动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6223 - 6233

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.530

综述

葛根主要成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

  • 郑伟剑 , 1 ,
  • 曾致 1 ,
  • 黄东璋 2 ,
  • 沈留红 , 1, *
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  • 1 四川农业大学动物医学院,成都 611130
  • 2 江苏农牧科技职业学院,泰州 225300
*沈留红,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

郑伟剑(1998—),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,从事天然产物与兽医临床应用研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2024-04-10

  网络出版日期: 2024-10-14

基金资助

江苏农牧科技职业学院科研项目(NSF2024ZR08)

四川省科技厅科技计划项目(2024YFFK0146)

四川农业大学学科建设双支计划(03572174)

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Main Components, Biological Functions of Pueraria lobata and Its Application in Livestock and Poultry Production

  • ZHENG Weijian , 1 ,
  • ZENG Zhi 1 ,
  • HUANG Dongzhang 2 ,
  • SHEN Liuhong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-10

  Online published: 2024-10-14

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摘要

葛根属传统中草药,富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、氨基酸、矿物质等营养物质和多种生物活性成分,具有良好的抗炎、抗氧化和增强免疫等作用。饲粮中添加适量葛根可提升畜禽的生产性能及产品品质,调节胃肠道菌群稳态或增加有益菌丰度,促进畜禽机体健康。本文综述了葛根的主要成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中应用的研究进展,为其在动物生产中的应用提供参考。

关键词： 葛根; 异黄酮类; 多糖类; 生物学功能; 畜禽生产

本文引用格式

郑伟剑 , 曾致 , 黄东璋 , 沈留红 . 葛根主要成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(10) : 6223 -6233 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.530

Abstract

Pueraria lobata is a traditional Chinese herb, rich in protein, fiber, amino acids, minerals, and various bioactive components, offering anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting benefits. Appropriate supplementation of Pueraria lobata has been shown to enhance livestock and poultry production performance and product quality, balance gastrointestinal flora homeostasis, and boost the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and promote animal health. This review provided an overview of the main components, biological functions of Pueraria lobata and its application in livestock and poultry production, offering practical references for its utilization in animal production.

Key words： Pueraria lobata; isoflavones; polysaccharides; biological functions; livestock and poultry production

葛根(Pueraria lobata)是一种天然药食两用植物,来源于豆科植物野葛[Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi]的干燥块根,分布于我国大部分地区,其味甘、辛,性凉,归脾、胃经,具有解肌退热、生津止渴、透疹、升阳止泻、通经活络、解酒毒等功效[1]。传统中医上,葛根被用作治疗感冒、头痛、腹泻和高血压等疾病。如《伤寒论》记载,“葛根汤”具有发汗解表、津舒筋等功效,且至今仍是重要解表方。而现代药理学研究表明,葛根含有大量的异黄酮类、多糖类、多酚类等化合物,具有抗高血压、抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌特性,而其发挥抗流感、抗炎、免疫调节等作用主要与葛根异黄酮有关[2-3]。近年来,随集约化养殖业的发展,增强动物免疫力和提高饲料利用率是确保畜禽业养殖效益和健康发展的关键。然而,在实际生产中,抗生素滥用导致的抗生素残留、细菌耐药性产生、畜禽免疫功能降低等问题,已对养殖业造成了巨大负面影响。因此,研发安全、高效、绿色的抗生素替代品是养殖业的研究热点之一。而葛根凭借其副作用少、增强免疫力、促进生长和提高畜禽产品质量等众多优点,具有部分替代抗生素的巨大潜力。

1 葛根的主要成分

异黄酮类、多糖类、多酚类及皂苷类等化合物是葛根的主要活性物质,葛根异黄酮类化合物属于植物次生性代谢产物,因分子结构与雌激素相似,被称为植物雌激素,主要包括葛根素(puerarin,PR)、3-羟基葛根素、大豆苷元(daizein,DZ)、大豆苷(daidzin)、染料木素等[4]。其中,PR为关键成分,其含量通常作为评价葛根药材及葛根总黄酮质量的指标[5]。葛根多糖(Pueraria lobata polysaccharide,PLP)是一种聚合物,由1个或多个单糖元通过α型和β型糖苷键连接组成,如β-1,6-糖苷键和α-1,4-糖苷键连接[6],包括葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖醛酸等,其中葡萄糖含量最高[7-8]。此外,PL还包含葛根多酚、葛根皂苷等活性物质[9-10],以及畜禽生长所必需的矿物质、蛋白质、纤维、淀粉等营养物质(表1)[11⇓⇓-14]。
表1 葛根营养成分含量(干物质基础)

