动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 7: 4163 - 4171

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.358

综述

棉籽粕的营养特性、脱毒技术及其在反刍动物生产中应用的研究进展

  • 刘文昌 , 1 ,
  • 李付强 2 ,
  • 肖正中 3 ,
  • 肖定福 , 1, *
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  • 1 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院,长沙 410128
  • 2 湖南天华实业有限公司,娄底 417000
  • 3 广西农业职业技术大学动物科技学院,南宁 530009
*肖定福,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

刘文昌(2001—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生,研究方向为肉牛饲料营养价值评价与饲料资源开发。E-mail:

Copy editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2024-01-31

  网络出版日期: 2024-07-09

基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助(CARS-37)

收起

Research Progress on Nutritional Characteristics, Detoxification Technology and Application in Ruminant Production of Cottonseed Meal

  • LIU Wenchang , 1 ,
  • LI Fuqiang 2 ,
  • XIAO Zhengzhong 3 ,
  • XIAO Dingfu , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Hunan Tianhua Industrial Co., Ltd., Loudi 417000, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning 530009, China
*E-mail:

Received date: 2024-01-31

  Online published: 2024-07-09

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摘要

棉籽粕的产量大、粗蛋白质含量高,营养价值较高,是一种可使豆粕减量使用的蛋白质饲料原料。但棉籽粕中含有游离棉酚等抗营养因子,限制其在动物生产中的应用。本文综述了棉籽粕的营养特性、脱毒技术及其在反刍动物生产中的应用,以期为棉籽粕的饲料化利用提供参考。

关键词： 棉籽粕; 营养特性; 脱毒技术; 反刍动物

本文引用格式

刘文昌 , 李付强 , 肖正中 , 肖定福 . 棉籽粕的营养特性、脱毒技术及其在反刍动物生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(7) : 4163 -4171 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.358

Abstract

Cottonseed meal is a protein feed material with abundant yield, high crude protein content, and nutritional value, which can reduce the use of soybean meal. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as free gossypol in cottonseed meal limits its application in animal production. The nutritional characteristics, detoxification technology, and application of cottonseed meal in ruminant production were reviewed in this paper, in order to provide references for the feed utilization of cottonseed meal.

Key words： cottonseed meal; nutritional characteristics; detoxification technology; ruminants

我国是棉花产量大国,据《中国统计年鉴》资料显示:2022年中国棉花种植面积为3 000 khm2,棉花产量为598万t[1]。棉籽是棉花的种子,棉籽粕是棉籽榨油后产生的副产物(可达45%),具有粗蛋白质含量高、氨基酸种类丰富、原料充足的优点,可作为一种优质的饲料原料[2],在我国饲料原料面临严重缺口的情况下,合理开发利用棉籽粕可以缓解蛋白质饲料原料紧缺的压力。但棉籽粕含有游离棉酚,饲喂过量会对反刍动物造成呼吸困难、生长速度减慢和厌食症等危害,此外对其繁殖和泌乳性能也具有一定的毒害作用,极大地限制了棉籽粕在动物生产中的应用[3⇓-5]。本文就棉籽粕的营养特性、脱毒技术及其在反刍动物生产中的应用进行论述,以期为棉籽粕的开发和利用提供参考。

1 棉籽粕的营养特性

棉籽粕具有丰富的营养成分,可与绝大多数蛋白质类杂粕相媲美。棉籽粕营养成分见表1,造成表中营养成分差异的原因可能与棉籽粕品种、种植地域及榨油工艺等因素有关。棉籽粕中氨基酸种类也比较全面,富含17种氨基酸,棉籽粕中氨基酸含量见表2。此外,棉籽粕中还含有钙、硫、铁、铜等多种矿物元素和维生素E,对动物的生长发育起着重要作用[6]。
表1 棉籽粕营养成分

