1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮的营养特性Table 1 Nutritional characteristics of grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage |
| 项目 Items | 葡萄渣 Grape pomace | 苜蓿 Alfalfa | 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮 Grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter/(g/kg) | 932.00±1.53a | 268.00±2.36c | 353.00±1.57b |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein/(g/kg DM) | 133.00±1.32b | 159.00±1.21a | 148.00±1.03a |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract/(g/kg DM) | 141.00±2.03a | 21.30±1.57c | 61.30±1.26b |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber/(g/kg DM) | 443.00±3.63ab | 462.00±3.59a | 422.00±3.50c |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber/(g/kg DM) | 383.00±2.91a | 308.00±4.08c | 329.00±4.33b |
| 可溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrates/(g/kg DM) | 60.10±1.12a | 22.30±1.23b | 7.34±0.89c |
| 粗灰分Ash/(g/kg DM) | 49.30±0.51c | 75.40±0.29b | 106.00±1.33a |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fiber carbohydrate/(g/kg DM) | 222.00±1.46c | 282.00±2.32a | 252.00±1.57b |
| 乳酸菌LAB/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 5.53±0.06b | 3.13±0.17c | 6.93±0.53a |
| 酵母菌Yeast/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 9.84±0.26a | 5.89±1.08b | 3.17±0.79c |
| 霉菌Mould/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 1.31±0.05c | 2.61±0.09a | 1.92±0.11b |
| 单宁Tannin/(g/kg DM) | 65.40±0.23a | - | 26.10±0.17b |
| pH | 4.81±0.05b | 5.83±0.11a | 4.43±0.21c |
| 乳酸Lactic acid/(g/kg DM) | - | - | 55.10±0.12 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(g/kg DM) | - | - | 10.90±0.09 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(g/kg DM) | - | - | 3.93±0.08 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(g/kg DM) | - | - | - |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(g/kg TN) | - | - | 26.20±0.12 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。“-”表示该成分的含量极低,无法检测到。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). “-” represents very low content, and not detected. The same as below. |
1.2 试验设计及饲粮
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |
|---|---|---|
| CK | CG | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮Grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage | 20.00 | |
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 8.00 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 10.00 | 5.00 |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 12.00 | 10.00 |
| 玉米芯Corn cob | 10.00 | 5.00 |
| 玉米Corn | 25.00 | 25.00 |
| 玉米皮Corn bran | 5.00 | 12.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 12.00 | 10.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 15.00 | 10.00 |
| 碳酸氢钙Ca(HCO3)2 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 综合净能NEmf /(MJ/kg) | 4.73 | 4.74 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.6 | 13.1 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 39.3 | 40.1 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 38.3 | 39.7 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 25.1 | 26.2 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 10.3 | 9.8 |
| 单宁Tannin | 10.3 | |
| 脂肪酸Fatty acids | ||
| 棕榈酸C16∶0 | 17.30±0.53 | 20.40±0.29 |
| 硬脂酸C18∶0 | 2.57±0.11 | 2.23±0.36 |
| 十八碳烯酸C18∶1 cis-9 | 21.30±0.26 | 13.90±0.17 |
| 十八碳二烯酸C18∶2 cis-9 cis-12 | 55.70±0.37 | 61.20±0.20 |
| 十八碳三烯酸C18∶3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 | 2.34±0.05 | 1.51±0.09 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets: Cu 0.1~0.5 g, Fe 1~15 g, Zn 1.5~3.0 g, Mn 0.5~3.5 g, Se 5.0~10.0 mg, I 12.0~120.0 mg, Co 5~50 mg, Ca≥200 mg, P≥15 mg, VA 120 000~250 000 IU, VD 10 000~100 000 IU, VE≥750 IU。 2)综合净能根据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)及饲料总能计算,其他营养水平为实测值。NEmf was a calculated value according to China Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle (NY/T 815—2004) and dietary gross energy, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 营养成分
