1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 玉米芯型TMR组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of corn core type TMR (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米芯 Corn core | 40.14 |
| 玉米粉 Corn flour | 18.13 |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 14.76 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 11.07 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 10.76 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 2.34 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 1.05 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.75 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 干物质 DM | 85.00 |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 6.10 |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 4.86 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 11.98 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 48.01 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 24.59 |
| 总磷 TP | 3.09 |
| 钙 Ca | 7.52 |
1)预混料为每千克TMR提供 Premix supplied the following for per kg of TMR:VA 1 367 IU,VD 194 IU,VE 15 IU,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 74 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 46.3 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 36.5 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 17.0 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.5 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.3 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。 2)消化能、代谢能为计算值,其他为实测值。DE and ME were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 菌种组合单因素试验
1.2.2 正交试验筛选最优菌种比例
表2 最优菌种比例筛选试验因素水平编码表Table 2 Coding table of factors and levels for optimal strain ratio screening test% |
| 水平 Levels | 因素 Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 产朊假丝酵母 Candida utili (A) | 酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (B) | 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis (C) | |
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| 2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| 3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| 4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
1.2.3 正交试验筛选最优发酵参数
表3 最优发酵参数筛选试验因素水平编码表Table 3 Coding table of factors and levels for optimal fermentation parameter test |
| 水平 Levels | 因素 Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 接种量 Inoculum amount (D)/% | 温度 Temperature (E)/℃ | 干物质含量 Dry matter content (F)/% | |
| 1 | 0.1 | 25 | 60 |
| 2 | 0.2 | 29 | 55 |
| 3 | 0.3 | 33 | 50 |
| 4 | 0.4 | 37 | 45 |
1.2.4 尾菜-玉米芯型FTMR验证对比试验
1.3 指标检测方法
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 最优菌种组合的确定
图1 不同菌种组合隶属值C为产朊假丝酵母菌,S为酿酒酵母菌,E为粪肠球菌,B为枯草芽孢杆菌,L为植物乳杆菌。图中数据柱标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 Fig.1 Membership value of different strain combinations The C is Candida utilis, the S is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the E is Enterococcus faecalis, the B is Bacillus subtilis, and the L is Lactobacillus plantarum. Data columns in the figure with different small letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letters indicate no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 最优菌种比例的确定
2.2.1 不同菌种比例发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交极差分析
表4 不同菌种比例发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交极差分析Table 4 Orthogonal range analysis of corn cob type FTMR fermented with different strain ratios |
| 编号 Numbers | 因素 Factors | 结果 Results | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产朊假丝 酵母 Candida utili (A)/% | 酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (B)/% | 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis (C)/% | ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF/% | NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF/% | CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP/% | 隶属值 Membership value | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.111 | 0.180 | 0.292 | |||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.143 | 0.144 | 0.494 | 0.270 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.143 | 0.141 | 0.696 | 0.331 | |||||||||||
| 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0.143 | 0.151 | 0.880 | 0.463 | |||||||||||
| 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.143 | 0.161 | 1.200 | 0.464 | |||||||||||
