1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 53.12 | 57.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 22.50 | 13.36 |
| 大豆粉Soybean flour | 20.00 | 25.75 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.17 | 0.08 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.18 | 0.10 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.62 | 1.39 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.11 | 1.02 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.43 | 12.86 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.35 | 20.01 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.32 | 1.14 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.53 | 0.44 |
| 钙Ca | 1.02 | 0.90 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.50 | 0.45 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 16 500 IU,VD3 6 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 4 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 16 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 79.5 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 54 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 62.1 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 7.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.2 mg。 | |
2)粗蛋白质和钙为实测值,其余为计算值。CP and Ca were measured values, while the others were calculated values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集及处理
1.6 测定指标与方法
1.6.1 生长性能及直肠温度
1.6.2 血清生化指标
1.6.3 血清抗氧化指标
1.6.4 肠道通透性指标
1.6.5 肠道形态结构
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on growth performance of broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TN | HT | HT100 | HT200 | HT400 | HT800 | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 373.33 ±3.75 | 373.54 ±0.82 | 371.46 ±2.47 | 376.04 ±2.13 | 371.88 ±2.47 | 376.25 ±2.46 | 0.958 | 0.387 | 0.402 | 0.612 | |
| 终末体重 FBW/g | 1 261.46 ±9.60* | 1 056.25 ±18.74c | 1 088.13 ±21.33bc | 1 122.92 ±31.68abc | 1 167.92 ±43.20ab | 1 206.50 ±15.87a | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.824 | |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 42.29 ±0.34* | 32.51 ±0.90c | 34.12 ±1.01bc | 35.57 ±1.57abc | 37.91 ±2.08ab | 39.54 ±0.77a | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.856 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 88.95 ±0.74* | 74.64 ±1.03 | 74.61 ±2.28 | 74.97 ±1.94 | 76.97 ±2.18 | 79.27 ±3.43 | 0.001 | 0.552 | 0.123 | 0.472 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.10 ±0.01* | 2.31 ±0.06a | 2.19 ±0.04ab | 2.12 ±0.08ab | 2.05 ±0.07b | 2.01 ±0.09b | 0.007 | 0.045 | 0.003 | 0.581 | |
*表示TN组与HT组之间差异显著(P<0.05);在5个热应激组中,同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
* indicated significant difference between TN group and HT group (P<0.05); in the five heat stress groups, values in the same row with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡直肠温度的影响
图1 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡直肠温度的影响*表示TN组与HT组之间差异显著(P<0.05);在5个热应激组中,数据柱标注无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.1 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on rectal temperature of broilers under heat stress * indicated significant difference between TN group and HT group (P<0.05); in the five heat stress groups, value columns with no letter or the same letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.3 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表3 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on serum biochemical indices of broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TN | HT | HT100 | HT200 | HT400 | HT800 | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 2.30 ±0.55* | 5.49 ±0.89a | 3.90 ±0.69ab | 5.05 ±0.62a | 3.59 ±0.41ab | 2.81 ±0.41b | 0.015 | 0.037 | 0.009 | 0.683 | |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 355.76 ±13.82* | 280.50 ±13.63 | 336.76 ±32.39 | 351.76 ±15.82 | 368.07 ±26.47 | 315.15 ±15.26 | 0.003 | 0.077 | 0.160 | 0.014 | |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 2 235.50 ±226.54* | 1 465.23 ±68.87bc | 1 370.44 ±156.69c | 1 944.33 ±138.62ab | 2 061.82 ±254.91a | 1 957.58 ±237.68ab | 0.018 | 0.039 | 0.008 | 0.497 | |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 14.17 ±0.49* | 12.01 ±0.36 | 13.38 ±0.59 | 12.51 ±0.40 | 12.94 ±0.75 | 12.38 ±0.67 | 0.005 | 0.506 | 0.862 | 0.242 | |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 43.26 ±0.58* | 40.18 ±1.17 | 39.83 ±2.10 | 38.19 ±1.12 | 40.86 ±2.01 | 35.07 ±1.80 | 0.041 | 0.147 | 0.099 | 0.309 | |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 14.94 ±0.29* | 13.21 ±0.39 | 13.91 ±0.82 | 12.62 ±0.55 | 14.37 ±0.79 | 12.30 ±0.79 | 0.005 | 0.209 | 0.533 | 0.341 | |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mg/dL) | 0.24 ±0.03* | 0.14 ±0.02 | 0.19 ±0.05 | 0.16 ±0.05 | 0.20 ±0.05 | 0.23 ±0.04 | 0.027 | 0.641 | 0.184 | 0.902 | |
