1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 原料 Ingredients | 含量 Content | 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 64.82 | 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.72 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 19.30 | 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.06 | |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 10.00 | 钙 Ca | 1.09 | |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 1.17 | 总磷 TP | 0.63 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 2.00 | 有效磷 AP | 0.49 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.02 | 钠 Na | 0.18 | |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.39 | 氯 Cl | 0.28 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.09 | 铜 Cu/(mg/kg) | 13.98 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.17 | 铁 Fe/(mg/kg) | 470.30 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.04 | 锌 Zn/(mg/kg) | 87.85 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 锰 Mn/(mg/kg) | 145.66 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 500 IU,VD3 4 125 IU,VE 15 IU,VK 2 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB2 8.5 mg,VB12 0.08 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 32.5 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,Se(as selenium sulfate) 0.3 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 65 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Cu(as copper sulfate) 15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 66 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、有效磷、铜、铁、锌和锰为实测值,其余为计算值[参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版) 》]。CP, Ca, TP, AP, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were measured values, while the others were calculated values [refered to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st ed, 2020)]. |
1.4 样品采集及处理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 营养成分测定
1.5.2 生长性能测定
1.6 微量元素需要量动态预测模型建模方法
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同周龄蛋鸡生长性能
表2 不同周龄蛋鸡生长性能Table 2 Growth performance of laying hens at different weeks of age |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 初始体重 Initial body weight/g | 终末体重 Final body weight/g | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | 863.85±15.60 | 957.83±16.33 | 77.65±5.76 | 13.43±2.56 | 5.78±0.43 |
| 14 | 957.83±16.33 | 1 060.92±21.21 | 78.85±6.19 | 14.73±3.69 | 5.35±0.46 |
| 15 | 1 060.92±21.21 | 1 136.50±28.03 | 78.90±8.40 | 10.80±1.55 | 7.31±0.85 |
| 16 | 1 136.50±28.03 | 1 214.96±38.38 | 80.96±5.92 | 11.21±2.26 | 7.22±0.58 |
| 17 | 1 214.96±38.38 | 1 299.88±31.20 | 81.66±3.94 | 10.84±2.69 | 7.53±0.40 |
2.2 蛋鸡生长曲线
表3 蛋鸡不同周龄体重实测值与预测值Table 3 Measured and predicted body weight of laying hens at different weeks of ageg |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 实测值 Measured values | 预测值 Predicted values |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | 863.85 | 864.50 |
| 13 | 957.83 | 960.48 |
| 14 | 1 060.92 | 1 052.46 |
| 15 | 1 136.50 | 1 139.46 |
| 16 | 1 214.96 | 1 220.84 |
| 17 | 1 299.88 | 1 296.22 |
表4 蛋鸡生长曲线及拟合参数Table 4 Growth curve and fitting parameters of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | Gompertz |
|---|---|
| 成熟体重 Mature body weight (A)/g | 1 925.60 |
| 调节参数 Adjusting parameter (B) | 4.347 |
| 生长速率 Growth rate (k)/% | 0.02 |
| 复相关系数 R | 0.999 |
| 拐点周龄 Inflection point of weeks of age | 10.42 |
| 拐点体重 Inflection point of body weight/g | 708.39 |
| 表达式 Expression | y=1 925.600exp-4.347exp(-0.02t) |
y表示体增重(g),t表示日龄。 | |
y represented body weight gain (g), and t represented day of age. |
2.3 蛋鸡微量元素生长需要量
表5 蛋鸡不同周龄活体重及其对应的体成分Table 5 Live body weight and corresponding body composition of laying hens at different weeks of age |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 活体重 Live body weight/g | 胴体重 Carcass weight/g | 胴体重/活体重 Carcass weight/ live body weight/% | 羽毛重 Feather weight/g | 羽毛重/活体重 Feather weight/ live body weight/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 897.08±37.18 | 791.25±34.12 | 88.20±0.65 | 105.83±6.64 | 11.80±0.65 |