Table 1 Nutritional composition of cottonseed meal%

序号
No.		 干物质
DM		 粗蛋白质
CP		 粗脂肪
EE		 粗纤维
CF		 粗灰分
Ash		 参考文献
References
1 89.58 45.60 0.61 12.86 6.29 张辉耀等[13]
2 90.00 40.80 0.70 16.80 6.20 《中国饲料成分及营养价值表
(2021年第32版)》[9]
3 92.62 36.34 1.10 12.58 5.20 Jazi等[14]
4 88.78 44.09 4.29 Silva等[15]
5 43.50 0.50 10.50 Hu等[16]
6 87.51 49.28 1.34 7.69 张莹等[6]
表2 棉籽粕中氨基酸含量

Table 2 Amino acid contents of cottonseed meal%

氨基酸
AA		 参考文献 Refernces
张辉耀等[13] Zhuo等[17] Jazi等[14] Wang等[18]
赖氨酸 Lys 1.89 2.01 1.56 1.90
色氨酸 Try 0.46
苯丙氨酸 Phe 2.43 2.30 2.24 2.53
蛋氨酸 Met 0.39 0.41 0.51 0.56
苏氨酸 Thr 1.41 1.40 1.24 1.29
异亮氨酸 Ile 1.33 1.25 1.28 1.53
亮氨酸 Leu 2.65 2.48 2.17 2.71
缬氨酸 Val 1.89 1.79 1.77 2.11
组氨酸 His 1.27 1.25 1.13 1.27
天门冬氨酸Asp 4.15 3.91 3.52 4.28
谷氨酸 Glu 9.26 9.10 8.71 11.36
甘氨酸 Gly 1.77 1.73 1.63 1.87
丙氨酸 Ala 1.70 1.59 1.42 1.76
半胱氨酸 Cys 0.57 0.68 0.55 0.74
酪氨酸 Tyr 1.15 1.19 0.94 1.52
精氨酸 Arg 5.36 5.15 4.17 5.66
脯氨酸 Pro 1.69 1.72 1.46 1.46
丝氨酸 Ser 1.94 1.90 1.60 1.77
总氨基酸 TAA 40.85 40.32 35.90 44.32
但棉籽粕存在氨基酸分布不平衡[7]、生物利用率低[8]、有效能值低[9]等缺点。另外,棉籽粕含有游离棉酚、单宁、植酸和环丙烯脂肪酸等多种抗营养因子,阻碍动物对营养物质的吸收,环丙烯脂肪酸会影响脂肪的代谢和脂肪酸的组成,易导致肝细胞损伤[10];游离棉酚会降低氨基酸消化率,损害肠道健康,损伤线粒体及下调能量代谢通路,导致机体能量供给失衡[11-12]。

2 棉籽粕脱毒技术

2.1 物理法

传统的物理脱酚方法主要包括热处理法[19]、膨化技术[20]等,与这些方法相比,近年兴起的微波、超声波辅助技术减少了处理时间和生产成本,且能高效地脱除棉籽粕中游离棉酚。Dabbour等[21]利用超声波对棉籽粕进行脱毒处理时发现,在温度53 ℃、超声处理功率320 W、反应时间21 min的情况下,总棉酚脱除率和棉籽粕蛋白质提取率效果最优,游离棉酚和总棉酚的脱除率和棉籽粕蛋白质提取率分别为93.21%、87.56%和58.23%,分别比碱提取方法提高了15.64%、12.88%和29.56%。Kadam等[22]利用微波对棉籽粕进行预处理可使总棉酚含量降低50.17%。此外,高压灭菌也是一种高效脱酚方法,棉籽粕在121 ℃经高压灭菌60 min处理后,游离棉酚脱除率高达96%,而粗蛋白质含量却没有降低[23]。

