1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物与试验设计
表1 颗粒开食料的组成及开食料与燕麦干草的营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition of granular starter and nutrient levels of granular starter and oat hay (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 颗粒开食料 Granular starter | 燕麦干草 Oat hay |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 玉米 Corn | 60.00 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 28.00 | |
| 麸皮 Wheat bran | 8.00 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 2.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.70 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 19.53 | 16.53 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 6.69 | 6.43 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 14.53 | 58.52 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 6.26 | 36.68 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.84 | 1.62 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.95 | 0.45 |
| 磷 P | 0.58 | 0.17 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 90.0 mg,Mn 30.0 mg,Cu 12.5 mg,Zn 60.0 mg,Se 0.3 mg,I 1.0 mg,Co 0.5 mg,VA 15 000 IU,VD 5 000 IU,VE 50 mg。 2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 测定指标与方法
1.2.1 饲粮样品采集与营养成分测定
1.2.2 犊牛生长性能测定
1.2.3 犊牛粪便评分与腹泻率计算
表2 粪便评分标准Table 2 Fecal scoring criteria |
| 外形 Appearance | 流动性 Liquidity | 评分 Score/分 |
|---|---|---|
| 正常 Normal | 稳固但不坚硬,扔在地面或沉积后外形稍有变化 | 1 |
| 松软 Soft | 不能保持外形,成堆但稍有松软 | 2 |
| 软膏 Paste | 薄饼状,易扩散到6 mm厚 | 3 |
| 水状 Aqueous | 液状,像橙汁,粪水有分离现象 | 4 |
1.2.4 犊牛肠道菌群分析
1.3 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 早期补饲对犊牛生长性能的影响
表3 早期补饲对犊牛体重和平均日增重的影响Table 3 Effects of early supplementary feeding on BW and ADG of calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 性别 Sex | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | G | S | G×S | |||||
体重 BW/kg | 1 | 公 Male | 42.56 | 42.30 | 0.31 | 0.738 | 0.730 | 0.642 | |
| 母 Female | 42.30 | 42.34 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 53.30 | 53.89 | 0.54 | 0.066 | 0.845 | 0.813 | ||
| 母 Female | 53.16 | 53.90 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 65.32A | 67.32B | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.792 | 0.895 | ||
| 母 Female | 65.19A | 67.28B | |||||||
平均日增重 ADG/g | 1~21 | 公 Male | 511.27A | 552.06B | 12.15 | <0.001 | 0.160 | 0.782 | |
| 母 Female | 507.62A | 550.63B | |||||||
22~42 | 公 Male | 572.38A | 639.68B | 13.68 | <0.001 | 0.081 | 0.320 | ||
| 母 Female | 568.10A | 638.98B | |||||||
1~42 | 公 Male | 541.82A | 595.87B | 14.20 | <0.001 | 0.102 | 0.368 | ||
| 母 Female | 538.33A | 593.81B | |||||||
G:组别;S:性别;G×S:组别×性别。同行数据肩标相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),下表同。 G: group; S: sex; G×S: group×sex. In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表4 早期补饲对犊牛体尺指数的影响Table 4 Effects of early supplementary feeding on body size index of calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Day of age | 性别 Sex | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | G | S | G×S | |||||
体长指数 Body length index | 1 | 公 Male | 92.69 | 92.82 | 0.22 | 0.215 | 0.366 | 0.778 | |
| 母 Female | 92.77 | 92.67 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 93.48 | 93.58 | 0.09 | 0.643 | 0.656 | 0.949 | ||
| 母 Female | 93.41 | 93.49 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 93.77 | 93.91 | 0.15 | 0.083 | 0.321 | 0.488 | ||
| 母 Female | 93.76 | 93.82 | |||||||
体躯指数 Somatic index | 1 | 公 Male | 123.83 | 123.99 | 0.20 | 0.700 | 0.674 | 0.840 | |
| 母 Female | 123.77 | 123.82 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 125.33 | 125.44 | 0.18 | 0.319 | 0.732 | 0.961 | ||
| 母 Female | 125.31 | 125.41 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 126.97 | 127.03 | 0.16 | 0.097 | 0.178 | 0.790 | ||
| 母 Female | 126.87 | 126.99 | |||||||
胸围指数 Chest circumference index | 1 | 公 Male | 115.49 | 115.51 | 0.08 | 0.704 | 0.790 | 0.303 | |