| 13 | 952.92±22.93 | 840.83±20.95 | 88.24±0.56 | 112.08±6.02 | 11.76±0.52 |
| 14 | 1 076.25±19.19 | 953.75±22.49 | 88.61±0.75 | 122.50±7.07 | 11.39±0.75 |
| 15 | 1 182.92±23.20 | 1 045.00±21.26 | 88.34±0.50 | 137.92±6.52 | 11.66±0.50 |
| 16 | 1 220.42±40.28 | 1 073.75±32.46 | 87.99±0.61 | 146.67±10.67 | 12.01±0.06 |
| 17 | 1 281.83±51.54 | 1 128.33±47.69 | 88.02±0.70 | 153.50±9.85 | 11.98±0.70 |
表6 每只蛋鸡胴体和羽毛中微量元素含量Table 6 Trace element contents in carcass and feather of each laying henmg |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 活体重 Live body weight/g | 铜 Cu | 铁 Fe | 锌 Zn | 锰 Mn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 胴体 Carcass | 羽毛 Feather | 胴体 Carcass | 羽毛 Feather | 胴体 Carcass | 羽毛 Feather | 胴体 Carcass | 羽毛 Feather | |||||
| 12 | 897.08 ±37.18 | 0.77 ±0.08 | 0.22 ±0.04 | 37.57 ±2.17 | 3.09 ±0.29 | 16.95 ±1.21 | 5.91 ±0.60 | 0.63 ±0.10 | 0.38 ±0.05 | |||
| 13 | 952.92 ±22.93 | 0.85 ±0.13 | 0.23 ±0.05 | 40.49 ±4.64 | 3.16 ±0.55 | 18.73 ±2.66 | 6.30 ±0.57 | 0.79 ±0.12 | 0.42 ±0.07 | |||
| 14 | 1 076.25 ±19.19 | 0.89 ±0.08 | 0.23 ±0.06 | 43.09 ±1.90 | 3.18 ±1.24 | 19.57 ±1.08 | 7.14 ±1.07 | 0.86 ±0.09 | 0.47 ±0.13 | |||
| 15 | 1 182.92 ±23.20 | 0.94 ±0.13 | 0.25 ±0.05 | 45.03 ±2.94 | 3.22 ±0.77 | 20.92 ±1.36 | 8.05 ±0.47 | 0.87 ±0.06 | 0.50 ±0.13 | |||
| 16 | 1 220.42 ±40.28 | 0.98 ±0.18 | 0.27 ±0.04 | 48.26 ±8.28 | 3.28 ±0.81 | 21.75 ±4.08 | 8.96 ±0.53 | 0.89 ±0.12 | 0.53 ±0.12 | |||
| 17 | 1 281.83 ±51.54 | 1.09 ±0.17 | 0.29 ±0.03 | 50.71 ±6.76 | 3.84 ±1.22 | 22.66 ±1.25 | 9.55 ±0.31 | 1.08 ±0.16 | 0.56 ±0.16 | |||
表7 每只蛋鸡每天净生长微量元素需要量Table 7 Trace element requirements for net growth of each laying hen per daymg/d |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 铜 Cu | 铁 Fe | 锌 Zn | 锰 Mn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.03 |
| 14 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| 15 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.01 |
| 16 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.01 |
| 17 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.03 |
表8 蛋鸡胴体微量元素含量与体重的关系Table 8 Relationship between carcass trace element content and body weight of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 方程 Equation | 拟合度 Fitting degree |
|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | y=1×10-6LBW2-0.001 9LBW+1.524 8 | R2=0.940 7 |
| 铁 Fe | y=3×10-5LBW2-0.035 9LBW+45.668 | R2=0.968 0 |
| 锌 Zn | y=1×10-6LBW2+0.010 8LBW+6.665 8 | R2=0.968 9 |
| 锰 Mn | y=5×10-7LBW2-0.000 2LBW+0.481 1 | R2=0.820 4 |
y表示每只蛋鸡胴体微量元素含量(mg),LBW表示活体重(g)。 | |
y indicated trace mineral content in carcass per hen (mg), and LBW indicated live body weight (g). |
表9 蛋鸡羽毛微量元素含量与体重的关系Table 9 Relationship between feather trace element content and body weight of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 方程 Equation | 拟合度 Fitting degree |
|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | y=1×10-7LBW2-0.000 1LBW+0.255 6 | R2=0.983 0 |
| 铁 Fe | y=9×10-6LBW2-0.019 2LBW+12.788 | R2=0.805 4 |
| 锌 Zn | y=1×10-5LBW2-0.021LBW+13.564 | R2=0.990 1 |
| 锰 Mn | y=1×10-8LBW2+0.000 5LBW-0.017 9 | R2=0.986 4 |
y表示每只蛋鸡羽毛微量元素含量(mg),LBW表示活体重(g)。 | |
y indicated trace mineral content in feather per hen (mg), and LBW indicated live body weight (g). |
表10 蛋鸡胴体微量元素生长需要量与体重的关系Table 10 Relationship between carcass growth requirement of trace elements and body weight of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 方程 Equation | 拟合度 Fitting degree |
|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | G=3×10-7LBW2-0.000 7LBW+0.364 4 | R2=0.822 2 |
| 铁 Fe | G=4×10-7LBW2-0.001 1LBW+1.095 7 | R2=0.899 6 |
| 锌 Zn | G=2×10-6LBW2-0.004LBW+2.564 4 | R2=0.593 6 |