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.171 | 1.233 | 0.430 | |||||||||||
| 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.143 | 0.181 | 1.258 | 0.433 | |||||||||||
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0.143 | 0.191 | 1.231 | 0.579 | |||||||||||
| 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0.143 | 0.241 | 1.581 | 0.600 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0.143 | 0.291 | 1.484 | 0.623 | |||||||||||
| 11 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.163 | 0.432 | 1.720 | 0.671 | |||||||||||
| 12 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.143 | 0.411 | 1.710 | 0.601 | |||||||||||
| 13 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0.147 | 0.411 | 1.608 | 0.624 | |||||||||||
| 14 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0.143 | 0.411 | 1.710 | 0.641 | |||||||||||
| 15 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0.143 | 0.403 | 1.511 | 0.656 | |||||||||||
| 16 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.311 | 1.468 | 0.638 | |||||||||||
隶属值 Membership value | k1 | 0.339 | 0.495 | 0.624 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 0.477 | 0.491 | 0.382 | |||||||||||||||
| k3 | 0.640 | 0.570 | 0.538 | |||||||||||||||
| k4 | 0.624 | 0.523 | 0.536 | |||||||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.301 | 0.079 | 0.242 | |||||||||||||||
| 最佳组合Optimal combination | A3B3C1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | A>C>B | |||||||||||||||||
ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF | k1 | 0.287 | 0.432 | 0.575 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 0.430 | 0.573 | 0.573 | |||||||||||||||
| k3 | 0.573 | 0.584 | 0.573 | |||||||||||||||
| k4 | 0.143 | 0.430 | 0.430 | |||||||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.072 | 0.108 | 0.144 | |||||||||||||||
| 最佳组合Optimal combination | A3B3C1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | C>B>A | |||||||||||||||||
NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF | k1 | 0.293 | 0.874 | 0.985 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 0.437 | 1.012 | 0.972 | |||||||||||||||
| k3 | 0.548 | 1.018 | 0.975 | |||||||||||||||
| k4 | 0.151 | 0.875 | 0.844 | |||||||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.073 | 0.218 | 0.246 | |||||||||||||||
| 最佳组合Optimal combination | A3B3C1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | C>B>A | |||||||||||||||||
CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP | k1 | 0.394 | 1.106 | 1.305 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 0.518 | 1.230 | 1.280 | |||||||||||||||
| k3 | 0.563 | 1.231 | 1.255 | |||||||||||||||
| k4 | 0.220 | 1.107 | 1.131 | |||||||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.343 | 0.125 | 0.174 | |||||||||||||||
| 最佳组合Optimal combination | A3B3C1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | A>C>B | |||||||||||||||||
2.2.2 不同菌种比例发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交方差分析
表5 不同菌种比例发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交方差分析Table 5 Orthogonal variance analysis of corn core type FTMR fermented with different strain ratios |
| 项目 Items | 方差来源 Source | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
隶属值 Membership value | 校正模型 Correction model | 0.813 | 9 | 0.090 | 110.661 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 12.817 | 1 | 12.817 | 15 705.634 | <0.001 | *** | |
| A | 0.689 | 3 | 0.230 | 281.582 | <0.001 | *** | |
| B | 0.078 | 3 | 0.026 | 31.681 | <0.001 | *** | |
| C | 0.048 | 3 | 0.016 | 19.490 | <0.001 | *** | |
| 误差 Error | 0.031 | 38 | 0.001 | ||||
ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF | 校正模型 Correction model | 0.001 | 9 | 0.000 | 1.461 | 0.198 | |
| 截距 Intercept | 27 535.470 | 1 | 27 535.470 | 389 855.900 | <0.001 | *** | |
| A | 0.001 | 3 | 0.000 | 2.819 | 0.052 | ||
| B | 0.000 | 3 | 0.603 | 0.853 | 0.474 | ||
| C | 0.864 | 3 | 0.288 | 0.408 | 0.748 | ||
| 误差 Error | 0.003 | 38 | 0.706 | ||||
NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF | 校正模型 Correction model | 0.173 | 9 | 0.019 | 5.382 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 106 118.600 | 1 | 106 118.600 | 296 583.860 | <0.001 | *** | |