| 母 Female | 115.38 | 115.37 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 117.25 | 117.40 | 0.15 | 0.347 | 0.438 | 0.947 | ||
| 母 Female | 117.14 | 117.27 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 118.50a | 118.83b | 0.33 | 0.048 | 0.441 | 0.842 | ||
| 母 Female | 118.34a | 118.72b | |||||||
管围指数 Pipe circumference index | 1 | 公 Male | 16.56 | 16.60 | 0.05 | 0.562 | 0.169 | 0.961 | |
| 母 Female | 16.51 | 16.53 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 16.44 | 16.49 | 0.08 | 0.296 | 0.064 | 0.868 | ||
| 母 Female | 16.36 | 16.40 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 16.23 | 16.29 | 0.07 | 0.051 | 0.128 | 0.569 | ||
| 母 Female | 16.19 | 16.21 | |||||||
2.2 早期补饲对犊牛粪便评分与腹泻率的影响
表5 早期补饲对犊牛粪便评分与腹泻率的影响Table 5 Effects of early supplementary feeding on fecal score and diarrhea rate of calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 性别 Sex | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | G | S | G×S | |||||
粪便评分 Fecal score/分 | 1 | 公 Male | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.32 | 0.781 | 0.781 | 0.409 | |
| 母 Female | 1.8 | 1.6 | |||||||
21 | 公 Male | 2.6 | 2.0 | 0.31 | 0.078 | 0.600 | 0.887 | ||
| 母 Female | 2.1 | 2.4 | |||||||
42 | 公 Male | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.41 | 0.275 | 0.579 | 0.586 | ||
| 母 Female | 2.4 | 2.0 | |||||||
腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 1~21 | 公 Male | 26.83b | 24.32a | 1.24 | 0.045 | 0.660 | 0.382 | |
| 母 Female | 25.48b | 23.62a | |||||||
22~42 | 公 Male | 24.62b | 21.63a | 1.56 | 0.038 | 0.221 | 0.780 | ||
| 母 Female | 25.87b | 20.81a | |||||||
1~42 | 公 Male | 24.37b | 22.25a | 2.18 | 0.039 | 0.702 | 0.328 | ||
| 母 Female | 23.98b | 22.69a | |||||||
2.3 早期补饲对犊牛肠道菌群与功能的影响
表6 42日龄时犊牛肠道菌群α-多样性指数Table 6 Intestinal flora α-diversity indexes of calves at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | |||
| 操作分类单元数 OTUs number/个 | 2 170.83 | 1 853.35 | 19.54 | 0.087 |
| 覆盖率 Coverage/% | 99.92 | 99.89 | 0.02 | 0.872 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 475.63b | 1 295.83a | 18.63 | 0.038 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 1 022.09 | 992.60 | 6.81 | 0.066 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 5.98 | 6.18 | 0.62 | 0.192 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.88a | 0.93b | 0.04 | 0.045 |
图1 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群门水平上的特征CK_1、CK_2、CK_3代表对照组的3个样品,YY_1、YY_2、YY_3代表早期补饲组的3个样品。下图同。 Fig.1 Characteristics at phylum level of intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age CK_1, CK_2 and CK_3 represented the three samples from the control group, and YY_1, YY_2 and YY_3 represented the three samples from the early supplementary feeding group. The same as below. |
表7 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群中优势菌门的相对丰度Table 7 Relative abundances of dominant bacterial phyla in intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | |||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 85.89b | 79.32a | 2.64 | 0.033 |
| 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota | 2.61a | 4.12b | 0.70 | 0.048 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 4.86A | 12.23B | 1.75 | 0.006 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 2.87 | 2.15 | 0.47 | 0.312 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.090 |
图2 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群属水平上的特征Fig.2 Characteristics at genus level of intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age |
表8 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群中优势菌属的相对丰度Table 8 Relative abundances of dominant bacterial genera in intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | |||
| 布劳特氏菌属 Blautia | 23.48 | 20.65 | 1.97 | 0.065 |
| 乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus | 28.08B | 15.82A | 2.34 | <0.001 |
| 粪杆菌属 Faecalibacterium | 6.78a | 9.75b | 1.78 | 0.012 |
| norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014 | 3.92 | 5.62 | 1.18 | 0.062 |
| UCG-005 | 4.17 | 4.76 | 0.63 | 0.227 |
| 艾克曼菌属 Akkermansia | 1.31A | 6.24B | 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Ruminococcus_torques_group | 3.26 | 4.21 | 0.52 | 0.107 |
| Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group | 2.62 | 4.35 | 0.93 | 0.053 |
| norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group | 1.07 | 0.89 | 0.16 | 0.293 |
| 罕见小球菌属 Subdoligranulum | 2.05 | 1.96 | 0.11 | 0.407 |
| Lachnoclostridium | 1.84 | 1.69 | 0.16 | 0.522 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 1.26 | 1.47 | 0.17 | 0.106 |
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.152 |
| 丁酸弧菌属 Butyrivibrio | 1.63 | |||
| 普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella | 2.16 | |||
图3 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群种水平上的特征Fig.3 Characteristics at species level of intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age |
表9 42日龄时2组犊牛肠道菌群中优势菌种的相对丰度Table 9 Relative abundances of dominant bacterial strains in intestinal flora of calves in 2 groups at 42 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | 早期补饲 Early supplementary feeding | |||
| 未分类的粪杆菌属 unclassified_g_Faecalibacterium | 10.26a | 15.82b | 2.36 | 0.016 |
| 不可培养的布劳特氏菌属细菌 uncultured_bacterium_g_Blautia | 20.02 | 17.37 | 1.77 | 0.061 |
| 嗜黏蛋白艾克曼菌 Akkermansia muciniphila | 1.63A | 8.85B | 0.85 | <0.001 |
| 未分类的UCG-005属 unclassified_g_UCG-005 | 2.76 | 3.04 | 0.38 | 0.266 |
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii | 10.74B | 3.21A | 2.11 | <0.001 |
| uncultured_organism_g_Ruminococcus_group | 1.13 | 2.53 | 0.71 | 0.072 |
| 梭菌属cTPY-17 Clostridium_sp._cTPY-17 | 2.54 | 3.87 | 0.58 | 0.133 |
| 淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus | 5.42b | 1.16a | 1.21 | 0.010 |
| unclassified_g_Lachnoclostridium | 2.17 | 1.96 | 0.35 | 0.403 |
| 未分类的布劳特氏菌属 unclassified_g_Blautia | 1.67 | 2.08 | 0.19 | 0.198 |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus reuteri | 0.87 | 1.67 | 0.21 | 0.071 |
| gut_metagenome_g_norank_f_Eubacterium_ coprostanoligenes_group | 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.12 | 0.255 |
| 不可培养的理研菌科RC9肠道群细菌 uncultured_bacterium_g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 1.18 | 1.34 | 0.17 | 0.310 |
| uncultured_bacterium_g_norank_f_norank_o_ Clostridia_UCG-014 | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.17 | 0.218 |
| 不可培养的克里斯滕森菌科R-7群细菌 uncultured_bacterium_g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 0.64 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.151 |
图5 犊牛肠道菌群部分代谢通路丰度图“**”表示早期补饲组与对照组间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。 Fig.5 Abundance diagram of some metabolic pathways of intestinal flora of calves “**” indicated that there was an extremely significant difference between the early supplementary feeding group and the control group (P<0.01). |
表10 犊牛肠道菌群部分代谢通路描述Table 10 Description of some metabolic pathways of intestinal flora of calves |
| 通路 Pathways | 描述 Description |
|---|---|
| PWY-6612 | 四氢叶酸生物合成超途径 Superpathway of tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis |
| ARO-PWY | 分支酸生物合成Ⅰ Chorismate biosynthesis Ⅰ |
| BRANCEED-CHAIN-AA-SYN-PWY | 支链氨基酸生物合成超途径 Superpathway of branded amino acid biosynthesis |
| VALSYN-PWY | L-缬氨酸生物合成 L-valine biosynthesis |
| ILEUSYN-PWY | L-异亮氨酸生物合成Ⅰ L-isoleucine biosynthesisⅠ |
| PWY0-1586 | 肽聚糖成熟 Peptidoglycan maturation |
| PWY-5101 | L-异亮氨酸生物合成Ⅱ L-isoleucine biosynthesis Ⅱ |
| PWY-7111 | 丙酮酸发酵生成异丁醇 Pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol |
| PWY-7208 | 嘧啶核苷残基超途径 Superpathway of pyrimidine nucleobases salvage |
| PWY-5686 | 尿嘧啶核苷酸生物合成 UMP biosynthesis |
| PWY-7221 | 鸟苷核糖核苷酸从头生物合成 Guanosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis |

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