| 锰 Mn | G=2×10-7LBW2-0.000 6LBW+0.352 5 | R2=0.969 8 |
G表示每只蛋鸡胴体微量元素生长需要量(mg/d),LBW表示活体重(g)。 | |
G indicated growth requirement of trace elements in carcass per hen (mg/d), and LBW indicated live body weight (g). |
表11 蛋鸡羽毛微量元素生长需要量与体重的关系Table 11 Relationship between feather growth requirement of trace elements and body weight of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 方程 Equation | 拟合度 Fitting degree |
|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | G=5×10-9LBW2-3×10-6LBW-0.000 2 | R2=0.951 4 |
| 铁 Fe | G=3×10-6LBW2-0.006 1LBW+3.234 1 | R2=0.805 8 |
| 锌 Zn | G=-2×10-6LBW2+0.005 2LBW-2.859 7 | R2=0.968 9 |
| 锰 Mn | G=-2×10-6LBW2+0.004 5LBW-2.249 5 | R2=0.982 0 |
G表示每只蛋鸡羽毛微量生长元素需要量(mg/d),LBW表示活体重(g)。 | |
G indicated growth requirement of trace elements in feather per hen (mg/d), and LBW indicated live body weight (g). |
2.4 蛋鸡微量元素维持需要量
表12 不同饲喂水平蛋鸡生长性能Table 12 Growth performance of laying hens under different feeding levels |
| 项目 Items | 初始体重 Initial body weight/g | 终末体重 Final body weight/g | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100%自由采食组 100% free feeding group | 863.85±15.60 | 1 299.88±31.20 | 79.61±1.66 | 12.46±1.59 | 6.39±0.13 |
| 70%自由采食组 70% free feeding group | 831.78±39.22 | 1 000.93±52.36 | 57.29±6.67 | 4.83±1.12 | 11.86±1.54 |
| 40%自由采食组 40% free feeding group | 837.72±15.99 | 734.99±41.18 | 33.38±4.40 | -2.94±0.85 | -11.35±1.67 |
表13 不同饲喂水平蛋鸡活体重及其对应的体成分Table 13 Live body weight and corresponding body composition of laying hens at different feeding levels |
| 项目 Items | 活体重 Live body weight/g | 胴体重 Carcass weight/g | 胴体重/活体重 Carcass weight/ live body weight/% | 羽毛重 Feather weight/g | 羽毛重/活体重 Feather weight/ live body weight/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12周龄 12 weeks of age | 100%自由采食组 100% free feeding group | 897.08 ±37.18 | 791.25 ±34.12 | 88.20 ±0.65 | 105.83 ±6.64 | 11.80 ±0.65 | |||||
| 70%自由采食组 70% free feeding group | 840.66 ±36.49 | 749.11 ±39.47 | 89.09 ±1.35 | 96.38 ±10.05 | 10.91 ±1.35 | ||||||
| 40%自由采食组 40% free feeding group | 821.14 ±47.33 | 726.38 ±35.92 | 88.50 ±0.98 | 94.76 ±13.12 | 11.50 ±0.98 | ||||||
17周龄 17 weeks of age | 100%自由采食组 100% free feeding group | 1 281.83 ±51.54 | 1 128.33 ±47.69 | 88.02 ±0.70 | 153.50 ±9.85 | 11.98 ±0.70 | |||||
| 70%自由采食组 70% free feeding group | 931.67 ±75.21 | 827.08 ±69.13 | 88.77 ±1.64 | 104.58 ±16.58 | 11.23 ±1.64 | ||||||
| 40%自由采食组 40% free feeding group | 681.25 ±78.66 | 605.83 ±65.22 | 89.01 ±1.80 | 75.42 ±18.15 | 10.99 ±1.80 | ||||||
表14 不同饲喂水平每只蛋鸡微量元素含量Table 14 Trace element contents in each laying hen at different feeding levelsmg |
| 项目 Items | 铜 Cu | 铁 Fe | 锌 Zn | 锰 Mn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12周龄 12 weeks of age | 100%自由采食组 100% free feeding group | 0.99±0.14 | 40.67±4.60 | 22.86±1.20 | 1.01±0.36 |
| 70%自由采食组 70% free feeding group | 0.99±0.28 | 42.89±2.27 | 23.29±1.28 | 0.98±0.17 | |
| 40%自由采食组 40% free feeding group | 0.96±0.14 | 41.00±6.71 | 23.10±1.34 | 1.01±0.15 | |
17周龄 17 weeks of age | 100%自由采食组 100% free feeding group | 1.38±0.19 | 54.56±5.79 | 32.21±1.87 | 1.64±0.35 |
| 70%自由采食组 70% free feeding group | 1.15±0.26 | 46.11±4.72 | 29.83±2.47 | 0.92±0.07 | |
| 40%自由采食组 40% free feeding group | 0.81±0.06 | 43.68±5.41 | 25.26±1.16 | 0.94±0.06 |
表15 13~17周龄蛋鸡每天微量元素维持需要量Table 15 Maintenance requirement of trace elements for laying hens per day from 13 to 17 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 方程 Equation | R2 | 维持需要量 Maintenance requirement/(mg/d) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | y=0.007 7x-0.011 6 | 0.992 7 | 0.011 6 |
| 铁 Fe | y=0.014 6x-0.200 5 | 0.769 5 | 0.200 5 |
| 锌 Zn | y=0.050 6x-0.080 6 | 0.988 7 | 0.080 6 |
| 锰 Mn | y=0.002 9x-0.019 5 | 0.743 7 | 0.019 5 |
x表示微量元素摄入量,y表示微量元素沉积量。 | |
x indicated trace element intake, and y indicated trace elements deposition. |

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