1 材料与方法
1.1 饲料原料
表1 10个干白酒糟样品产地、颜色、外观、香型及化学成分含量(绝干基础)Table 1 Producer, color, appearance, flavour and chemical composition contents of 10 samples of dried liquor distiller’s grains (absolute dry basis) % |
| 干白酒糟样品 Samples of dried liquor distiller’s grains | 产地 Producer | 颜色 Color | 外观 Appearance | 香型 Flavour | 干物质 DM | 总能 GE/ (MJ/kg) | 粗蛋 白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗纤维 CF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 贵州 | 黑褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 酱香型 | 89.39 | 19.91 | 28.64 | 3.51 | 11.48 | 24.51 | 41.79 |
| 2 | 江苏 | 褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 浓香型 | 88.30 | 18.77 | 19.38 | 4.92 | 13.28 | 20.10 | 40.88 |
| 3 | 湖南 | 褐色 | 粉状伴有 长片颗粒状 | 馥郁香型 | 87.86 | 19.75 | 22.72 | 9.88 | 8.64 | 25.75 | 44.59 |
| 4 | 安徽 | 褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 浓香型 | 88.05 | 19.42 | 17.10 | 5.71 | 12.29 | 34.52 | 53.63 |
| 5 | 四川 | 褐色 | 粉状伴有 长片颗粒状 | 酱香型 | 90.56 | 19.00 | 15.57 | 3.11 | 11.61 | 28.61 | 47.96 |
| 6 | 四川 | 黑褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 浓香型 | 85.91 | 20.79 | 29.69 | 9.62 | 10.32 | 26.86 | 49.64 |
| 7 | 四川 | 褐色 | 粉状伴有 长片颗粒状 | 浓香型 | 86.16 | 18.70 | 16.56 | 4.66 | 12.15 | 31.65 | 52.50 |
| 8 | 江西 | 黑褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 特香型 | 90.36 | 19.27 | 17.02 | 4.92 | 12.27 | 35.24 | 51.82 |
| 9 | 山东 | 褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 芝麻香型 | 88.89 | 20.22 | 23.31 | 7.64 | 11.75 | 28.05 | 48.90 |
| 10 | 安徽 | 褐色 | 粉状伴少量 长片颗粒状 | 浓香型 | 89.37 | 18.38 | 19.82 | 3.74 | 14.85 | 24.29 | 47.38 |
图1 10个干白酒糟样品感官照片A/a:样品1;B/b:样品2;C/c:样品3;D/d:样品4;E/e:样品5;F/f:样品6;G/g:样品7;H/h:样品8;I/i:样品9;J/j:样品10。大写字母为单反相机(型号:Canon EOS D600)拍摄的样品感官照片,小写字母为显微镜(型号:SOPTOP SZ4)拍摄的样品感官照片。 Fig.1 Sensory photos of 10 samples of dried liquor distiller’s grains A/a: sample 1; B/b: sample 2; C/c: sample 3; D/d: sample 4; E/e: sample 5; F/f: sample 6; G/g: sample 7; H/h: sample 8; I/i: sample 9; E/e: sample 10. The photos of the sample marked with uppercase letters are taken by SLR camera (model: Canon EOS D600), and the photos of the sample marked with lowercase letters are taken by the microscope (model: SOPTOP SZ4). |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验动物及饲粮
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 非代谢期饲粮 Diets for non- metabolism period | 代谢期饲粮Diets for metabolism period | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮1~10 Experiment diets 1 to 10 | ||
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 53.40 | 51.58 | 40.93 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 35.38 | 39.97 | 31.71 |
| 干白酒糟(样品1~10) Dried liquor distiller’s grains (samples 1 to 10) | 20.00 | ||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal | 2.00 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.51 | 4.36 | 3.46 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.07 | 0.95 | 0.92 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.73 | 1.89 | 1.82 |
| 肉鸡复合酶Broiler complex enzyme | 0.03 | ||
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.02 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 干物质DM | 90.96 | 91.56 | 91.01~92.37 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 19.51 | 19.44 | 19.01~19.64 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 27.94 | 27.00 | 24.30~27.01 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 500 mg。 | |
2)实测值 Measured values。 |
1.4 代谢能测定
1.5 样品处理及化学分析
1.6 数据计算及统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 干白酒糟样品化学成分的主成分分析
图2 10个干白酒糟样品化学成分含量的主成分载荷矩阵及主成分得分图PC1:主成分1 principal component 1;PC2:主成分2 principal component 2;S1~S10:样品1~10 samples 1 to 10;GE:总能 gross energy;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber。下图同 the same as below。 Fig.2 Principal component load matrix and principal component score diagram of chemical component content of 10 samples of dried liquor distiller’s grains |
2.2 干白酒糟的来源与肉鸡日龄对干白酒糟代谢能的影响
表3 白羽肉鸡在11~14日龄和25~28日龄对干白酒糟的代谢能及能量利用率Table 3 Metabolizable energy and energy utilization rate of dried liquor distiller’s grains for white feathered broilers during 11 to 14 days of age and 25 to 28 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 表观代谢能 AME/ (MJ/kg DM) | 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn/ (MJ/kg DM) | 表观代谢能/ 总能 AME/GE/% | 氮校正表观 代谢能/总能 AMEn/GE/% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 来源Sources | 日龄Days of age | ||||
