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热应激对奶牛免疫功能、消化道稳态和乳腺健康的影响及机制

  • 吴方超 ,
  • 顾凤飞 ,
  • 刘建新 , *
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  • 浙江大学动物科学学院奶业科学研究所,杭州 310058
* 刘建新,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

吴方超(2000—),男,安徽六安人,硕士研究生,从事奶牛营养与环境研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2024-03-11

  网络出版日期: 2024-09-08

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(31930107)

Effects and Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Immune Function, Digestive Tract Homeostasis and Mammary Gland Health of Dairy Cows

  • WU Fangchao ,
  • GU Fengfei ,
  • LIU Jianxin , *
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  • Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-03-11

  Online published: 2024-09-08

摘要

奶牛单位体重散热面积小,且汗腺不发达,在产奶过程中易产生大量热量,这会导致它们易遭受热应激,进而给奶牛带来多方面的不良影响,是制约奶业健康发展的重要因素之一。正常的免疫功能、消化道稳态和乳腺健康是奶牛发挥生产潜能的基本保障。热应激会严重抑制奶牛免疫功能,破坏消化道稳态,损害乳腺健康。本文系统综述了热应激对奶牛免疫功能、消化系统微生态和乳腺功能与健康的影响以及机制研究进展,旨在为缓解热应激对奶牛健康的损害,制定健康饲养管理方案提供理论参考。

本文引用格式

吴方超 , 顾凤飞 , 刘建新 . 热应激对奶牛免疫功能、消化道稳态和乳腺健康的影响及机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(9) : 5479 -5485 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.467

Abstract

Dairy cows possess some physiological characteristics such as underdeveloped sweat glands, limited heat dissipation area per unit weight, and propensity to generate substantial heat during milk production. Consequently, this makes them susceptible to heat stress, which in turn brings many adverse effects to dairy cows and is one of the main constraints on the sustainable development of the dairy industry. Normal immune function, digestive tract homeostasis and mammary gland health are the fundamental guarantees for dairy cows to realize their production potential. Heat stress can seriously impair immune function, disrupt the digestive tract homeostasis, and damage the mammary health of dairy cows. This article systematically reviewed the effects of heat stress on immune function, digestive system homeostasis, mammary function and health of dairy cows, as well as the research progress on the involved mechanisms. It aims to provide theoretical reference for mitigating the damage caused by heat stress to dairy cow health and formulating healthy feeding and management plans.

当动物无法在热积累和散热之间保持平衡时,就会产生热应激现象。近年来,随着全球气候变暖越来越严峻,热应激愈发引起人们的关注。生产中常用温湿指数(thermal-humidity index,THI)衡量奶牛热应激程度,当THI大于68时,奶牛会发生热应激[1]。在热应激下,奶牛会出现呼吸频率增加、体温升高以及生产性能下降等现象[2]。如果产生的热量不能有效散发,则导致奶牛机体代谢紊乱,同时也会影响其泌乳性能,极端情况下甚至出现死亡[3]。因此,热应激是奶牛养殖行业面临的一大挑战。
良好的机体免疫功能、消化道稳态以及乳腺功能是奶牛维持健康和高效泌乳的重要保障。研究发现,热应激对这3方面都构成了潜在威胁。例如,长期热应激会改变瘤胃微生物多样性[4];热应激下奶牛往往会挑食精料,这容易引发瘤胃酸中毒[5]。同时,热应激也会改变免疫细胞的氧化平衡[6],损害免疫细胞的吞噬杀菌功能[7],造成奶牛免疫功能下降。此外,热应激会对奶牛乳腺功能和健康造成直接损伤,引起乳房炎等疾病频发,造成泌乳性能下降[8]。因此,系统总结热应激对奶牛的免疫功能、消化道稳态和乳腺健康的影响及其调节机制,可为制定缓解热应激的生产方案提供理论参考,对于奶牛健康养殖具有重要意义。

1 热应激对奶牛免疫功能的影响

热应激下奶牛发病率显著升高,这与热应激通过影响细胞和体液免疫反应损害免疫系统,进而导致免疫力下降有关。研究发现,高温高湿环境会使奶牛新陈代谢加速,能量消耗过度,从而对奶牛免疫系统产生不利影响[9]

