1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和试验设计
表1 栀子营养成分(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrient composition of gardeniae fructus (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | 项目Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) | 7.00 | 精氨酸Arg | 0.71 | |
| 干物质(风干基础) DM (air-dry basis) | 91.74 | 天冬氨酸Asp | 0.88 | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 10.21 | 丝氨酸Ser | 0.40 | |
| 粗脂肪EE | 16.60 | 谷氨酸Glu | 1.57 | |
| 粗纤维CF | 23.30 | 甘氨酸Gly | 0.48 | |
| 粗灰分Ash | 3.70 | 丙氨酸Ala | 0.42 | |
| 钙Ca | 0.24 | 胱氨酸Cys | 0.08 | |
| 总磷TP | 0.17 | 缬氨酸Val | 0.42 | |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.32 | 亮氨酸Leu | 0.69 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.08 | 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.18 | |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.33 | 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.45 | |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.38 | 组氨酸His | 0.21 | |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.35 | 脯氨酸Pro | 0.45 |
1.2 试验饲粮
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄栀子添加水平 Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels from 1 to 21 days/% | 22~42日龄栀子添加水平 Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels from 22 to 42 days/% | 43~51日龄栀子添加水平 Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels from 43 to 51 days/% | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 36.95 | 36.75 | 36.43 | 36.13 | 35.90 | 29.10 | 28.85 | 28.55 | 28.25 | 28.05 | 20.90 | 20.65 | 20.35 | 20.15 | 19.80 |
| 小麦Wheat | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 11.60 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.40 | 7.90 | 7.80 | 7.80 | 7.80 | 7.70 | 6.00 | 5.90 | 5.90 | 5.80 | 5.80 |
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 10.50 | 10.50 | 10.50 | 10.50 | 10.50 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 4.10 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 8.20 | 8.20 | 8.20 | 8.20 | 8.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 | 11.20 |
| 栀子Gardeniae fructus | 0.40 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | |||
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 次粉Wheat middling | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-lysine·HCl | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 异亮氨酸Isoleucine | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| L-苏氨酸L-threonine | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 统糠Rice mill byproduct | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.45 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||||
| 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) | 12.13 | 12.13 | 12.13 | 12.13 | 12.13 | 12.38 | 12.38 | 12.38 | 12.38 | 12.38 | 12.59 | 12.59 | 12.59 | 12.59 | 12.59 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.61 | 19.89 | 19.83 | 19.76 | 19.55 | 17.54 | 17.81 | 17.56 | 17.74 | 17.88 | 16.63 | 16.42 | 16.38 | 16.61 | 16.45 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| 钙Ca | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
| 总磷TP | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
1)预混料为1~21日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets from 1 to 21 days of age:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 300 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。预混料为22~42日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets from 22 to 42 days of age:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 750 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。预混料为43~51日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets from 43 to 51 days of age:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 4 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,VB6 0.6 mg,VB12 0.008 mg,VD3 500 IU,VE 25 IU,VK 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 750 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Mn 55 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.15 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,表观代谢能和氨基酸依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》中各原料对应数值进行计算。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while AME and amino acids were calculated according to the corresponding values of each raw material in Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (thirty-second edition, 2021). |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与制备
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 栀子和饲粮常规营养成分含量
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 器官指数
1.5.4 血浆生化指标
1.5.5 空肠黏膜细胞因子含量
1.5.6 肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary gardeniae fructus on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 栀子添加水平Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels/% | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 初重IBW/g | 38.47 | 38.39 | 38.44 | 38.50 | 38.44 | 0.02 | 0.873 | |||
| 末重FBW/g | 1 688.90ab | 1 741.08a | 1 755.39a | 1 587.39b | 1 670.42ab | 19.78 | 0.037 | 0.169 | 0.316 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 32.36ab | 33.39a | 33.67a | 30.37b | 32.00ab | 0.43 | 0.032 | 0.062 | 0.097 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 72.68ab | 72.54ab | 73.62a | 69.63b | 69.84b | 0.54 | 0.046 | 0.021 | 0.045 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.25a | 2.17b | 2.19b | 2.29a | 2.18b | 0.02 | 0.049 | 0.508 | 0.417 | |
| 死亡率Mortality/% | 2.90 | 2.25 | 3.70 | 6.06 | 1.45 | 0.61 | 0.142 | |||