| A | 0.094 | 3 | 0.031 | 8.723 | <0.001 | *** | |
| B | 0.051 | 3 | 0.017 | 4.793 | 0.006 | ** | |
| C | 0.047 | 3 | 0.016 | 4.381 | 0.010 | * | |
| 误差 Error | 0.136 | 38 | 0.004 | ||||
CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP | 校正模型 Correction model | 59.201 | 9 | 6.578 | 443.583 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 7 567.493 | 1 | 7 567.493 | 51 032.238 | <0.001 | *** | |
| A | 58.778 | 3 | 19.593 | 1 321.237 | <0.001 | *** | |
| B | 0.196 | 3 | 0.065 | 4.398 | 0.009 | ** | |
| C | 0.305 | 3 | 0.102 | 6.849 | 0.001 | ** | |
| 误差 Error | 0.563 | 38 | 0.015 |
“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001。下表同。 | |
“*” mean P<0.05, “**” mean P<0.01, and “***” mean P<0.001. The same as below. |
2.3 不同发酵参数发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交试验结果
2.3.1 不同发酵参数发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交极差分析
表6 不同发酵参数发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交极差分析Table 6 Orthogonal range analysis of corn core type FTMR fermented with different fermentation parameters |
| 编号 Numbers | 因素 Factors | 结果 Results | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 接种量 Inoculum amount (D)/% | 温度 Temperature (E)/℃ | 干物质含量 Dry matter content (F)/% | ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF/% | NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF/% | CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP/% | 隶属值 Membership value | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.718 | 0.515 | 0.046 | 0.269 | |||||||
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.718 | 0.523 | 0.244 | 0.246 | |||||||
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.719 | 0.525 | 0.343 | 0.344 | |||||||
| 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0.720 | 0.529 | 0.326 | 0.284 | |||||||
| 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.721 | 0.533 | 1.080 | 0.464 | |||||||
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0.720 | 0.535 | 1.003 | 0.420 | |||||||
| 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.721 | 0.537 | 0.973 | 0.475 | |||||||
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0.722 | 0.544 | 1.085 | 0.459 | |||||||
| 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0.720 | 0.549 | 0.958 | 0.567 | |||||||
| 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0.721 | 0.552 | 0.975 | 0.653 | |||||||
| 11 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.724 | 0.551 | 1.162 | 0.651 | |||||||
| 12 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.725 | 0.554 | 1.149 | 0.650 | |||||||
| 13 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0.726 | 0.556 | 1.016 | 0.689 | |||||||
| 14 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0.735 | 0.557 | 1.019 | 0.683 | |||||||
| 15 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0.740 | 0.559 | 1.169 | 0.691 | |||||||
| 16 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0.738 | 0.556 | 1.093 | 0.688 | |||||||
隶属值 Membership value | k1 | 0.286 | 0.497 | 0.397 | ||||||||||
| k2 | 0.455 | 0.501 | 0.623 | |||||||||||
| k3 | 0.630 | 0.540 | 0.513 | |||||||||||
| k4 | 0.688 | 0.520 | 0.525 | |||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.402 | 0.043 | 0.226 | |||||||||||
| 最佳组合 Optimal combination | D4E3F2 | |||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | D>F>E | |||||||||||||
ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF | k1 | 0.180 | 0.543 | 0.723 | ||||||||||
| k2 | 0.539 | 0.724 | 0.724 | |||||||||||
| k3 | 0.360 | 0.725 | 0.722 | |||||||||||
| k4 | 0.719 | 0.544 | 0.544 | |||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.539 | 0.182 | 0.180 | |||||||||||
| 最佳组合 Optimal combination | D4E3F2 | |||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | D>E>F | |||||||||||||
NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF | k1 | 0.132 | 0.408 | 0.543 | ||||||||||
| k2 | 0.394 | 0.542 | 0.545 | |||||||||||
| k3 | 0.264 | 0.544 | 0.544 | |||||||||||
| k4 | 0.523 | 0.411 | 0.412 | |||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.391 | 0.136 | 0.132 | |||||||||||
| 最佳组合 Optimal combination | D4E3F2 | |||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | D>E>F | |||||||||||||
CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP | k1 | 0.081 | 0.747 | 0.851 | ||||||||||