1.1 热应激对体液免疫的影响

动物体液免疫由抗体和补体系统组成,是免疫系统中体液对病原体进行攻击和清除的过程,主要负责识别和结合病原体,从而使其失去活性。在热应激期间,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴和交感神经-肾上腺-髓质(sympathetic-adrenal-medullary,SAM)轴被激活以维持体内平衡应对热应激[9]。热应激对奶牛机体体液免疫的影响可分为直接和间接部分。研究发现,热应激可降低奶牛体内免疫球蛋白[如免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)和免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)]水平[10];还可导致奶牛体内免疫因子失衡,抑制或改变白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IgG等免疫因子释放,从而对奶牛体液免疫功能产生负面影响[11]
热应激对奶牛体液免疫的间接影响主要通过调节内源性激素分泌、维生素和微量元素代谢等途径而起作用。热应激下奶牛内源性激素分泌会发生异常,处于高温环境下的奶牛其体内肾上腺皮质醇分泌增加[12],但甲状腺激素分泌水平降低[13]。这些激素分泌异常可能抑制奶牛的免疫功能,降低其抗病能力。此外,高温环境下奶牛摄食减少,引起营养不良[14]。蛋白质是构成体内抗体的重要成分,能量则为免疫反应提供必要动力。

1.2 热应激对细胞免疫和抗氧化能力的影响

淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺和骨髓等器官是免疫系统的重要组成部分,白细胞在其中生成和成熟,它与浆细胞产生的抗体共同参与免疫反应。热应激环境下,这些免疫细胞的活性和功能下降,使得免疫反应变弱[15]。研究发现,荷斯坦奶牛和娟姗奶牛免疫细胞群的变化存在品种间差异,热应激仅会增加荷斯坦奶牛B细胞的比例,并倾向于降低其单核细胞比例[16]。热应激会引起母牛血液学参数和细胞免疫状态偏离正常水平,其中包括循环血红蛋白和淋巴细胞数量的下降,从而降低母牛的整体免疫能力[17-18]
热应激可破坏奶牛的氧化还原状态,增加脂质氢过氧化物和其他可能损害免疫细胞的氧化副产物[19]。研究发现,热应激参与组织氧化应激的诱导,导致暴露于高温条件下的奶牛中观察到活性氧水平升高和线粒体功能障碍[20]。在热应激2周时采取牛奶样,其C反应蛋白含量和磷酸化程度显著高于对照组[21]。C反应蛋白是一种阳性急性期蛋白,可通过刺激巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞等吞噬细胞的氧化爆发诱导超氧离子产生,高温奶牛所经历的氧化应激至少部分可归因于促炎反应[21]。由此可见,环境温度上升可通过改变细胞的氧化还原状态,进而影响奶牛机体的抗氧化能力。

2 热应激对奶牛消化系统健康与功能的影响

健康稳定的胃肠道微生物群落对宿主健康和生产性能至关重要。在热应激下,奶牛胃肠道收缩和蠕动减弱,肠道黏膜血流量减少,可能会导致腹泻、消化不良等问题。此外,热应激还会破坏肠道屏障,导致形态损伤和功能障碍,进而影响奶牛消化系统稳态和功能。

2.1 热应激对瘤胃微生物的影响

瘤胃是一个复杂的微生态系统,栖息于其中的微生物通过相互作用和协调合作,共同完成对饲料的降解过程。同时,瘤胃微生物稳态在免疫反应和整体健康水平方面也发挥着关键作用[22]。热应激会显著增加拟杆菌(主要是革兰氏阴性菌)在属水平上的相对丰度,但降低厚壁菌(主要是革兰氏阳性菌)在属水平上的相对丰度,降低厚壁菌与拟杆菌的比例[23]。未来的研究需要验证这种厚壁菌到拟杆菌的变化是否与其革兰氏染色特征有关,以及瘤胃或粪便微生物群的厚壁菌与拟杆菌的比例是否可以作为热应激的微生物生物标志物。热应激会影响瘤胃细菌的组成与代谢,引起产生乳酸和乙酸的细菌增加,导致瘤胃pH下降,影响奶牛的生产性能[4]