Table 1 Nutritional component contents of Pueraria lobate (DM basis)

营养成分
Nutritional components		 含量
Content		 参考文献
References
粗蛋白质 CP/% 9.02~17.50 [11⇓-13]
淀粉 Starch/% 5.40~56.62 [11⇓-13]
中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% 46.10~48.10 [11⇓-13]
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% 36.90~38.20 [14]
铜 Cu/(mg/kg) 9.74~19.68 [13-14]
锌 Zn/(mg/kg) 28.38~38.48 [13-14]
铁 Fe/(mg/kg) 152.30~606.00 [13-14]
钙 Ca/(mg/kg) 1 460.00~2 696.70 [13-14]
镁 Mg/(mg/kg) 2 078.60~3 135.90 [13-14]
钾 K/(mg/kg) 9 877.10~17 841.20 [13-14]

2 葛根的生物学功能

葛根的生物学功能主要表现在抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等方面。PR是葛根的主要活性成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗炎、保护心血管和神经系统等作用[15⇓-17]。而PLP则有助于调节血糖、血脂、肠道功能和增强免疫功能[18⇓-20]。总体而言,葛根在传统中医学理论和现代医学研究中均展现出有利于促进机体恢复健康或治疗疾病的潜力。

2.1 抗氧化作用

活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是需氧细胞在代谢过程中产生的过氧化物总称,包括羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)、过氧自由基(ROO·)等[21-22]。生理条件下,适量ROS可增强机体免疫,促进细胞组织修复、存活和生长等;而ROS过量积累时,可导致氧化应激,破坏脂质、蛋白质、RNA和DNA等生物大分子的结构和功能,并引起炎性损伤,甚至诱发缺血再灌流损伤[16]、视网膜色素上皮细胞凋亡[23]、帕金森症[24]等疾病,而PR和PLP可通过增强抗氧化酶活性和直接清除机体自由基,抑制氧化应激,对这类疾病发挥缓解和预防作用[16,25-26]。
葛根主要是通过激活Kelch样氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated 1,Keap1)-核转录因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)信号通路,来增强抗氧化酶的调节。Nrf2是体内氧化应激反应的中枢调节因子,激活后促进下游抗氧化酶基因表达;在生理状态下,Keap1作为泛素化连接酶与Nrf2结合,促进其泛素化降解或将其固定于胞浆中而难以发挥活性[27]。当机体处于氧化应激或亲电子物质刺激时,Keap1的结构发生变化,从而与Nrf2解离,使得Nrf2转移进入细胞核与ARE结合转移进入细胞核,从而促进血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)等抗氧化酶基因的mRNA表达,转录后产生抗氧化酶并被释放到胞质中清除ROS[16,28⇓-30],发挥抗氧化作用。例如,PR可增加大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型大鼠脑组织中Nrf2核转位,提高Nrf2、HO-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,上调SOD、GSH-Px、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)蛋白表达水平,改善缺血再灌注引起的氧化应激损伤[16]。PR和葛根水溶性多糖可分别降低在热应激条件下黑腹果蝇[25]、秀丽隐杆线虫[31]内ROS、MDA水平,增加SOD活性,并延长其存活时间。此外,体外试验中葛根也表现出较好的抗氧化活性,葛根提取多酚、PLP对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)、·OH等自由基清除率分别为88.0%、88.8%[9]和81.74%和85.11%[32],二者与维生素C的抗氧化效果相近,有改善动物氧化应激的作用。

