1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与动物管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米秸秆 Corn straw | 20.0 |
| 谷秸 Millet straw | 10.0 |
| 玉米 Corn | 46.0 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 7.0 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 5.0 |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 5.0 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.3 |
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 1.0 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.7 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 5.0 |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.1 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.5 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 32.7 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 16.9 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 10.2 |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 9.8 |
1.2 样品采集
1.3 测定指标与方法
1.3.1 饲粮营养成分含量测定
1.3.2 血清和肝脏中相关指标测定
1.3.3 肝脏组织形态学分析
1.3.4 液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)分析
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊肝脏组织形态结构的影响
图1 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊肝脏形态结构的影响A:对照组;B:LGSPs组;C:MGSPs组;D:HGSPs组;红色箭头:空泡变性;绿色箭头:颗粒变性;蓝色箭头:细胞坏死,出现核崩解、溶解现象;黑色箭头:肝窦变窄。 Fig.1 Effects of GSPs on liver morphological structure of fattening sheep fed a high-concentrate diet (200×) A: CON group; B: LGSPs group; C: MGSPs group; D: HGSPs group; red arrow: vacuolar degeneration; green arrow: grain degeneration; blue arrow: cell necrosis, nuclear disintegration and lysis; black arrow: narrowing of hepatic sinusoids. |
2.2 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊血清中肝脏功能指标及LPS含量的影响
表2 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊血清肝脏功能指标和LPS含量的影响Table 2 Effects of GSPs on serum liver function indicators and LPS content of fattening sheep fed a high-concentrate diet (n=12) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LGSPs | MGSPs | HGSPs | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 54.30bc | 52.97c | 59.58ab | 61.64a | 1.90 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.382 | |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 21.99b | 21.53b | 24.81a | 25.83a | 0.64 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.269 | |
| 天冬氨酸转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 68.21a | 70.03a | 55.14b | 57.33b | 2.71 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.946 | |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 14.26a | 13.19a | 9.04b | 9.64b | 0.71 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.252 | |
| 脂多糖 LPS/(EU/mL) | 0.31a | 0.29a | 0.16b | 0.17b | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.221 | |
| 脂多糖结合蛋白 LBP/(mg/L) | 8.75a | 8.70a | 6.05b | 5.09b | 0.84 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.522 | |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊肝脏抗氧化功能指标、炎症因子和脂肪含量的影响
表3 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊肝脏抗氧化功能指标、炎症因子及脂肪含量的影响Table 3 Effects of GSPs on antioxidant capacity indicators, inflammatory factors and lipids contents in liver of fattening sheep fed a high-concentrate diet (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LGSPs | MGSPs | HGSPs | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.02b | 1.17ab | 1.29a | 1.10ab | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.198 | 0.011 | |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 5.26 | 5.54 | 5.64 | 5.50 | 0.10 | 0.085 | 0.008 | 0.052 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mg prot) | 6.10 | 6.26 | 6.53 | 6.36 | 0.12 | 0.098 | 0.059 | 0.185 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 80.21b | 91.80ab | 98.71a | 95.34a | 4.18 | 0.033 | 0.015 | 0.074 | |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.69a | 0.68a | 0.56b | 0.54b | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.974 | |
