1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 基础饲粮及饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米青贮 Corn silage | 60.00 |
| 王米 Corn | 11.84 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 1.20 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 2.80 |
| 棕榈粕 Palm kernel expeller | 1.20 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 3.92 |
| 米糠粕 Rice bran meal | 3.60 |
| 喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn bran | 3.82 |
| 甘薯渣 Sweet potato residues | 4.00 |
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS | 4.80 |
| 膨化尿素 Extruded urea | 0.24 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.00 |
| 甘蔗糖蜜 Cane molasses | 0.60 |
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 0.52 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.24 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.22 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 维持净能 NEm/(MJ/kg) | 6.88 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 11.20 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 27.60 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 16.20 |
| 有机物 OM | 93.40 |
| 钙 Ca | 2.03 |
| 磷 P | 0.70 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provides the following per kg of the diet:VA 3 000~8 000 IU,VD3 600~2 400 IU,VE 20~64 IU,Cu (as copper sulfate) 4~24 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 12~30 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 16~60 mg,I (as calcium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.10~0.40 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.06~0.36 mg。 2)维持净能根据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)计算得出,其他为实测值。NEm is calculated according to the Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle (NY/T 815—2004), while the others are measured values. |
1.3 样品采集与测定
1.3.1 牛舍温湿度测定
1.3.2 体温测定
1.3.3 营养物质表观消化率测定
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=100×[食入该营养物质量(g)-粪中该营养物质量(g)]/食入该营养物质量(g)。
1.3.4 血液样品采集
1.3.5 血常规指标检测
1.3.6 血浆抗氧化指标检测
1.3.7 血浆激素指标检测
1.4 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 牛舍环境参数
表2 试验过程中各阶段的环境参数Table 2 Environmental parameters of each stage in test process |
| 项目 Items | 平均值 Mean | 最小值 Minimum | 中位数 Median | 最大值 Maximum | 标准差 SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阶段1 Stage 1 | |||||
| 温度 Temperature/℃ | 19.00 | 13.65 | 19.15 | 25.25 | 2.24 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity/% | 73.00 | 34.00 | 75.00 | 99.00 | 18.86 |
| 温湿度指数 THI | 64.88 | 56.66 | 65.37 | 71.23 | 3.25 |
| 阶段2 Stage 2 | |||||
| 温度 Temperature/℃ | 16.01 | 13.56 | 15.96 | 22.48 | 1.36 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity/% | 91.33 | 64.00 | 92.00 | 99.00 | 6.03 |
| 温湿度指数THI | 60.66 | 56.49 | 60.62 | 69.60 | 2.20 |
| 阶段3 Stage 3 | |||||
| 温度 Temperature/℃ | 22.21 | 18.76 | 22.06 | 26.48 | 1.44 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity/% | 61.29 | 28.00 | 64.00 | 75.00 | 10.61 |
| 温湿度指数 THI | 68.82 | 63.34 | 68.65 | 74.82 | 2.25 |
| 阶段4 Stage 4 | |||||
| 温度 Temperature/℃ | 21.95 | 15.23 | 21.07 | 29.54 | 3.20 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity/% | 74.20 | 44.00 | 75.00 | 93.00 | 8.59 |
| 温湿度指数 THI | 69.41 | 59.21 | 68.42 | 82.03 | 4.56 |
4个阶段为拉丁方试验设计的4个期。 | |
Four stages were the four periods of Latin square test design. |
2.2 饮水温度对肉牛体温的影响
表3 饮水温度对肉牛体温的影响Table 3 Effects of drinking water temperature on body temperature of beef cattle1)℃ |
| 项目 Items | 不同饮水温度 Different drinking water temperatures/℃ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |||
| 24 h2) | 37.535Cc | 37.548Cc | 37.791Bb | 37.874Aa | 0.019 | <0.001 |
| 不同时间点 Different time points3) | ||||||
| 10:00 | 37.516 | 37.568 | 37.713 | 37.869 | 0.398 | 0.922 |
| 11:00 | 37.434 | 37.515 | 37.710 | 37.915 | 0.383 | 0.814 |
| 12:00 | 37.434 | 37.559 | 37.758 | 37.819 | 0.429 | 0.914 |
| 14:00 | 37.536 | 37.522 | 37.767 | 37.831 | 0.415 | 0.931 |
| 18:00 | 38.080 | 38.100 | 38.246 | 38.349 | 0.390 | 0.955 |
| 19:00 | 38.059 | 38.102 | 38.291 | 38.394 | 0.365 | 0.903 |
| 20:00 | 37.941 | 37.953 | 38.226 | 38.287 | 0.381 | 0.878 |
| 21:00 | 37.859 | 37.893 | 38.148 | 38.202 | 0.404 | 0.903 |
| 23:00 | 37.748 | 37.799 | 37.977 | 38.002 | 0.433 | 0.967 |
| 03:00 | 37.385 | 37.014 | 37.630 | 37.683 | 0.511 | 0.786 |