2.4 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响
表4 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on serum antioxidant indices of broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TN | HT | HT100 | HT200 | HT400 | HT800 | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 总超氧化物 歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 287.78 ±13.62* | 329.60 ±11.11b | 359.95 ±18.43ab | 376.88 ±10.40a | 379.25 ±8.17a | 383.11 ±8.86a | 0.039 | 0.024 | 0.003 | 0.144 | |||||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mL) | 3.33 ±0.38 | 4.73 ±1.20a | 2.39 ±0.34b | 2.07 ±0.23b | 3.42 ±0.24ab | 2.61 ±0.55b | 0.307 | 0.042 | 0.118 | 0.054 | |||||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/ (mmol/L) | 0.51 ±0.03* | 0.35 ±0.06b | 0.49 ±0.06a | 0.52 ±0.03a | 0.51 ±0.04a | 0.57 ±0.03a | 0.036 | 0.030 | 0.005 | 0.261 | |||||||||||
2.5 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡肠道通透性的影响
表5 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡肠道通透性的影响Table 5 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on intestinal permeability of broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TN | HT | HT100 | HT200 | HT400 | HT800 | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| D-乳酸 D-LA/ (nmol/L) | 19.52 ±3.49* | 54.92 ±6.28a | 32.46 ±3.96b | 45.11 ±1.79ab | 41.35 ±5.89b | 34.28 ±2.32b | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.394 | |
| 二胺氧化酶 DAO/(ng/mL) | 11.51 ±1.90* | 23.00 ±2.13a | 13.69 ±2.04b | 20.77 ±1.79a | 18.14 ±2.01ab | 16.93 ±2.58ab | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.263 | 0.423 | |
| 脂多糖 LPS/(EU/mL) | 279.60 ±84.67* | 640.55 ±33.68a | 382.00 ±55.38c | 536.97 ±35.15ab | 482.21 ±51.02bc | 426.74 ±54.99bc | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.037 | 0.275 | |
2.6 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡肠道形态结构的影响
图2 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡肠道形态结构的影响Fig.2 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on intestinal morphological structure of broilers under heat stress (40×) |
表6 肉桂醛对热应激肉鸡肠道形态结构的影响Table 6 Effects of cinnamaldehyde on intestinal morphological structure of broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TN | HT | HT100 | HT200 | HT400 | HT800 | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||||||||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 933.78 ±36.02* | 807.17 ±41.65 | 813.44 ±46.26 | 793.63 ±17.04 | 801.81 ±40.31 | 822.21 ±42.01 | 0.044 | 0.988 | 0.882 | 0.702 | |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 121.98 ±13.39 | 115.67 ±3.77 | 116.13 ±6.25 | 115.03 ±5.54 | 105.92 ±2.99 | 116.99 ±6.01 | 0.660 | 0.537 | 0.642 | 0.494 | |
| 绒隐比 V/C | 7.93 ±0.53 | 6.98 ±0.26 | 7.04 ±0.34 | 6.96 ±0.27 | 7.60 ±0.42 | 7.06 ±0.32 | 0.141 | 0.624 | 0.495 | 0.697 | |
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/ μm | 791.50 ±50.58* | 642.36 ±20.74b | 696.92 ±38.07ab | 673.94 ±28.07b | 771.13 ±25.03a | 690.63 ±22.99ab | 0.021 | 0.040 | 0.062 | 0.160 | |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/ μm | 118.04 ±12.47 | 125.17 ±7.74 | 113.38 ±7.36 | 110.56 ±5.23 | 112.41 ±5.33 | 123.28 ±9.53 | 0.637 | 0.494 | 0.836 | 0.076 | |
| 绒隐比 V/C | 6.88 ±0.47* | 5.26 ±0.45 | 6.24 ±0.45 | 6.22 ±0.56 | 6.94 ±0.39 | 5.81 ±0.56 | 0.031 | 0.202 | 0.251 | 0.068 | |
| 回肠Ileum | |||||||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/ μm | 595.49 ±26.21 | 527.30 ±32.49 | 544.30 ±29.98 | 538.16 ±47.63 | 555.96 ±28.17 | 552.48 ±25.21 | 0.133 | 0.975 | 0.565 | 0.893 | |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/ μm | 120.26 ±6.62 | 110.38 ±3.29 | 115.93 ±6.48 | 112.42 ±10.58 | 126.87 ±6.07 | 124.99 ±4.15 | 0.211 | 0.311 | 0.066 | 0.901 | |
| 绒隐比 V/C | 5.03 ±0.38 | 4.77 ±0.21 | 4.74 ±0.25 | 4.96 ±0.61 | 4.45 ±0.37 | 4.46 ±0.29 | 0.560 | 0.848 | 0.452 | 0.644 | |

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