| 髓过氧化物酶 MPO/(U/g prot) | 6.91a | 4.61b | 3.74b | 3.56b | 0.58 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.0809 | |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g prot) | 43.88a | 33.49b | 28.34b | 27.95b | 2.91 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.102 | |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/g prot) | 19.10 | 17.34 | 14.50 | 15.21 | 1.33 | 0.059 | 0.044 | 0.298 | |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 28.91a | 29.41a | 22.43b | 20.33b | 0.93 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.178 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 8.08a | 8.03a | 6.27b | 5.85b | 0.45 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.690 | |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/mg prot) | 303.90a | 320.80a | 262.60b | 265.20b | 13.25 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.594 | |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/mg prot) | 98.13a | 90.87ab | 74.17b | 77.20b | 5.75 | 0.024 | 0.010 | 0.372 | |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/mg prot) | 15.35 | 17.22 | 18.93 | 18.46 | 1.38 | 0.291 | 0.089 | 0.707 | |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/mg prot) | 15.98a | 15.22a | 12.53b | 10.09b | 0.98 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.354 | |
2.4 GSPs对高精料育肥绵羊肝脏组织代谢组学变化的影响
2.4.1 肝脏LC-MS色谱图分析
2.4.2 多元统计分析
2.4.3 单变量统计分析与差异代谢物筛选
图4 差异代谢物火山图down-regulated(蓝色原点):显著下调的差异代谢产物; not-significant(灰色原点):不显著的差异代谢产物; up-regulated(红色原点):显著上调的差异代谢产物;VIP:变量重要性指标。 Fig.4 Volcanic map of differential metabolites down-regulated: significantly down-regulated differential metabolites (blue origin); not-significant: non-significant differential metabolites (grey origin); up-regulated: significantly upregulated differential metabolites (red origin); VIP: variable importance in projection. |
图5 差异代谢物的聚类分析Class:分类; CON: 对照组 control group; GSPs: 20 mg/kg BW GSPs组 20 mg/kg BW GSPs group; PC(16∶1(9Z)/20∶1(11Z)):1-(9Z-hexadecenyl)-2-(11Z-eicosenyl)- glycerol-3-phosphoacylcholine 1-(9Z-十六碳烯酰基)-2-(11Z-二十碳烯酰基)-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱; PC(14∶0/22∶1(13Z)): 1-tetradecanoacyl-2 -(13z-docosenoyl) -Sn-glycerol-3-phosphoacylcholine 1-十四烷酰基-2-(13Z-二十二碳烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱; Glycerophosphocholine:甘油磷酰胆碱; PI(18∶2(9Z,12Z)/18∶0):1-(9Z, 12Z-octadecanodienoyl) -2-octadecanoacyl-glycerol-3-phosphoyl -(1' -myo-inositol) 1-(9Z,12Z-十八碳二烯酰基)-2-十八碳酰基-甘油-3-磷酰-(1'-myo-肌醇); 1-(2-methoxy-5Z,19Z-hexacosadienyl)-sn- glycero-3-phosphoserine:1-(2-甲氧基-5Z,19Z-二十六二烯基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; Fucoxanthinol 3-palmitoleate:岩藻黄质醇3-十六碳烯酸脂; 4-O-methylmelleolide:4-O-甲基蜂蜜勒内酯; PI(18∶0/18∶2(9Z,12Z)):1-octadecanoacyl-2 -(9Z, 12Z-octadecanodienoyl) -glycerol-3-phosphoyl -(1'-myo-inositol) 1-十八碳酰基-2-(9Z,12Z-十八碳二烯酰基)-甘油-3-磷酰-(1'-myo-肌醇); Cysteineglutathione disulfide: 半胱氨酸谷胱甘肽二硫醚; 1-(8-[5]-ladderane-octanoyl)-2-(8-[3]-ladderane-octanyl)-sn-glycerophosphocholine: 1- (8-[5]-梯a NE-辛酰)-2-(8-[3]-梯aNE-辛烷基)-sn-甘油磷酰胆碱; LysoPC(16∶1(9Z)/0∶0): (9Z-hexadecenyl) -lysozyme phosphatidyl ethanolamine (9Z-十六碳烯酰基)-溶菌酶磷脂酰乙醇胺; m-coumaric acid: m-羟基肉桂酸; OHDdiA-PA: 1-9(z-18 carbene acyl)-2-(9-hydroxy-11-carboxyl-10 e-undecylenic acyl)-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-(9Z-十八碳烯酰基)-2-(9-羟基-11-羧基-10E-十一碳烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酸酯; PS(16∶0/18∶1(9Z)):1-palmitoyl-2 -(9Z-octadecenoyl) -SN-glycerol-3-phosphoylserine 1-棕榈酰-2-(9Z-十八碳烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; PI(14∶1(9Z)/14∶1(9Z)):1, 2-di-(9Z-tetradecenyl)-SN-glycerol-3-phosphoyl -(1'-myo-inositol) 