1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间和地点
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计
1.4 饲养管理
表1 牛奶和开食料营养水平Table 1 Nutrient levels of milk and starter |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 牛奶Milk | |
| 乳脂Fat/% | 4.23 |
| 乳蛋白Milk protein/% | 3.61 |
| 总固形物Total solid/% | 13.20 |
| 乳糖Lactose/% | 4.48 |
| 开食料Starter | |
| 干物质DM/% | 94.61 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/%DM | 19.47 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/%DM | 29.46 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/%DM | 16.92 |
| 粗灰分Ash/%DM | 6.49 |
| 粗脂肪EE/%DM | 3.38 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.21 |
| 钙Ca/%DM | 1.02 |
| 磷P/%DM | 0.56 |
1.5 样品采集及指标测定
1.5.1 生长性能的测定
1.5.2 营养物质表观消化率的测定
1.5.3 血清生化指标测定
1.5.4 腹泻及治疗情况的测定
表2 粪便评分标准Table 2 Fecal scoring criteria |
| 外形Shape | 流动性Fluidity | 评分Score |
|---|---|---|
| 正常Normal | 成型良好,稳定但不硬 | 1 |
| 松软Soft | 虽稍有松软但成堆,布丁状 | 2 |
| 软膏Pasty | 成煎饼面糊状,极易扩散 | 3 |
| 水状Watery | 固液分离,飞溅 | 4 |
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 芽孢杆菌对犊牛生长性能的影响
表3 芽孢杆菌对犊牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of Bacillus on growth performance of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | |||
| 开食料采食量Starter intake/(g/d) | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 12.6 | 14.6 | 3.08 | 0.52 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 409.8 | 392.3 | 29.15 | 0.66 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 211.2 | 203.2 | 14.56 | 0.69 |
| 体重BW/kg | ||||
| 1日龄1 day of age | 38.1 | 38.1 | 1.35 | 0.99 |
| 28日龄28 days of age | 50.6 | 49.4 | 1.29 | 0.50 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 69.4 | 69.2 | 1.71 | 0.93 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 452.2 | 411.6 | 46.72 | 0.52 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 662.9 | 699.0 | 44.31 | 0.54 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 556.8 | 553.6 | 29.68 | 0.94 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(g/d) | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 936.6 | 938.6 | 3.08 | 0.52 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 1 069.8 | 1 052.3 | 29.15 | 0.66 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 1 003.2 | 995.2 | 14.56 | 0.69 |
| 饲料转化率FCR | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.053 | 0.55 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.034 | 0.48 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.028 | 0.96 |
表4 芽孢杆菌对犊牛体尺指标的影响Table 4 Effects of Bacillus on body measurement indices of calvescm |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | ||||||||
| 体高Body height | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 82.8 | 81.7 | 0.58 | 0.17 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 90.5 | 89.0 | 0.53 | 0.06 | |||||
| 体斜长Body length | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 70.0 | 69.3 | 0.48 | 0.36 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 75.7 | 75.7 | 0.72 | 0.99 | |||||
| 胸围Heart girth | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 88.8 | 88.0 | 0.77 | 0.44 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 97.6 | 96.4 | 0.88 | 0.30 | |||||
| 腹围Abdominal girth | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 85.2 | 85.5 | 0.99 | 0.83 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 95.3 | 95.6 | 1.58 | 0.88 | |||||
| 臀高Hip height | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 77.3 | 76.6 | 0.72 | 0.48 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 83.1 | 82.7 | 0.70 | 0.64 | |||||
| 管围Pipe girth | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 11.2 | 11.1 | 0.10 | 0.28 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 11.7 | 11.6 | 0.10 | 0.81 | |||||
2.2 芽孢杆菌对犊牛营养物质表观消化率的影响
表5 芽孢杆菌对犊牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 5 Effects of Bacillus on nutrient apparent digestibility of calves % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | |||
| 干物质DM | 69.07 | 82.59 | 5.040 | 0.08 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 64.78 | 69.22 | 7.042 | 0.66 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 33.68 | 42.40 | 5.379 | 0.26 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 80.23 | 90.67 | 3.510 | 0.05 |
2.3 芽孢杆菌对犊牛血清指标的影响
2.3.1 芽孢杆菌对犊牛血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响
表6 芽孢杆菌对犊牛血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of Bacillus on serum immune and antioxidant indices of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | |||
| 免疫指标Immune indices/(g/L) | ||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 2.29 | 2.54 | 0.242 | 0.44 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 2.04 | 2.20 | 0.218 | 0.54 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 15.58 | 15.24 | 1.097 | 0.81 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 14.38 | 17.35 | 1.181 | 0.04 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 1.56 | 1.70 | 0.107 | 0.38 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 1.46 | 1.64 | 0.135 | 0.30 |