2.2 化学法

棉酚具有酸性,能与碱性物质反应生成复合盐,可选用碱性物质水溶液反应脱毒[24]。Soares Neto等[23]用Ca(OH)2对棉籽粕进行化学处理也能有效去除游离棉酚,1%的Ca(OH)2溶液使游离棉酚含量降低98.9%,2%的Ca(OH)2溶液使游离棉酚含量降低99.6%,但是这也使得粗蛋白质含量降低了3%。戴卫东等[25]研究表明,在温度60 ℃、时间3 h、pH 8~9的条件下,可使棉籽粕中的游离棉酚含量从0.150%降低至0.032%。但碱处理后的棉籽粕适口性较差,且需要清洗、干燥,增加了处理成本,所以此方法不适合用于大规模工业化生产[26]。棉酚易溶于有机溶剂,可用醇类如乙醇、丙酮等萃取[27]。Singh等[28]通过使用2-丙醇与草酸的酸化极性溶剂成功去除了棉籽粕中高达95.43%的棉酚。孙亚森等[29]选择浓度为85%~90%、料液比1∶(0.5~0.6)(物料质量与新鲜甲醇溶剂体积比)的脱酚效果较好。采用溶剂萃取法脱酚比较彻底,对棉籽粕中蛋白质破坏较少,但溶剂回收工艺比较复杂,溶剂消耗大,成本较高,因此还需进一步优化[30]。目前硫酸亚铁法被公认为有效的脱酚方法,脱毒原理是硫酸亚铁中亚铁离子(Fe2+)能与游离棉酚结合,使游离棉酚中的活性醛基和羟基失去作用[31]。当亚铁离子与游离棉酚的摩尔比为80∶1时,棉籽粕中的游离棉酚残留量从1 156 mg/kg降至66 mg/kg,脱除率可达94%[32]。此外,王倩等[33]报道,当硫酸亚铁用量为游离棉酚的5倍质量浓度时,游离棉酚脱除率可达83%。

2.3 生物法

目前棉籽粕脱酚常用的生物法包括酶解法和微生物发酵法(表3)。杨文婷[34]研究发现,在温度40 ℃、水分含量35%的条件下,添加5%的棉酚降解酶经过2 h可脱除92.67%的游离棉酚,比热带假丝酵母ZD-3进行固态发酵后的游离棉酚脱除率高4.46%,且前者极大地缩短了脱毒时间,大大地提升了棉籽粕脱毒效率。微生物发酵法根据发酵的类型可分为单菌发酵和混菌发酵,该方法不仅能提高棉酚降解率,还能够降低物理法和化学法对棉籽粕中蛋白质的功能和结构产生的破坏作用。Wang等[18]研究发现,安氏乳杆菌在体外接种浓度为5%的条件下,39 ℃连续发酵5 d,棉酚降解率高达83%,粗蛋白质含量提高了4.1%。此外,Zhang等[35]选用热带假丝酵母和黑曲霉对棉籽粕进行混菌发酵处理,游离棉酚的降解率可达91.64%,粗蛋白质含量及其体外消化率也得到明显提高。
表3 生物法降解棉籽粕棉酚

Table 3 Biological degradation of gossypol in cottonseed meal

发酵菌株
Fermentation strains		 发酵类型
Type of
fermentation		 粗蛋白质含量
Content of crude protein/%		 游离棉酚
脱除率
Degradation
date of
free gossypol/
%		 参考文献
References
处理前
Before
processing		 处理后
After
processing
棉酚降解酶 Gossypol degradation enzyme 酶解 36.82 40.64 92.67 杨文婷等[34]
安氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus agilis 单菌发酵 57.60 61.70 83.00 Wang等[18]
凝结芽孢杆菌 Bacillus coagulans 单菌发酵 47.98 52.82 81.83 Zhang等[36]
戊糖片球菌 Pediococcus pentosaceus 单菌发酵 36.53 48.20 87.15 张琛等[37]
酿酒酵母、植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Labacillus
planetarum and Bacillus subtilis		 混菌发酵 44.66 47.51 66.28 宣秋希等[38]
枯草芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和米曲霉
Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and
Aspergillus oryzae		 混菌发酵 36.34 39.22 88.36 Jazi等[14]
热带假丝酵母和黑曲霉
Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger		 混菌发酵 23.79 30.41 91.64 Zhang等[35]