1,2-二-(9Z-十四碳烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰-(1'-myo-肌醇); CerP(d18∶1/8∶0): N-(octyl) -S isomerase nG-4-ene ine-1-phosphate N-(辛酰)-s异构酶ng-4-烯iNE-1-磷酸酯; 3-trans-caffeoyltormentic acid: 3-反式-咖啡酰委陵菜酸; Glucosylceramide (d18∶1/9Z-18∶1):葡糖神经酰胺(d18∶1/9Z-18∶1); Niacinamide:烟酰胺; Aminocaproic acid:氨基己酸; PC(O-16∶2(9E,10E)/0∶0): lysophosphatidylcholine (O-16∶2(9E,10E)/0∶0) 血溶性磷脂胆碱(O-16∶2(9E,10E)/0∶0); PS(12∶0/12∶0): 1, 2-dilauryl-SN-glycerol-3-phosphoylserine 1,2-二月桂酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; Indoleacrylic acid: 吲哚丙烯酸; (±)-propionylcarnitine:(±)-丙酰基肉碱; p-chlorophenylalanine: p-氯苯丙氨酸; GDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose: GDP-3,6-二脱氧-D-半乳糖; MG(18∶1(11E)/0∶0/0∶0):1-(11e-octadecenoyl) -racemic glycerol 1-(11E-十八碳烯酰基)-外消旋-甘油; MG(16∶0/0∶0/0∶0): 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 1-棕榈酰-sn-甘油; PC(14∶0/0∶0): 1-tetradecanoacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoacylcholine 1-十四烷酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱; PC(15∶0/20∶1(11Z)): 1-pentadecanoyl-2-(11z-eicosenoyl) -glycerol-3-phosphoacylcholine 1-十五碳酰-2-(11Z-二十碳烯酰基)-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱; Epigallocatechin 3-O-(4-hydroxybenzoate): Epigallocatechin 3-O-(4-hydroxybenzoate) 表没食子儿茶素3-O-(4-羟基苯甲酸酯); PHDdiA- PA: 1-palmitoyl-2 -(9-hydroxy-11-carboxyl-10e-undecylenyl) -Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-棕榈酰-2-(9-羟基-11-羧基-10E-十一碳烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酸酯; OKODA-PG: 1-9 (z-18 carbene acyl)-2-(9, 12-oxygen generation-10 e-do decyl acyl)-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-(1'- sn-glycerin) 1-(9Z-十八碳烯酰基)-2-(9,12-二氧代-10E-do癸烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰-(1'-sn-甘油); PS(14∶0/14∶0): 1, 2-tetracosanoacyl-SN-glycerol-3-phosphoacylserine 1,2-二十四烷酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; Microcolin B:微斜长石B; Kuwanon Z:桑黄酮; N-undecylbenzenesulfonic acid:桑黄酮; PS(12∶0/15∶0): 1-lauryl-2-pentadecanoyl-glycerol-3-phosphoylserine 1-月桂酰-2-十五碳酰-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; PKODA-PG: 1-palmitoyl-2-(9, 12-the two oxygen generation-10 e- do decyl acyl) -sn-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-(1'-sn-glycerin) 1-棕榈酰-2-(9,12-二氧代-10E-do癸烯酰基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰-(1'-sn-甘油); 1-palmitoylglycerophosphoinositol: 1-palmitoyl inositol phospholipid 1-棕榈酰甘油肌醇磷脂; N-acetyl-L-methionine:N-乙酰基-L-蛋氨酸; MG(0∶0/16∶0/0∶0): 2-palmitoyl-Sn-glycerol 2-棕榈酰-sn-甘油; Delphinidin 3-(6″-malonyl- glucoside): 花翠素3-(6″-丙二酰-葡糖苷); PS(13∶0/13∶0): 1, 2-tricosanoacyl-sn-glycerol -3-phosphoylserine 1,2-二十三烷酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; Cortol:皮甾五醇; PS(16∶1(9Z)/20∶1(11Z)): 1-(9Z-hexadecenyl)-2-(11Z-eicosenyl)-glycerol-3-phosphoylserine 1-(9 Z-十六碳烯酰基)-2-(11Z-二十碳烯酰基)-甘油-3-磷酰丝氨酸; 18-nonadecynoic acid: 18-十九碳炔酸; Scillirosidin:红海葱苷元; 2-chloro-2-iodoacetamide: 2-氯-2-碘乙酰胺; PC(P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0): 1 -(1Z, 9Z-octadecadienyl) -sn-glycerol-3-phosphoacylcholine 1 -(1Z,9Z-十八碳二烯基)-sn-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱。 Fig.5 Cluster analysis of differential metabolites |
2.4.4 差异代谢物KEGG通路分析
图6 显著差异代谢物富集通路气泡图Number:数量; P-value: P值; Rich factor: 富集因子; Choline metabolism in cancer:癌症中的胆碱代谢; Glycerophospholipid metabolism:甘油磷脂代谢; Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling:逆行内源性大麻素信号; Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis: 糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定生物合成;Autophagy-other:自噬-其他; Autophagy-animal:自噬-动物; Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection:卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染。 Fig.6 Bubble diagram of significantly different metabolite enrichment pathways |

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