2.2 抗炎作用

炎症是机体受到某种刺激(如外伤、感染等)所发生的一种以防御反应为主的基本病理过程,属于正常生理反应,而过度炎症反应可致血清中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性因子含量增加[17],使组织产生红、胀、热痛等症状,并加重机体的基础代谢,影响畜禽生长和繁殖。
核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)途径是参与炎症反应的主要信号通路,被激活后可上调炎性因子表达,引起炎性损伤。而葛根含有的异黄酮类和多糖类化合物(如PR[15]、PLP[33]、DZ[34]等)具有良好的抗炎功效,可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路表达、减少炎性因子产生、抑制炎症的发生与发展,保护机体组织免受炎症伤害。有研究表明,PR可激活Keap1-Nrf2信号通路产生的HO-1来抑制NF-κB信号通路下游P65蛋白的磷酸化[35],同时PR和PLP还可抑制P50/P65复合物转移至细胞核内,降低炎症基因转录,抑制环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)和诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的mRNA表达,降低胞内IL-6和TNF-α含量[17,36]。饲粮添加PLP可显著降低高脂饮食模小鼠型NF-κB信号通路上游激活剂基因[NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)、信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)、布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(Bruton’s tyrosinekinase,BTK)和白细胞介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)]表达,抑制炎症发生[33]。在体外试验中,PR和葛根苷也能有效降低细胞中磷酸化核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor α of nuclear factor kappa-B,IκBα)、磷酸化P65、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6蛋白表达,减轻脂多糖诱导的炎症反应[37-38]。此外,葛根中的抗性淀粉和PLP可通过提高肠道有益菌群(Oligella、拟杆菌科_S24-7_群、普雷沃氏菌_9、毛螺菌科和瘤胃球菌科)的丰度,促进短链脂肪酸的分泌,形成酸性肠腔环境,防止病原体的入侵与黏附,缓解抗生素相关腹泻引起的结肠炎病理变化(减轻肠道充血、肠绒毛萎缩)[39-40]。PLP可通过调节磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(serine-threonine kinase,AKT)抑制PI3K的磷酸化,促进哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)表达,调节自噬作用[41]。此外,PLP与PR还可增强肠上皮细胞增殖和肠道屏障蛋白[封闭蛋白-1(claudin-1)、闭合蛋白(occludin)、闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occluden-1,ZO-1)]表达,保证肠道完整性[41-42],从而保护肠道黏膜屏障,降低炎症发生,发挥抗炎作用。

2.3 免疫调节作用

免疫调节是指免疫细胞与免疫因子、免疫系统与其他系统间的相互作用,使机体免疫应答维持适当水平。PLP、PR可促进免疫器官生长,提升胸腺指数和脾脏指数,刺激T、B淋巴细胞增殖,增强RAW 264.7巨噬细胞吞噬能力[18,43],促进一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)等细胞因子的释放[43],从而提高机体的免疫力和消除病原体能力,以及在机体免疫过强时具有下调免疫作用,维持机体的免疫水平。
葛根通过调节免疫因子和免疫细胞的活性来发挥免疫调节作用。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)是信号从细胞表面传导到细胞核内部的重要传递者,可被不同的细胞外因子激活,并调节细胞的生长、分化及其对环境应激的适应性、炎症反应等多种重要的细胞生理或病理过程[44]。有研究发现,PLP可与树突细胞(dendritic cell,DC)表面Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)结合,调节MAPKs[细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases,p38)]分子的磷酸化,进而诱导DC表面受体CD40、CD86、主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)-Ⅰ和MHC-Ⅱ的表达,促进DC表型成熟,增强DC的抗原呈递功能和增加白细胞介素-12(interleukin-12,IL-12)的分泌来诱导Th1细胞活化,并产生IFN-γ、IL-2[45],Chang等[43]研究发现,PR可促进RAW 264.7巨噬细胞释放IL-4和IFN-γ分泌,表明PR也可促进辅助性T细胞Th1和Th2的分化,参与细胞和体液免疫反应,发挥免疫调节作用。PLP还可与与T淋巴细胞受体CD3、B淋巴细胞受体IgM/CD79复合受体或TLR2/4受体结合,刺激T、B淋巴细胞的增殖,恢复免疫抑制小鼠的脾脏和胸腺免疫功能,提高小鼠的免疫力[18]。此外,PLP还可激活RAW 264.7细胞吞噬能力,调节免疫能力,且对细胞无毒性作用,不随添加量增高而进一步诱发细胞的炎症反应[36]。综上可知,葛根具有良好的免疫调节作用。