3 棉籽粕在反刍动物生产中的应用研究

3.1 在肉牛生产中的应用研究

棉籽粕在肉牛上的报道主要集中在生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性和消化率等方面。宫晨[39]用2%棉籽粕、1.8%玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)和1.2%味精渣混合替代饲粮中5%豆粕饲喂鲁西黄牛,对其生长性能、血液指标和营养物质表观消化率无不良影响,平均每千克增重成本降低0.29元,提高了养殖效益。荆元强等[40]研究发现,等蛋白质水平下,用棉籽粕全部或部分替代豆粕对肉牛日增重及各项屠宰性能指标的影响均不显著,但棉籽粕的饲粮单价、肉牛每千克增重成本都低于豆粕,每千克增重成本分别降低了0.49和0.68元。Srinath等[41]研究表明,用棉籽粕替代100%豆粕饲喂肉牛对其表观消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和微生物组成没有显著影响。 Leite等[42]报道,在放牧肉牛饲粮中补充30%棉籽粕可以提高放牧肉牛的表观消化率、日采食量和氮利用率。此外,也有研究报道,棉籽粕对肉牛的甲烷(CH4)排放和免疫功能也具有一定的正调控效应。在雨季饲养阶段,饲粮中添加0.3%体重的棉籽粕不会对放牧肉牛的瘤胃参数和肠道CH4排放造成明显的影响,而且使得平均日增重提高了15.56%[43]。张晓明等[44]研究表明,饲喂以棉籽粕为蛋白质的饲粮,肉牛增重净能最高(棉籽粕组22.00 MJ/d,豆粕组18.95 MJ/d,菜籽粕组21.38 MJ/d),CH4排放量最低,相比于豆粕降低了32.79%,在肉牛育肥后期可以用棉籽粕替代豆粕以降低成本。Zhu等[45]在冬季给育肥肉牛饲喂蛋白质水平为10%和14%的棉籽粕饲粮,后者平均日增重、瘤胃微生物蛋白含量和粗蛋白质消化率分别提高了40.91%、8.14%和3.70%,且降低了血清中丙二醛、肿瘤坏死因子-α的含量。
粱敏等[46]的研究发现,在饲粮中添加6%的发酵棉籽粕可提高安格斯肉牛饲粮中粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率及平均日增重,每天约增重0.96 kg。Ma等[47]在棉籽粕饲粮中添加5 g/d的活性干酵母60 d后,提高了断奶犊牛的平均日增重、瘤胃微生物蛋白含量、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率,同时也提高了血清中葡萄糖、免疫球蛋白A和免疫球蛋白M的含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低丙二醛和肿瘤坏死因子-α的含量。以上研究表明,棉籽粕经微生物发酵后不仅能够降低游离棉酚对肉牛的危害,还能提高肉牛的生长性能和免疫力。

3.2 在肉羊生产中的应用研究

邹郑欣[48]用棉籽粕、菜籽粕、DDGS和发酵豆粕以15%比例等量替代基础饲粮中豆粕发现,粗蛋白质、干物质的表观消化率、消化能和代谢能都得到了提高,且饲喂棉籽粕组的肉羊CH4排放量最低。付霞杰等[49]研究发现,棉籽粕和豆粕对云南半细毛羊的有效能差异不显著,但前者可消化粗蛋白质含量大于后者,这降低了原料成本,提高了肉羊的经济效益。与豆粕和芝麻粕相比,饲喂棉籽粕饲粮羔羊的表观消化率、平均日增重、氮平衡及饲料转化率最高,经济效益最好,从经济角度考虑,在肉羊饲粮中可以用棉籽粕代替100%的豆粕[50]。Grimsell[51]研究发现,棉籽粕饲粮的采食量和瘤胃pH显著高于其他3种蛋白质饲粮,且对羔羊的生长性能、屠宰性能和瘤胃发酵没有不良影响。牛明强等[52]研究发现,在饲粮中添加10%棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉羊的育肥性能和屠宰性能无显著影响,说明用棉籽粕代替豆粕作为饲料的主要蛋白质源是可行的,且每只羊的利润提高了9.67元。杨彩虹[53]研究表明,在肉羊育肥期使用17%棉籽粕替代饲粮中豆粕,不仅不会降低血清中免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白M、免疫球蛋白G的含量,而且提高了肉羊瘤胃容积和消化酶的活性,促进胃肠道发育。综上所述,棉籽粕同豆粕、菜籽粕和芝麻粕等优质杂粕相比,未发现其对肉羊的生长性能、屠宰性能和瘤胃发酵特性有明显的不利影响,且能减少CH4排放量,减少有害气体对环境的污染。
Rehemujiang等[54]研究发现,将10%的发酵棉籽粕等量替代饲粮中的豆粕97 d后,湖羊的平均日增重和瘤胃微生物蛋白含量分别提高了9.37%和51.61%,并且饲料成本也降低了5.56%。在肉羊的发酵全混合日粮中,用棉籽粕全部替代豆粕(饲粮中占10%)后,提高羔羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸和胸最长肌肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量,而且降低羔羊肌肉中短链脂肪酸的含量,在一定程度上改善了肉品质[55]。Belewu等[56]研究表明,经固态发酵后的棉籽粕饲喂山羊,能提高其干物质、粗蛋白质、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和半纤维素的消化率,从而提高营养物质的消化率。由此可见,棉籽粕发酵后其营养价值得到显著的提升,为反刍动物提供了一种优质的蛋白质饲料来源。

