙葱粉添加量分别为1.2%、2.4%和3.6%。下图同。 Fig.1 Dilution curve (a) and Venn diagram (b) YZA was the control group, without the addition of Allium mongolicum Regel powder; YLA, YMA and YHA were the experimental groups, and the addition amounts of Allium mongolicum Regel were 1.2%, 2.4% and 3.6%, respectively. The same as below. |
图2 各组门水平(a)和属水平(b)微生物的丰度图Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋菌门;Cyanobacteria:脱硫杆状菌门;Desulfobacterota:互养菌门;Synergistota:放线菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Ruminobacter:瘤胃杆菌属;Anaerovibrio:厌氧弧菌属;Fibrobacter:丝状杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群;Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group:普雷沃氏菌科YAB2003群;Selenomonas:月形单胞菌属。 Fig.2 Abundance graph of microorganism at phylum level (a) and genus level (b) in each group |
2.3.2 瘤胃微生物α-多样性指数分析
表5 不同水平沙葱粉对牦牛瘤胃微生物α-多样性指数的影响Table 5 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel powder on rumen microorganism α-diversity indexes of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YZA | YLA | YMA | YHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 439.265 | 1 850.119 | 1 445.996 | 1 772.821 | 92.383 | 0.271 | 0.460 | 0.813 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 7.621 | 7.914 | 7.930 | 8.087 | 0.098 | 0.452 | 0.147 | 0.741 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.978 | 0.979 | 0.983 | 0.986 | 0.002 | 0.372 | 0.104 | 0.757 |
| Coverage指数 Coverage index | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.000 | 0.214 | 0.671 | 0.753 |
2.3.3 瘤胃微生物物种组成分析
图3 门水平和属水平微生物相对丰度箱线图a~e:门水平微生物相对丰度箱线图;f~j:属水平微生物相对丰度箱线图;*代表差异显著(P<0.05)。a to e: box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at the phylum level; f to j: box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at the genus level; * represents significant difference (P<0.05). Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Ruminobacter:瘤胃杆菌属。 Fig.3 Box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at phylum level and genus level |
2.3.4 瘤胃微生物属水平组间差异性分析
图4 差异微生物属水平相对丰度(Metastat 检验)Pseudobutyrivibrio:假丁酸弧菌属;Eubacterium_ruminantium_group:反刍真杆菌群;Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009:毛螺菌科UCG-009;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:梭状芽孢杆菌1:Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Eubacterium_ventriosum_group:凸腹真杆菌群;Oribacterium:口腔杆菌属;Papillibacter:乳头杆菌属;Pyramidobacter:金字塔杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属。 Fig.4 Relative abundance of differential microorganism at genus level (Metastat test) |
2.3.5 属水平差异微生物与体外发酵参数、营养物质降解率的相关性分析
图5 差异微生物相对丰度与发酵参数、营养物质降解率的皮尔逊相关性分析红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关,颜色越深表示相关性越强;*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。Red indicates positive correlation, blue indicates negative correlation, and darker color indicates stronger correlation; * means significant association (P<0.05), ** means very significant association (P<0.01)。 Pseudobutyrivibrio:假丁酸弧菌属;Eubacterium_ruminantium_group:反刍真杆菌群;Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009:毛螺菌科UCG-009;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:梭状芽孢杆菌1; Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Eubacterium_ventriosum_group:凸腹真杆菌群;Oribacterium:口腔杆菌属;Papillibacter:乳头杆菌属;Pyramidobacter:金字塔杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;NH3-N:氨态氮 ammoniacal nitrogen;MCP:菌体蛋白 mycoprotein;TVFA:总挥发性脂肪酸 total volatile fatty acids;Acetic acid:乙酸;Propionic acid:丙酸;Butyric acid:丁酸;Valeric acid:戊酸;Isobutyric acid:异丁酸;Isovaleric acid:异戊酸;A/P:乙酸/丙酸 acetic/propionic acid;DMD:干物质降解率 dry matter degradation rate;NDFD:中性洗涤纤维降解率 neutral detergent fiber degradation rate;ADFD:酸性洗涤纤维降解率 acid detergent fiber degradation rate。 Fig.5 Pearson correlation analysis of differential microbial relative abundance with fermentation parameters and nutrient degradation rates |

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