1)同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。Different lowercase letters of peer data shoulder indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and different uppercase letters of peer data shoulder indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01). As shown in the following tables. 2)24 h平均体温。The average body temperature within 24 hours. 3)饮水后0、1、2、4、8 h体温。Body temperature at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 h after drinking water. |
2.3 饮水温度对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响
表4 饮水温度对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of drinking water temperature on nutrient apparent digestibility of beef cattle% |
| 项目 Items | 不同饮水温度 Different drinking water temperatures/℃ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |||
| 干物质 DM | 79.00bc | 78.19c | 82.06ab | 82.39a | 0.61 | 0.022 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 61.23 | 61.92 | 62.88 | 63.38 | 2.50 | 0.829 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 35.91 | 39.36 | 39.09 | 41.82 | 3.73 | 0.477 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 79.00ABab | 76.95Bb | 81.79Aa | 82.33Aa | 0.67 | 0.008 |
| 有机物 OM | 81.54ABb | 79.71Bb | 84.27Aa | 81.01ABb | 0.53 | 0.005 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 66.70b | 72.03a | 73.01a | 70.26ab | 2.23 | 0.036 |
2.4 饮水温度对肉牛血常规指标的影响
表5 饮水温度对肉牛血常规指标的影响Table 5 Effects of drinking water temperature on blood routine indexes of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 不同饮水温度 Different drinking water temperatures/℃ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | 参考值 Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | ||||
| 白细胞数目 WBC/(×109个/L) | 10.538 | 10.005 | 9.258 | 9.975 | 1.170 | 0.893 | 4.6~23.8 |
| 中性粒细胞数目 Neu#/(×109个/L) | 3.225 | 3.420 | 2.968 | 3.048 | 0.697 | 0.968 | 1.32~9.98 |
| 淋巴细胞数目 Lym#/(×109个/L) | 6.933 | 6.130 | 5.943 | 6.533 | 0.935 | 0.879 | 1.62~20.35 |
| 单核细胞数目 Mon#/(×109个/L) | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.050 | 0.085 | 0.022 | 0.671 | 0~2.1 |
| 嗜酸性粒细胞数目 Eos#/(×109个/L) | 0.328 | 0.398 | 0.298 | 0.310 | 0.087 | 0.849 | 0~1.08 |
| 嗜碱性粒细胞数目 Bas#/(×109个/L) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | 0~0.29 |
| 中性粒细胞百分比 Neu%/% | 30.275 | 35.850 | 32.900 | 28.600 | 5.928 | 0.835 | 13.2~73.1 |
| 淋巴细胞百分比 Lym%/% | 66.375 | 59.750 | 63.050 | 67.475 | 6.319 | 0.821 | 20.0~82.6 |
| 单核细胞百分比 Mon%/% | 0.450 | 0.575 | 0.600 | 0.800 | 0.186 | 0.623 | 0~13.2 |
| 嗜酸性粒细胞百分比 Eos%/% | 2.900 | 3.825 | 3.450 | 3.125 | 0.751 | 0.834 | 0~8 |
| 嗜碱性粒细胞百分比 Bas%/% | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | 0~1.5 |
| 红细胞数目 RBC/(×1012个/L) | 5.925 | 6.098 | 5.690 | 5.763 | 0.419 | 0.903 | 4.6~8.2 |
| 血红蛋白浓度 HGB/(g/L) | 112.000 | 114.250 | 107.500 | 110.750 | 6.659 | 0.909 | 78~138 |
| 血小板数目 PLT/(×109个/L) | 262.750 | 319.750 | 304.750 | 292.500 | 55.487 | 0.901 | 100~720 |
2.5 饮水温度对肉牛血浆抗氧化指标的影响
表6 饮水温度对肉牛血浆抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of drinking water temperature on plasma antioxidant indexes of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 不同饮水温度 Different drinking water temperatures/℃ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 44.48 | 45.41 | 43.33 | 44.68 | 2.69 | 0.893 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/L) | 509.79 | 521.51 | 522.12 | 534.03 | 17.46 | 0.594 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 18.30Aa | 17.00Cc | 18.10ABab | 17.35BCbc | 0.29 | <0.001 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 22.33 | 22.67 | 22.18 | 21.68 | 0.40 | 0.129 |
2.6 饮水温度对肉牛血浆激素指标的影响
表7 饮水温度对肉牛血浆激素指标的影响Table 7 Effects of drinking water temperature on plasma hormone indexes of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 不同饮水温度 Different drinking water temperatures/℃ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |||
| 促甲状腺素 TSH/(pg/mL) | 122.56 | 124.10 | 124.39 | 123.97 | 4.75 | 0.981 |
| 甲状腺素 T4/(ng/mL) | 90.98Bb | 101.46ABa | 102.55ABa | 106.60Aa | 4.12 | 0.005 |
| 三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T3/(pg/mL) | 54.42 | 56.10 | 56.86 | 58.10 | 3.19 | 0.709 |
| 促肾上腺皮质激素 ACTH/(ng/mL) | 185.77 | 184.02 | 183.43 | 185.35 | 8.77 | 0.992 |
| 糖皮质激素 GC/(ng/mL) | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.588 |
| 生长激素 GH/(ng/mL) | 42.69a | 42.88a | 41.50ab | 39.43b | 1.08 | 0.012 |
| 葡萄糖 Glu/(μmol/L) | 93.84 | 93.15 | 92.84 | 90.02 | 3.84 | 0.766 |

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