| k2 | 0.228 | 0.810 | 0.853 | |||||||||||
| k3 | 0.167 | 0.811 | 0.850 | |||||||||||
| k4 | 0.240 | 0.749 | 0.765 | |||||||||||
| 极差 RJ | 0.158 | 0.064 | 0.088 | |||||||||||
| 最佳组合 Optimal combination | D4E3F2 | |||||||||||||
| 排序 Rank | D>F>E | |||||||||||||
2.3.2 不同发酵参数发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交方差分析
表7 不同发酵参数发酵玉米芯型FTMR的正交方差分析Table 7 Orthogonal variance analysis of corn core type FTMR fermented with different fermentation parameters |
| 项目 Items | 方差来源 Source | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
隶属值 Membership value | 校正模型 Correction model | 1.234 | 9 | 0.137 | 238.597 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 12.113 | 1 | 12.113 | 21 082.149 | <0.001 | *** | |
| D | 1.214 | 3 | 0.405 | 704.552 | <0.001 | *** | |
| E | 0.014 | 3 | 0.005 | 8.289 | <0.001 | *** | |
| F | 0.002 | 3 | 0.001 | 1.311 | 0.285 | ||
| 误差 Error | 0.022 | 38 | 0.001 | ||||
ADF降解率 Degradation rate of ADF | 校正模型 Correction model | 6.972 | 9 | 0.775 | 3.291 | 0.005 | ** |
| 截距 Intercept | 26 255.790 | 1 | 26 255.790 | 11 154.611 | <0.001 | *** | |
| D | 6.006 | 3 | 0.203 | 8.576 | <0.001 | *** | |
| E | 0.322 | 3 | 0.107 | 0.455 | 0.716 | ||
| F | 0.306 | 3 | 0.102 | 0.433 | 0.731 | ||
| 误差 Error | 0.894 | 38 | 0.235 | ||||
NDF降解率 Degradation rate of NDF | 校正模型 Correction model | 3.353 | 9 | 0.373 | 21.971 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 10 383.510 | 1 | 10 383.510 | 612 083.110 | <0.001 | *** | |
| D | 2.615 | 3 | 0.870 | 51.322 | <0.001 | *** | |
| E | 0.417 | 3 | 0.139 | 8.202 | <0.001 | *** | |
| F | 0.574 | 3 | 0.191 | 11.288 | <0.001 | *** | |
| 误差 Error | 0.644 | 38 | 0.170 | ||||
CP增加率 Increasing rate of CP | 校正模型 Correction model | 15.578 | 9 | 1.731 | 43.627 | <0.001 | *** |
| 截距 Intercept | 7 425.560 | 1 | 7 425.560 | 187 165.390 | <0.001 | *** | |
| D | 13.330 | 3 | 4.443 | 111.999 | <0.001 | *** | |
| E | 1.441 | 3 | 0.480 | 12.103 | <0.001 | *** | |
| F | 0.515 | 3 | 0.172 | 4.323 | 0.010 | * | |
| 误差 Error | 1.508 | 38 | 0.040 |
2.4 尾菜-玉米芯型FTMR验证对比试验结果
表8 尾菜-玉米芯型FTMR验证对比试验结果Table 8 Experimental results of verification and comparison of FTMR with tail vegetable and corn core |
| 项目 Items | 未发酵饲料 Unfermented feed | 发酵饲料 Fermented feed | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蒸馏水组 Distilled water group | 白菜组 Cabbage group | 西兰花组 Broccoli group | 蒸馏水组 Distilled water group | 白菜组 Cabbage group | 西兰花组 Broccoli group | |||
| 总水分 Total moisture/% | 45.53±0.02 | 46.67±0.06 | 46.56±0.04 | 50.76±0.04 | 51.11±0.05 | 51.07±0.04 | ||
| 总损耗率 Total attrition rate/% | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 1.66±0.03 | 1.65±0.02 | 1.62±0.04 | ||
| 感官评分 Sensory score/分 | 13.34±0.53 | 10.37±0.51 | 9.35±0.56 | 18.32±0.52 | 19.33±0.52 | 18.35±0.54 | ||
| pH | 5.22±0.01 | 5.51±0.02 | 5.44±0.02 | 4.52±0.02 | 4.51±0.01 | 4.50±0.01 | ||
| 酸溶蛋白 ASP/% | 1.96±0.02 | 2.74±0.02 | 2.66±0.03 | 3.13±0.01 | 3.55±0.02 | 3.57±0.02 | ||
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 11.93±0.02 | 12.09±0.07 | 12.65±0.08 | 13.11±0.02 | 14.74±0.05 | 14.87±0.06 | ||
| 粗脂肪 EE/% | 0.02±0.00 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.14±0.01 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% | 24.59±0.03 | 26.58±0.05 | 25.33±0.05 | 21.55±0.05 | 23.56±0.05 | 22.35±0.03 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% | 48.02±0.05 | 49.58±0.07 | 49.31±0.05 | 45.04±0.05 | 46.58±0.04 | 46.32±0.05 | ||
| C/(CFU/g) | 3.91×108 | 3.96×108 | 3.95×108 | 1.02×109 | 1.03×109 | 1.12×109 | ||
| S/(CFU/g) | 3.74×108 | 3.78×108 | 3.79×108 | 1.02×109 | 1.03×109 | 1.03×109 | ||
| B/(CFU/g) | 2.71×108 | 2.88×108 | 2.86×108 | 9.01×108 | 9.04×108 | 9.03×108 | ||
| L/(CFU/g) | 3.75×108 | 3.78×108 | 3.82×108 | 5.25×108 | 5.34×108 | 5.35×108 | ||
| 水溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% | 3.53±0.04 | 4.56±0.04 | 5.22±0.04 | 3.24±0.03 | 4.25±0.04 | 4.55±0.03 | ||
| 隶属值 Membership value | 0.413 | 0.435 | 0.443 | 0.646 | 0.655 | 0.662 | ||
表中C表示产朊假丝酵母,S表示酿酒酵母,B表示枯草芽孢杆菌,L表示乳酸菌(饲料中自带)。 | |
In the table, C represents Candida utili, S represents Saccharomyces cerevisiae, B represents Bacillus subtilis, and L represents lactic acid bacteria (from feed). |

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