2.2 热应激对奶牛肠道微生物的影响

在春季,奶牛粪便中(反映肠道)最占优势的菌门是厚壁菌门(占69.5%),其次是拟杆菌门(占25.3%);夏季奶牛粪便中占优势的菌门也是厚壁菌门(占69.5%)和拟杆菌门(占4.45%),但所占比例大大低于春季;而且夏季高温下奶牛粪便细菌香农指数和辛普森指数均下降[24],可见热应激对肠道微生物具有显著影响。据报道,拟杆菌门成员比其他纤维降解细菌门拥有更多的糖苷水解酶和多糖裂解酶基因,因此具有强大的降解结晶纤维素的能力[25]。不同温度环境下肠道微生物生态系统由不同特征微生物组成的核心群落主导,当环境温度从18 ℃升高到32 ℃时,荷斯坦奶牛肠道中食糜的平均停留时间可从36.6 h增加到43.2 h,食糜停留时间的延长会导致干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率升高[26],因此热应激可能通过影响肠道微生物进而影响宿主对纤维物质的消化能力。

2.3 热应激对奶牛肠道结构与代谢的影响

研究发现,热应激会对肠道的紧密连接产生负面影响,导致肠道通透性增加[27-29]。热应激可直接诱导一种未知的尚未分类细胞浸润到空肠黏膜和黏膜下层,直接改变空肠紧密连接蛋白,使肠屏障受损[30]。在热应激期间,有毒物质和细菌化合物的渗透可能引发免疫调节,并诱导抗氧化防御机制,以维持共生细菌和空肠免疫系统之间的稳态。在热暴露7 d后,奶牛空肠封闭蛋白1和紧密连接蛋白mRNA丰度升高,这些改变与上皮电阻线性降低、通透性增加和脂多糖等内毒素增加有关[30]。在热应激下,奶牛出现肠道上皮细胞不稳定、蛋白质折叠错位、蛋白质水解增加、糖酵解减少以及核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号传导激活等;同时,热应激可激活和促进尿酸循环、磷酸戊糖、脂肪酸和氨基酸分解代谢以及线粒体呼吸等途径,增强ATP酶活性和抗氧化能力[31]
较高的环境温度和湿度会导致促炎介质(如TNF-α)表达增加[32],这是由于急性肠缺血导致肠渗漏,进而使脂多糖等细菌来源的抗原分子渗透到血液循环中。维生素D3等营养素可在啮齿动物发生肠渗漏情况下调节免疫反应[33],而维生素E和硒等物质可以改善肠道内壁完整性,同时减少热应激下的氧化应激[34]。因此,策略性地补充这些维生素和矿物质可以减轻热应激对奶牛的影响。热应激和饲粮还可以改变奶牛的粪便代谢组,一些粪便代谢物如乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐等与热应激、炎症和肠漏的指征物密切相关[35]。热应激会降低消化道功能,减少肠道中挥发性脂肪酸产生[36]

3 热应激对奶牛乳腺健康与功能的影响

高温环境下,奶牛体温升高,血液循环受阻,导致乳腺血液供应不足。这会降低乳腺组织的氧气和营养供应,影响乳腺细胞的正常功能。同时,热应激还会引起乳腺组织的炎症反应和氧化应激,导致乳腺健康隐患增加。在干奶期,乳腺衰老细胞会被清除而新生细胞增殖[37],环境条件可改变干奶期的乳腺重发育并影响随后泌乳期的奶产量。

3.1 热应激对乳腺激素分泌的影响

下丘脑-垂体-乳腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-mammary gland,HPM)轴在泌乳应激反应和生理调节中起着重要作用。热应激奶牛血清富血小板纤维蛋白和光敏色素互作因子水平升高,与应激反应引起的下丘脑-垂体轴兴奋有关。HPM轴中乳腺上皮组织环状RNA(circRNA)、微小RNA(miRNA)和mRNA的表达发生变化,这种变化与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路密切相关,会影响奶牛的应激反应和泌乳生理[38]。当环境温度升高时,会引起下丘脑-垂体轴的兴奋反应,导致血液中促生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子水平显著上升,然而乳腺细胞内它们的受体表达却下降[39]。胰岛素具有抗炎和免疫调节作用,能够影响机体的炎症反应和免疫功能,也参与调节能量代谢,对生长和发育具有重要影响,胰岛素受体的下降会影响乳腺的生长发育和免疫功能。热应激显著提高奶牛血清中皮质醇水平,但降低三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺激素(T4)水平,表明热环境刺激可改变奶牛下丘脑-垂体-内分泌轴的激素分泌[40]。热应激可刺激HPA轴,增强肾上腺活性,促进肾上腺素和皮质醇分泌以抵御应激反应[41]。热应激减少T3和T4的分泌,由于负反馈作用,奶牛垂体中促甲状腺激素释放激素受体和促甲状腺激素受体的表达会显著增加[42]。高浓度的皮质醇可能影响奶牛的食欲和消化吸收功能,导致营养代谢失调,引起奶牛甲状腺激素水平的变化,进而影响乳腺的生长发育。总得来说,热应激会对奶牛的生理状态产生负面影响,影响其乳腺生长、代谢和免疫功能,从而影响产奶量和牛奶质量。