| 抗氧化指标Antioxidant indices | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(μmol/mL) | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 9.14 | 9.27 | 0.626 | 0.88 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 9.38 | 9.79 | 0.154 | 0.08 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 77.93 | 77.35 | 2.444 | 0.82 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 67.11 | 67.31 | 1.782 | 0.92 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 328.53 | 351.90 | 47.551 | 0.66 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 381.69 | 412.01 | 34.579 | 0.39 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 48.84 | 44.47 | 3.529 | 0.16 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 45.02 | 41.38 | 3.853 | 0.18 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | ||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 4.12 | 3.86 | 0.249 | 0.36 |
| 56日龄56 days of age | 4.09 | 3.83 | 0.278 | 0.49 |
2.3.2 芽孢杆菌对犊牛血清生化指标的影响
表7 芽孢杆菌对犊牛血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of Bacillus on serum biochemical indices of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | ||||||||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 62.2 | 64.0 | 3.47 | 0.63 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 63.3 | 63.3 | 1.70 | 0.99 | |||||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 30.8 | 30.3 | 1.09 | 0.68 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 30.8 | 31.9 | 0.47 | 0.09 | |||||
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 31.3 | 33.8 | 2.55 | 0.43 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 32.4 | 31.5 | 1.76 | 0.73 | |||||
| 白球比A/G | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.038 | 0.33 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 0.98 | 1.06 | 0.062 | 0.35 | |||||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 6.01 | 6.07 | 0.420 | 0.92 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 6.63 | 6.09 | 0.270 | 0.13 | |||||
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 4.77 | 4.51 | 0.362 | 0.33 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 3.90 | 3.56 | 0.291 | 0.16 | |||||
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.031 | 0.52 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.060 | 0.53 | |||||
| 胆固醇CHOL/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 3.24 | 3.21 | 0.309 | 0.93 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 3.00 | 2.80 | 0.200 | 0.37 | |||||
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 1.48 | 1.51 | 0.137 | 0.86 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 1.25 | 1.13 | 0.090 | 0.21 | |||||
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.101 | 0.88 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.110 | 0.98 | |||||
| 丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 6.8 | 6.2 | 0.54 | 0.45 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 11.0 | 13.0 | 2.18 | 0.51 | |||||
| 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST/(U/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 42.3 | 44.4 | 2.62 | 0.57 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 59.0 | 78.0 | 11.41 | 0.26 | |||||
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 235 | 194 | 17.9 | 0.14 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 169 | 168 | 18.3 | 0.98 | |||||
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | |||||||||
| 28日龄28 days of age | 884 | 944 | 44.1 | 0.36 | |||||
| 56日龄56 days of age | 1 121 | 1 215 | 112.9 | 0.57 | |||||
2.4 芽孢杆菌对犊牛腹泻及治疗情况的影响
表8 芽孢杆菌对犊牛腹泻状况的影响Table 8 Effects of Bacillus on diarrhea situation of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 芽孢杆菌Bacillus | |||
| 粪便评分Fecal score/分 | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 1.59 | 1.57 | 0.061 | 0.72 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 1.48 | 1.40 | 0.038 | 0.14 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 1.53 | 1.49 | 0.034 | 0.34 |
| 粪便异常天数Fecal abnormality days/d | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 4.75 | 4.80 | 0.591 | 0.95 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 4.58 | 3.53 | 0.484 | 0.09 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 9.33 | 8.30 | 0.821 | 0.37 |
| 腹泻次数Diarrhea times/次 | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 1.83 | 2.10 | 0.230 | 0.41 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 2.08 | 1.70 | 0.255 | 0.28 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 3.92 | 3.83 | 0.357 | 0.84 |
| 抗生素治疗次数Treated with antibiotic times/次 | ||||
| 1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age | 1.5 | 2.2 | 0.46 | 0.57 |
| 29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
| 1~56日龄1 to 56 days of age | 2.9 | 3.2 | 0.56 | 0.46 |

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