2.4 其他作用

葛根还显示出改善糖代谢、脂代谢、抗肿瘤和植物雌激素样作用等功效。Luo等[19]研究发现,PLP通过激活葡萄糖转运蛋白2(glucose transporter 2,GLUT2)/PI3K/AKT信号通路改善db/db小鼠的胰岛素抵抗,从而促进葡萄糖代谢,增加肝糖原生成,降低空腹血糖水平,进而减少体重增加和脂肪堆积;Chen等[46]从葛根中分离出了8种不同的化合物,发现其对肺腺癌细胞系A549和乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7具有较强的抑制和细胞毒性作用。PR还可下调miRNA-21表达,从而抑制磷酸酶-张力蛋白同源物基因的功能,恢复上皮细胞-间充质转化活性,抑制肝细胞癌细胞增殖、迁移、肿瘤形成和转移[47];PR和葛根在成年去卵巢大鼠中具有17β-雌二醇-3-苯甲酸酯(雌激素)样作用,可增加血清中生长激素和催乳素水平[48];葛根还会诱导子宫重量增加,促进乳腺发育,引起子宫壁扩张和出血,但在自发性肿瘤模型中,长期服用大于200 mg/kg剂量的葛根,会导致乳腺癌发病率显着增加[49]。
图1为葛根发挥生物学功能的信号途径示意图。
图1 葛根发挥生物学功能的信号途径(自制)

TLR4:Toll样受体4 Toll-like receptor 4;DC:树突细胞 dendritic cell;MHC-Ⅰ/Ⅱ:主要组织相容性复合体-Ⅰ/Ⅱ major histocompatibility complex-Ⅰ/Ⅱ;LPS:脂多糖 lipopolysaccharide;MAPKs:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 mitogen-activated protein kinases ;ERK:细胞外信号调节激酶 extracellular signal-regulated kinase;p38:p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases;JNK:c-Jun氨基末端激酶 c-Jun N-terminal kinase;claudin-1:封闭蛋白-1;occludin:闭合蛋白;ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occluden-1;PI3K:磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶 phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases;AKT:丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶 serine-threonine kinase;mTOR:哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 mammalian target of rapamycin;IL-18:白细胞介素-18 interleukin-18;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;ROS:活性氧 reactive oxygen species;MDA:丙二醛 malondialdehyde;TC:总胆固醇 total cholesterol;TG:甘油三酯 triglyceride;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 low-density lipoprotein cholesterin;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 high-density lipoprotein cholesterin;Keap1:Kelch样氯丙烷相关蛋白1 Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated 1;Nrf2:核转录因子E2相关因子2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;ARE:抗氧化反应元件 antioxidant response element;HO-1:血红素氧合酶-1 heme oxygenase-1;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;IKKα:核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白激酶α inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase α;IKKβ:核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白激酶β inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase β;IκBα:核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白α inhibitor α of nuclear factor kappa-B;p-P65:磷酸化P65 phosphorylated P65;Nucleus:细胞核。

Fig.1 Signaling pathways for Pueraria lobata to exert biological functions (author drawing)

3 葛根在畜禽生产中的应用

因葛根具有产量丰富、生物学功能多、副作用少等特点,近年来在畜禽养殖领域日益受到关注。研究表明,将葛根添加至畜禽饲粮中,在一定程度可提升畜禽的生产和繁殖性能、抗应激和抗病能力。这与葛根的抗炎、抗氧化、调节免疫作用、促进肠道健康和调节糖、脂代谢等功能密切相关。

3.1 提升生产和繁殖性能

葛根提取物可增强肉鸡体内抗氧化酶(GSH-Px、SOD)的活性,改善氧化应激,并提升小肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值,保证肠道完整性,改善营养物质的消化和吸收,增强畜禽的免疫力,进而增强采食量和料重比,改善生长性能[50-51]。此外,饲粮中添加PR可有效降低血清皮质醇含量和增强肠道紧密连接蛋白ZO-1表达,预防油脂饲料因氧化对畜禽生长产生的不利影响,并与油脂饲料共同提高畜禽的生长性能[52]。
葛根异黄酮作为饲料添加剂可提高妊娠母猪血清孕激素、黄体酮激素水平,降低难产率,提高每窝产仔数和仔猪存活率[53],而DZ可提高产后母猪血清雌激素、催乳素和生长激素水平[54],并促进机体蛋白质合成,提升母猪泌乳量和乳品质。母猪繁殖性能的提高可能与葛根中异黄酮的雌激素样作用和抗氧化作用有关。因为在妊娠期间胚胎的快速发育会增加母体的代谢负担,导致全身氧化应激水平升高,而过度氧化应激通常又是产仔存活率低的原因之一[55-56]。综上可知,饲粮中添加葛根可有效增强畜禽的抗氧化和免疫能力,发挥雌激素样作用,提升生产和繁殖性能。