3.3 在奶牛生产中的应用研究

Bittencourt等[57]结果表明,使用0.39 kg/d的棉籽粕饲喂奶牛不会影响其乳品质、饲料转化效率和日间采食行为,但使产奶量降低了0.7 kg/d。Urias等[58]在冬季饲粮中添加106 g/d的棉籽粕饲喂给放牧奶牛,提高了奶牛的干物质采食量、粗蛋白质和中酸性洗涤纤维的全肠道消化率;且棉籽粕除提供氨外,还能提供多肽和氨基酸,促进微生物蛋白合成。根据Webb等[59]的研究结果,在饲粮中添加8.66%棉籽粕替代豆粕饲喂泌乳奶牛,对其日采食量、产奶量和乳脂率不会产生明显影响,但降低了奶牛的乳蛋白和乳尿素氮含量。在泌乳奶牛的饲粮中添加15%和30%的棉籽粕使奶牛产奶量分别降低4.27%、5.13%,此外,牛奶中乳蛋白含量的下降和尿素氮含量的升高,说明在饲粮中添加棉籽粕降低了奶牛对氮的利用率[60]。
以上研究表明,棉籽粕在奶牛生产中的应用效果并不理想,可能会导致奶牛的产奶量和乳品质下降,降低养殖效益。因此,在奶牛饲粮中不宜直接添加棉籽粕,需要进一步改善其加工工艺,致力于提高棉籽粕品质,将其打造成优良的蛋白质原料产品。

4 开发前景及存在问题分析

我国畜牧业的迅速发展导致常规饲料原料短缺,其中优质蛋白质饲料原料紧缺问题更加突出,而棉籽粕产量丰富,营养成分较为全面,可作为一种优质的饲料资源,具有广阔的应用前景。但棉籽粕存在抗营养成分游离棉酚,通过物理、化学及生物等脱毒方法降低棉籽粕中游离棉酚含量,可改善其品质。目前,生物发酵法被公认为安全、脱毒效果好、投入成本低、最有发展前景的脱毒方法,不但能除去棉酚毒性,改善畜产品品质,且在发酵过程中产生大量糖类、脂类、蛋白质等小分子代谢产物以及维生素、消化酶等,维护动物肠道健康,极大地提高原料的营养价值。然而,棉籽粕在反刍动物生产中的应用还存在许多问题。首先,我国对反刍动物饲粮中游离棉酚含量和棉籽粕安全添加量尚无明确规定;其次,物理、化学和生物等脱毒方法处理棉籽粕会对棉籽粕的营养成分造成损失和破坏,寻求一种能够保留棉籽粕完整营养成分的脱毒方法迫在眉睫;另外,需要进一步探究棉籽粕在畜禽中的作用机理。通过选育低酚棉花品种、改进棉籽粕脱毒技术、进一步探究其安全添加量及作用机理,棉籽粕代替豆粕将在反刍动物生产中展示更广的应用前景。

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  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
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