样品1 Sample 1 | 11~14 | 6.70a | 6.47a | 33.68ab | 32.48ab |
| 25~28 | 5.97abc | 5.73abc | 29.99abc | 28.76abcd | |
样品2 Sample 2 | 11~14 | 5.65abcd | 5.26abcde | 30.08abc | 28.02abcd |
| 25~28 | 5.98abc | 5.68abc | 31.84abc | 30.24abc | |
样品3 Sample 3 | 11~14 | 4.44abcd | 4.17abcde | 22.50abcd | 21.12bcde |
| 25~28 | 5.57abcd | 5.32abcd | 28.19abcd | 26.92abcde | |
样品4 Sample 4 | 11~14 | 3.58cd | 3.17de | 18.43cd | 16.30de |
| 25~28 | 4.43abcd | 4.03abcde | 22.82abcd | 20.77abcde | |
样品5 Sample 5 | 11~14 | 4.64abcd | 4.37abcde | 24.44abcd | 22.98abcde |
| 25~28 | 5.92abc | 5.52abcd | 31.17abc | 29.04abcd | |
样品6 Sample 6 | 11~14 | 4.55abcd | 4.42abcde | 21.90bcd | 21.25bcde |
| 25~28 | 6.42ab | 5.98abc | 30.89abc | 28.78abcd | |
样品7 Sample 7 | 11~14 | 5.37abcd | 5.17abcde | 28.69abcd | 27.65abcd |
| 25~28 | 4.06abcd | 3.89bcde | 21.54bcd | 20.66bcde | |
样品8 Sample 8 | 11~14 | 3.82bcd | 3.58cde | 19.82bcd | 18.58cde |
| 25~28 | 2.96d | 2.80e | 15.38d | 14.52e | |
样品9 Sample 9 | 11~14 | 5.71abc | 5.08abcde | 28.22abcd | 25.12abcde |
| 25~28 | 6.44ab | 5.76abc | 31.82abc | 28.51abcd | |
样品10 Sample 10 | 11~14 | 6.67a | 6.27ab | 36.29a | 34.10a |
| 25~28 | 5.07abcd | 4.78abcde | 27.57abcd | 25.99abcde | |
| SEM | 0.52 | 0.48 | 2.84 | 2.59 | |
| 来源Sources | |||||
| 样品1 Sample 1 | 6.34 | 6.10 | 31.84 | 30.62 | |
| 样品2 Sample 2 | 5.81 | 5.47 | 30.96 | 29.13 | |
| 样品3 Sample 3 | 5.00 | 4.74 | 25.34 | 24.02 | |
| 样品4 Sample 4 | 4.01 | 3.60 | 20.63 | 18.53 | |
| 样品5 Sample 5 | 5.28 | 4.94 | 27.80 | 26.01 | |
| 样品6 Sample 6 | 5.49 | 5.20 | 26.39 | 25.01 | |
| 样品7 Sample 7 | 4.71 | 4.53 | 25.12 | 24.16 | |
| 样品8 Sample 8 | 3.39 | 3.19 | 17.60 | 16.55 | |
| 样品9 Sample 9 | 6.07 | 5.42 | 30.02 | 26.81 | |
| 样品10 Sample 10 | 5.87 | 5.52 | 31.93 | 30.04 | |
| 日龄Days of age | |||||
| 11~14 | 5.11 | 4.79 | 26.41 | 24.76 | |
| 25~28 | 5.28 | 4.95 | 27.12 | 25.42 | |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 来源Source | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 日龄Days of age | 0.477 | 0.476 | 0.558 | 0.555 | |
| 来源×日龄Source×days of age | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.007 |
2.3 干白酒糟的化学成分与代谢能的相关关系
表4 干白酒糟的化学成分与代谢能的皮尔逊相关系数Table 4 Pearson correlation coefficients between chemical composition and metabolizable energy of dried liquor distiller’s grains |
| 项目 Items | 总能 GE | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗纤维 CF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.781** | |||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 0.706* | 0.498 | ||||
| 粗灰分Ash | -0.687* | -0.425 | -0.711* | |||
| 粗纤维CF | 0.033 | -0.452 | -0.035 | -0.075 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 0.009 | -0.414 | 0.071 | 0.063 | 0.894** | |
| 表观代谢能(11~14日龄) AME (11 to 14 days of age) | -0.203 | 0.349 | -0.368 | 0.421 | -0.689* | -0.588 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能(11~14日龄) AMEn (11 to 14 days of age) | -0.196 | 0.380 | -0.374 | 0.380 | -0.688* | -0.595 |
| 表观代谢能(25~28日龄) AME(25 to 28 days of age) | 0.473 | 0.623 | 0.305 | -0.268 | -0.726* | -0.589 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能(25~28日龄) AMEn (25 to 28 days of age) | 0.439 | 0.640* | 0.281 | -0.280 | -0.776* | -0.655* |
**表示P<0.01,*表示0.01≤P<0.05。 | |
** mean P<0.01, and * mean 0.01≤P<0.05. |
2.4 化学成分估测肉鸡对干白酒糟代谢能的回归模型
图3 11~14日龄和25~28日龄白羽肉鸡对干白酒糟的AME和AMEn对CF的线性回归A:11~14日龄肉鸡对干白酒糟的AME;B:11~14日龄肉鸡对干白酒糟的AMEn;C:25~28日龄肉鸡对干白酒糟的AME;D:25~28日龄肉鸡对干白酒糟的AMEn。 Fig.3 Linear regression of AME and AMEn on CF in dried liquor distiller’s grains fed white feathered broilers at 11 to 14 days of age and 25 to 28 days of age A: AME of dried liquor distiller’s grains fed white feathered broilers at 11 to 14 days of age; B: AMEn of dried liquor distiller’s grains fed white feathered broilers at 11 to 14 days of age; C: AME of dried liquor distiller’s grains fed white feathered broilers at 25 to 28 days of age; D: AMEn of dried liquor distiller’s grains fed white feathered broilers at 25 to 28 days of age. |

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