3.2 改善畜禽产品品质

葛根可改善畜禽肌肉脂肪含量、横纹肌密度、滴水度、剪切力等指标,从而改善肉品质和肉风味。在饲粮中添加PR后,可有效减少宰后胴体肌糖原的过度消耗和乳酸含量,提升畜禽胴体排酸效率,促进肉质成熟,使肉质柔软有弹性、味道鲜美,且安全、营养[57-58]。DZ可通过调节畜禽糖、脂代谢,增加肝脏内葡萄糖激酶表达,促进肝糖原合成,并通过增加肌内脂肪酸合酶、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1的表达来增加脂肪沉积,改善肌肉中肌纤维比例,从而降低肌肉剪切力,提升肉质鲜嫩度和口感[59]。此外,在发生热应激时,肌纤维会快速分解糖原生成ATP来抵抗应激反应,这使得肌肉纤维量减少、口感变差,而饲粮中添加葛根提取物可有效缓解这种状况,因为肌内脂肪可通过脂肪酸分解产生大量ATP,缓解肌糖原的过度消耗[60],从而保证肉质口感。
葛根也可提高蛋鸡的产蛋率和蛋壳强度,降低沙皮蛋的产率。王建等[61]用葛粉代替饲粮饲喂蛋鸡,鸡蛋产量、蛋壳强度和平均蛋重等均有显著提高,蛋内胆固醇含量会相对下降。封晓慧等[62]用改良葛根芩连汤饲喂蛋鸡,显著提升了蛋鸡的消化吸收能力,降低了氮磷排泄率,改善了肠道益生菌群、产蛋率,同时改善了蛋黄颜色和降低了沙皮蛋的产率。这可能是由于葛根可调节肠道菌群平衡,提高有益菌群的丰富度,从而增加鸡对饲粮中氮、磷的吸收,增强蛋壳强度。
葛根在反刍动物生产中的应用也较为常见,作为饲料或添加剂可提升反刍动物的生产性能,如提高牛奶产量、改善牛奶品质、开发牛奶保健品等。PR或野葛根可促进乳腺组织发育和乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,提高牛奶产量和牛奶中蛋白质和脂肪含量,还可促进血乳屏障完整性,降低牛奶中炎性因子含量,显著降低经产奶牛乳房炎发生率[63-64]。也有研究表示,葛根中的香豆雌酚和染料木黄酮会抑制乳腺合成和乳腺上皮细胞增殖,从而影响产奶量[65]。因此,在使用葛根作为奶牛饲料添加剂时,应避免在初产奶牛饲粮中添加。

3.3 改善肠道健康,调节抗病能力

“养殖就是养肠道”,对畜禽来说,其食物的消化活动超过80%是在肠道中完成。所以,维持肠道完整性和菌群平衡是保证畜禽健康生长的首要条件。随着集约化养殖的发展,畜禽群体养殖密度上升,抗菌药物和其他化学药品滥用现象频发,易破坏畜禽肠道健康,致使畜禽大面积感染流行病菌而发病。葛根可促进肠道完整性[50]、提升饲料消化率[66]、调节肠道菌群平衡、促进肠道稳态、抑制有害菌生长[62]和治疗流行性腹泻疾病等[67]。封晓慧等[62]研究表明,改良葛根芩连汤可提高蛋鸡肠道双歧杆菌和乳酸菌等有益菌数量,降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有害菌数量,从而改善蛋鸡肠道菌群平衡,抑制毒素分泌,降低黏附性,保护肠道结构,促进其对饲料的消化和利用。此外,在犊牛饲粮中添加PLP,可显著降低肠道变形杆菌相对丰度,调节肠道微生物群平衡,抑制犊牛肠道致病菌繁殖并减少犊牛腹泻率,从而有利于犊牛生长发育[68-69]。Wu等[67]研究发现,饲喂PR可显著增强仔猪的抗氧化能力,并能改善肠道菌群平衡,提高肠球菌属、乳杆菌属和肠杆菌科等有益菌群的数量,有效降低流行性腹泻发病率。
有关葛根制品在畜禽生产中的适宜添加量及其应用效果列于表2,供参考。
表2 葛根制品在畜禽生产中的适宜添加量及其应用效果