2.2 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡器官指数的影响
表4 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary gardeniae fructus on organ indices of yellow-feathered broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 栀子添加水平Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels/% | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 心脏指数Heart index | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.283 | |||
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 1.71 | 2.27 | 1.80 | 2.25 | 1.88 | 0.08 | 0.073 | |||
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.716 | |||
| 肺脏指数Lung index | 0.46b | 0.78a | 0.68a | 0.69a | 0.68a | 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.138 | 0.046 | |
| 肾脏指数Kidney index | 0.77 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.189 | |||
2.3 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响
表5 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary gardeniae fructus on plasma biochemical indices of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 栀子添加水平Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels/% | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 18.84b | 19.84b | 27.31a | 22.39ab | 23.81ab | 0.87 | 0.008 | 0.040 | 0.030 | |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 12.12 | 11.38 | 11.91 | 10.61 | 11.70 | 0.23 | 0.271 | |||
| 尿酸UA/(mg/L) | 156.29 | 198.07 | 193.23 | 176.52 | 155.85 | 9.02 | 0.444 | |||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 12.41 | 12.16 | 12.18 | 12.73 | 12.18 | 0.09 | 0.150 | |||
| 总胆红素 TBILI/(μmol/L) | 4.47b | 5.28b | 9.15ab | 10.73ab | 14.27a | 0.96 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.341 | |
| 肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) | 37.24b | 37.51b | 37.27b | 39.94a | 40.97a | 0.44 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.568 | |
| 谷丙转氨酶GPT/(U/L) | 4.02 | 5.93 | 5.95 | 6.33 | 4.98 | 0.43 | 0.549 | |||
| 谷草转氨酶GOT/(U/L) | 17.26b | 24.56a | 14.67b | 15.80b | 14.53b | 1.18 | 0.023 | 0.072 | 0.177 | |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 11.19 | 13.51 | 21.78 | 23.06 | 10.99 | 1.98 | 0.135 | |||
| 肌酸激酶CK/(U/mL) | 1.10ab | 1.13a | 0.87b | 0.87b | 0.91ab | 0.04 | 0.040 | 0.011 | 0.031 | |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 4 001.29b | 5 032.22a | 4 764.82a | 4 525.77ab | 4 793.81a | 111.04 | 0.014 | 0.142 | 0.069 | |
2.4 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜细胞因子含量的影响
表6 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜细胞因子含量的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary gardeniae fructus on cytokine contents in jejunal mucosa of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 栀子添加水平Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels/% | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(mg/g) | 1.53b | 1.62b | 1.64b | 1.20b | 2.48a | 0.12 | 0.019 | 0.110 | 0.058 | |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g) | 2.21 | 2.49 | 1.77 | 2.28 | 2.64 | 0.13 | 0.254 | |||
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(ng/g) | 3.87 | 5.39 | 3.62 | 3.74 | 4.52 | 0.26 | 0.154 | |||
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/g) | 5.85 | 7.75 | 5.70 | 6.47 | 6.55 | 0.41 | 0.548 | |||
2.5 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡空肠肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标的影响
表7 饲粮添加栀子对黄羽肉鸡空肠肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary gardeniae fructus on antioxidant indices in liver and kidney of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 栀子添加水平Gardeniae fructus supplemental levels/% | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 肝脏Liver | ||||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.347 | |||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 0.59c | 0.80bc | 1.15a | 0.86b | 0.99ab | 0.05 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.003 | |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 27.79b | 33.44a | 33.15a | 33.69a | 28.12b | 0.86 | 0.030 | 0.883 | 0.006 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 14.64 | 19.05 | 18.09 | 18.06 | 18.05 | 0.70 | 0.334 | |||
| 肾脏Kidney | ||||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.39b | 0.61b | 0.59b | 0.68ab | 0.90a | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.512 | |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.02 | 1.32 | 1.26 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 0.04 | 0.111 | |||
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 42.05c | 52.29ab | 47.11b | 49.08ab | 53.48a | 1.06 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.017 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 14.41c | 29.20a | 18.44bc | 22.92ab | 29.65a | 1.59 | 0.001 | 0.020 | 0.070 | |
2.6 黄羽肉鸡饲粮栀子适宜添加水平
表8 二次曲线回归模型估测黄羽肉鸡饲粮栀子适宜添加水平Table 8 Estimation of dietary optimal supplemental level of gardeniae fructus for yellow-feathered broilers based on quadratic regression model |
| 项目 Items | 回归方程 Regression equations | P值 P-value | 决定系数 R2 | 饲粮栀子适宜添加水平 Dietary optimal supplemental level of gardeniae fructus/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 末重FBW/g | Y=-17.032X2+29.636X+1 708.496 | 0.316 | 0.745 | 0.87 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | Y=-0.794X2+1.366X+32.681 | 0.095 | 0.879 | 0.86 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | Y=-0.469X2+0.892X+72.743 | 0.043 | 0.924 | 0.95 |
| 料重比F/G | Y=0.082X2-0.109X+2.240 | 0.117 | 0.715 | 0.66 |

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