1.4.2 生长性能的测定
1.4.3 肉品质和肌肉中脂肪酸及挥发性化合物含量的测定
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛生长性能的影响
表3 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage on growth performance of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CG | ||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 315.20±0.95 | 314.07±0.83 | 0.197 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 381.60±1.73b | 386.47±0.70a | 0.027 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 1.11±0.02B | 1.21±0.03A | 0.007 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 10.73±0.06b | 11.33±0.15a | 0.012 |
| 料重比F/G | 9.70±0.19 | 9.39±0.18 | 0.108 |
2.2 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛肉品质的影响
表4 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛肉品质的影响Table 4 Effects of grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage on meet quality of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CG | ||
| 胴体重Carcass weight/kg | 194.30±2.11b | 199.17±0.99a | 0.040 |
| 屠宰率Slaughter rate/% | 0.51±0.01 | 0.51±0.01 | 0.230 |
| pH | 6.25±0.04 | 6.27±0.01 | 0.399 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 32.07±1.32 | 28.97±0.23 | 0.052 |
| 熟肉率Cooked meat rate/% | 71.10±0.17 | 70.07±0.75 | 0.134 |
| 失水率Water loss rate/% | 5.82±0.10B | 9.03±0.10A | <0.001 |
| 干物质DM/(g/kg) | 262.67±10.02 | 256.33±7.51 | 0.434 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/(g/kg DM) | 227.00±5.57 | 226.33±3.06 | 0.867 |
| 粗脂肪EE/(g/kg DM) | 11.83±0.31a | 10.93±0.15b | 0.021 |
| 粗灰分Ash/(g/kg DM) | 11.10±0.20A | 9.52±0.16B | <0.001 |
2.3 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响
表5 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肉牛的肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响Table 5 Effects of grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage on muscle fatty acid composition of beef cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CG | ||
| 肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 | 1.99±0.05B | 2.33±0.03A | 0.002 |
| 十五烷酸C15∶0 | 0.28±0.02b | 0.34±0.02a | 0.031 |
| 棕榈酸C16∶0 | 27.57±0.46B | 29.17±0.12A | 0.004 |
| 十七烷酸C17∶0 | 1.53±0.10A | 0.94±0.06B | 0.002 |
| 硬脂酸C18∶0 | 19.37±0.12A | 17.37±0.23B | <0.001 |
| 花生酸C22∶0 | 1.56±0.05 | 1.66±0.06 | 0.114 |
| 饱和脂肪酸SFA | 52.30±0.50 | 51.80±0.07 | 0.163 |
| 肉豆蔻油酸C14∶1 | 0.28±0.03b | 0.36±0.02a | 0.045 |
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1 | 1.43±0.10 | 1.33±0.05 | 0.194 |
| 十八碳烯酸C18∶1 cis-9 | 26.07±0.23b | 27.13±0.35a | 0.016 |
| 反式11十八碳烯酸C18∶1 trans-11 | 2.01±0.02A | 1.53±0.05B | 0.001 |
| 反式十八碳烯酸C18∶1 trans | 5.41±0.17A | 1.28±0.04B | <0.001 |
| 单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA | 35.21±0.35A | 31.62±0.42B | <0.001 |
| 十八碳二烯酸C18∶2 cis-9 cis-12 | 8.86±0.27B | 13.43±0.70A | 0.003 |
| 十八碳三烯酸C18∶3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 | 0.47±0.06b | 0.59±0.04a | 0.047 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA | 9.33±0.24b | 14.02±0.67a | 0.003 |
2.4 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肌肉中挥发性化合物组成的影响
表6 葡萄渣苜蓿混合青贮对肌肉中挥发性化合物组成的影响Table 6 Effects of grape pomace and alfalfa mixed silage on composition of volatile compounds of beef cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CG | ||
| 戊醛Pentanal | 1.84±0.02b | 1.91±0.02a | 0.016 |
| 己醛Hexanal | 55.20±0.95A | 46.53±0.67B | <0.001 |
| 庚醛Heptanal | 2.55±0.06b | 2.75±0.05a | 0.013 |
| 辛醛Octanal | 2.62±0.03A | 2.31±0.04B | <0.001 |
| 2-庚酮2-heptanone | 7.09±0.04B | 7.81±0.03A | <0.001 |
| 2-辛烯醛2-octenal | 0.34±0.06 | 0.26±0.07 | 0.224 |
| 2,3-辛二酮2,3-octanedione | 9.15±0.18B | 12.93±0.15A | <0.001 |
| 1-戊醇1-pentanol | 1.07±0.06B | 1.35±0.06A | 0.004 |
| 1-辛烯-3-醇1-octene-3-ol | 12.23±0.70B | 15.47±0.86A | 0.008 |
| 乙苯Ethylbenzene | 0.47±0.06a | 0.34±0.06b | 0.047 |
| β-萜烯基乙酸酯β-terpenyl acetate | 2.43±0.08B | 2.92±0.10A | 0.003 |
| 苯甲醛Benzaldehyde | 1.90±0.02 | 1.99±0.06 | 0.077 |
| 2-戊基呋喃2-pentylfuran | 1.15±0.05 | 0.75±0.40 | 0.221 |

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