Table 2 Appropriate additive amount and application effects of PL products in livestock and poultry production

编号
No.		 试验动物
Experimental
animal		 添加物
Additive		 添加时间
Add time/d		 适宜剂量
Appropriate
dose		 应用效果
Application effects		 参考文献
References
1 1日龄罗斯308
肉鸡		 葛根提
取物		 28 200 mg/kg 空肠的隐窝深度↓、绒毛面积↑,血浆和
十二指肠中的GSH-Px活性↓		 [50]
2 1日龄白羽肉鸡 葛根素 42 300 mg/kg 平均日增重↑;血清IgG水平、补体
C3和C4水平↑;抗氧化能力↑
(GSH-Px、T-SOD活性和T-AOC↑)		 [51]
3 1日龄黄羽肉鸡
(饲喂氧化大豆油)		 葛根素 56 750 mg/kg 改善氧化大豆油造成的肠道损伤;
抗应激能力↑(血清皮质醇水平↓)		 [52]
4 哺乳长白母猪 葛根异黄酮 21 0.25% 泌乳相关激素(催乳素、雌激素和
生长激素)水平↑		 [53]
5 经产妊娠母猪 大豆苷元 110 200 mg/kg 抗氧化酶(SOD和GSH-Px)活性↑;
血清激素(雌激素和孕激素)水平↑;
繁殖性能↑(窝产仔量和存活量↑、
难产率↓)		 [54]
6 成年公牛
(热应激处理)		 葛根素 60 400 mg/kg 平均日增重↑;肉品质↑(肌内脂
肪含量↑,剪切力↓);抗氧化、抗应
激能力↑(血清皮质醇水平↓)		 [57]
7 4月龄川中黑山羊 葛根素 70 0.04% 肉品质↑(肌肉脂肪含量↑,
肌肉黄度值↓)		 [58]
8 育肥公猪 大豆苷元 96 62.5 mg/kg 肉品质↑(滴水度↓,剪切力↑,
蛋白质含量↑);睾酮激素水平↑;
生长性能↑		 [59]
9 31周龄海兰
褐蛋鸡		 葛根
芩连汤		 14 0.2% 产蛋性能和蛋品质↑;沙皮蛋产率↓;
促进肠道菌群平衡;沙门杆菌数量↓;
饲粮蛋白质吸收率↑		 [62]
10 7日龄仔猪流行性
腹泻病毒感染模型		 葛根素 5 0.5 mg/kg 血清和肠道组织抗氧化能力↑(H2O2
含量↓、GSH-Px活性↓);有益菌(肠球
菌属、乳杆菌属和肠杆菌科)
数量↑;流行性腹泻发病率↓		 [68]
11 新生荷斯坦奶牛 葛根多糖 5 400 mg/kg 肠道有益菌数量↑,有害菌数量↓;
免疫相关因子(CD4、sIgA、IgA和
IgG)水平↑		 [69]

IgG:免疫球蛋白G immunoglobulin G;IgA:免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A;sIgA:分泌型免疫球蛋白A secreted immunoglobulin A;C3:补体3 complement 3;C4:补体4 complement 4;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;T-SOD:总超氧化物歧化酶 total superoxide dismutase;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力 total antioxidant capacity;H2O2:过氧化氢 hydrogen peroxide。↑:提升或促进 lift or promote;↓:下降或抑制drop or inhibit。

4 小结与展望

综上所述,葛根及其提取物可通过调控Keap1-Nrf2/ARE、NF-κB、MAPKs等信号通路和相关因子表达,有效提升机体抗氧化、抗炎能力以及增强免疫力;同时,葛根及其提取物有助于维护肠道黏膜屏障完整性、调节胃肠道菌群稳态,降低发病率,在畜禽生产性能方面展现出显著的保护和提升效果,有望部分替代抗生素促进动物生长,减轻畜牧生产中抗生素残留和环境污染的问题。然而,关于葛根及其提取物调控畜禽生产性能的研究涉及的畜禽种类还较少,且具体作用机制尚未得到充分阐述。此外,野葛其根、茎、叶等部位营养成分受季节因素影响变化较大[13,70-71],是否具有成为畜禽饲料添加剂替代品的潜力,还需进一步研究。

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