3.2 热应激对乳腺细胞结构完整与健康的影响

暴露在高温环境下的奶牛,其牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary epithelial cells,BMECs)显示出较高的程序性死亡,导致乳腺BMECs总数减少。在对热应激的反应中,乳腺细胞表达更多的热应激蛋白基因,以保护细胞免受蛋白质聚集和降解[43]。在乳腺中,相邻的BMECs形成三维结构,也称为连接复合体,由上皮顶端表面下的紧密连接、邻近黏附体连接和桥粒组成[44]。该结构有助于维持乳腺上皮的完整性,并在哺乳期调节离子和小分子穿过乳腺血乳屏障以完成细胞旁运输。有研究者对泌乳中后期奶牛进行热应激与降温处理,通过分析血浆的乳糖含量和牛奶中白蛋白含量,以检测乳腺上皮的完整性;结果发现,热应激下奶牛血浆乳糖含量会增加,即热应激导致乳糖短暂渗漏,乳腺完整性受到影响[45-47]。在乳腺组织中,热应激会损害BMECs蛋白合成,下调参与细胞生长和导管分支的基因表达,同时促进参与凋亡、吞噬和细胞存活反应相关基因的表达[48-49]。由此可见,乳腺会通过合成更多的蛋白质来补偿热应激引起的损失,从而维持细胞间连接的完整性。

3.3 热应激对乳腺代谢的影响

研究发现,与对照组奶牛相比,热应激奶牛乳腺内乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合成酶基因表达升高[50],说明热应激下奶牛乳腺会将更多的能量分配给脂肪酸合成。降温奶牛与热应激奶牛乳腺内的差异丰度蛋白、差异磷酸化蛋白富集途径和功能与氧化还原状态、免疫功能、组织重塑和营养代谢有关,这些变化导致热应激奶牛乳腺超微结构异常、氧化应激和免疫失调,最终降低产奶量[21]
有学者在牛奶中鉴定出34种代谢物作为诊断奶牛热应激的潜在生物标志物,这些物质涉及糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)、乳糖、酮类、氨基酸和核苷酸代谢等,说明热应激主要影响泌乳奶牛乳腺内的乳糖、能量和核苷酸代谢[51]。热应激也影响机体能量代谢,包括降低葡萄糖、乳糖和半乳糖-1-磷酸浓度,提高乙酰乙酸浓度,改变TCA相关代谢物组成,这些营养代谢的变化可能会影响乳腺对养分的利用和乳汁合成。热应激会降低乳蛋白浓度,其原因可能是热应激改变了氨基酸代谢[52]。在泌乳中期奶牛中,热应激增加外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取[53]。由此可见,应激会诱导泌乳奶牛乳腺糖酵解、乳糖、酮类、TCA、氨基酸或核苷酸等代谢发生改变,影响乳成分前体物的供应。
乳汁由乳腺分泌而成,因此热应激对乳腺发育的影响不容忽视,乳腺充足的细胞更新是维持最佳产奶量的先决条件[12]。泌乳奶牛暴露于热应激后,乳腺血流量减少[54-55]。事实上,相对于干奶前降温奶牛,热应激奶牛在预期产犊前20 d的乳腺上皮细胞增殖较低[56]。这些数据表明,干奶期热应激会影响乳腺重发育,导致产后产奶量下降。

4 小结与展望

热应激是机体响应高温环境的复杂过程,会通过影响奶牛的免疫系统、消化系统以及乳腺发育和功能等调节奶牛的机体反应,影响奶产量和乳成分组成以及健康状态。因此,未来有必要进一步探究热应激对奶牛机体生理反应的影响,并深入研究其分子机制。此外,可应用多组学和表观遗传学等技术,系统研究热应激条件下奶牛各系统的应激反应及奶牛机体内瘤胃、肠道和乳腺等器官的响应机制,探究奶牛个体对热应激的适应差异及其形成机制,从而为缓解热应激和选育耐热奶牛提供理论依据。
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