1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | ||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 29.75 | 29.75 | 29.75 | 29.75 | |||||
| 小麦Wheat | 8.39 | 8.39 | 8.39 | 8.39 | |||||
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 8.56 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 8.56 | |||||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 8.55 | 8.55 | 8.55 | 8.55 | |||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 2.91 | 2.91 | 2.91 | 2.91 | |||||
| 棕桐油脂粉Palm oil powder | 2.84 | 2.84 | 2.84 | 2.84 | |||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||||
| 亚麻籽Flaxseed | 3.24 | 6.50 | 9.74 | ||||||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 17.50 | 15.88 | 14.25 | 12.63 | |||||
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 17.50 | 15.88 | 14.25 | 12.63 | |||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.13 | 12.51 | 12.51 | 12.72 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.80 | 16.10 | 16.90 | 16.80 | |||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.10 | 3.60 | 4.50 | 5.70 | |||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 21.20 | 23.10 | 22.40 | 23.20 | |||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 35.41 | 38.98 | 39.15 | 40.93 | |||||
| 钙Ca | 0.80 | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.69 | |||||
| 磷P | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.58 | |||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu 10 mg,Fe 65 mg,Mn 30 mg,Zn 25 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.1 mg,Co 0.1 mg,VA 4 000 IU,VD 500 IU,VE 40 IU。 2)代谢能为计算值,其他为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 样品采集
1.2.1 瘤胃液采集
1.2.2 血液采集
1.3 指标测定
1.3.1 饲粮营养成分
1.3.2 生长性能
1.3.3 血清生化指标
1.3.4 瘤胃发酵参数
1.3.5 瘤胃液样品16S rDNA测序
1.4 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛生长性能的影响
表2 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on growth performance of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 145.92 | 164.71 | 170.00 | 168.65 | 6.686 | 0.575 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 179.04 | 210.29 | 216.62 | 210.85 | 8.040 | 0.578 |
| 总增重TWG/kg | 41.33 | 45.58 | 46.62 | 42.19 | 2.070 | 0.776 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 688.89 | 759.72 | 776.92 | 703.21 | 34.500 | 0.776 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 4.48d | 4.59cd | 4.84ab | 4.98a | 0.098 | <0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 6.51b | 6.04d | 6.23c | 7.09a | 0.196 | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛血清生化指标的影响
表3 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on serum biochemical indexes of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 31.92 | 33.84 | 31.45 | 33.02 | 0.418 | 0.168 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 23.64c | 45.50a | 30.85bc | 38.46ab | 1.931 | <0.001 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 99.27 | 106.08 | 105.77 | 98.77 | 2.109 | 0.451 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 5.55ab | 5.68ab | 6.71a | 4.79b | 0.242 | 0.033 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 69.09b | 73.06ab | 70.05ab | 74.02a | 0.728 | 0.045 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 6.00b | 5.94b | 6.56ab | 7.49a | 0.189 | 0.008 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.35 | 2.57 | 2.56 | 2.61 | 0.067 | 0.546 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.008 | 0.113 |
2.3 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表4 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 4 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on rumen fermentation parameters of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| pH | 6.08c | 6.62b | 6.55b | 7.00a | 0.057 | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 17.57a | 8.69c | 9.10bc | 10.76b | 0.609 | <0.001 |
| 微生物蛋白MCP/(mg/mL) | 5.99a | 4.14b | 3.58c | 4.15b | 0.193 | <0.001 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 52.99c | 71.84a | 70.25a | 58.25b | 1.730 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) | 31.18d | 39.35b | 43.79a | 34.97c | 0.925 | 0.028 |
| 丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) | 8.88c | 15.40a | 12.16b | 11.18b | 0.389 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 8.54a | 8.67a | 7.98b | 5.75c | 0.551 | <0.001 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) | 0.91b | 1.85a | 1.20b | 1.58ab | 0.155 | 0.023 |
| 戊酸Valerate/(mmol/L) | 1.67c | 3.90a | 3.37ab | 2.52b | 0.250 | 0.003 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) | 0.81b | 1.67a | 1.75a | 1.25ab | 0.130 | 0.049 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 3.51a | 2.56b | 3.60a | 3.13ab | 0.099 | <0.001 |
2.4 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃细菌丰富度与多样性的影响
表5 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃物种多样性的影响Table 5 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on rumen species diversity of yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| 观察到的物种数Observed_species | 1 274.00 | 1 113.60 | 1 277.80 | 1 377.00 | 49.380 | 0.318 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 416.91 | 1 205.97 | 1 456.44 | 1 515.36 | 59.090 | 0.286 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 7.84 | 7.62 | 7.53 | 7.88 | 0.117 | 0.701 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.002 | 0.704 |
| 覆盖率Goods_coverage | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.139 |
2.5 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃细菌组成的影响
表6 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃细菌门水平相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 6 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on relative abundance of rumen bacteria at phylum level of yaks (top ten) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 38.59b | 63.33a | 60.20a | 53.60ab | 3.360 | 0.028 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 54.83a | 27.29b | 32.07b | 39.84ab | 3.560 | 0.019 |
| 髌骨细菌门Patescibacteria | 0.77 | 4.06 | 2.96 | 2.06 | 0.580 | 0.238 |
| 广古菌门Euryarchaeota | 2.01 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.240 | 0.057 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 0.39b | 1.95a | 1.31ab | 1.37ab | 0.200 | 0.034 |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 1.23 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.160 | 0.333 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota | 0.18 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.080 | 0.108 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 0.62a | 0.14b | 0.23b | 0.23b | 0.060 | 0.022 |
| 脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.060 | 0.535 |
| 蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria | 0.02b | 0.37a | 0.21ab | 0.16b | 0.040 | 0.017 |
表7 不同亚麻籽水平饲粮对牦牛瘤胃细菌门水平相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 7 Effects of different flaxseed level diets on relative abundance of rumen bacteria at genus level of yaks (top ten) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | ||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 14.99 | 10.42 | 11.93 | 20.15 | 1.940 | 0.244 | |||||||
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 1.25 | 10.32 | 3.67 | 5.71 | 1.380 | 0.112 | |||||||
| Eubacterium_ventriosum_group | 0.38 | 2.04 | 5.59 | 4.81 | 1.150 | 0.368 | |||||||
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 13.51a | 4.91b | 5.61b | 4.67b | 1.030 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 颤螺菌属Oscillospira | 0.05 | 1.44 | 4.52 | 0.57 | 0.770 | 0.159 | |||||||
| Candidatus_Saccharimonas | 0.57 | 3.63 | 2.67 | 1.87 | 0.560 | 0.266 | |||||||
| NK4A214群NK4A214_group | 4.45 | 4.42 | 4.51 | 4.99 | 0.520 | 0.982 | |||||||
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 4.67 | 4.90 | 5.39 | 6.39 | 0.370 | 0.402 | |||||||
| 琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 4.65 | 4.17 | 3.90 | 4.72 | 0.570 | 0.958 | |||||||
| 甲烷杆菌属Methanobrevibacter | 1.97 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.240 | 0.055 | |||||||
2.6 牦牛组间差异线性判别分析效应大小(LEfSe)分析
图4 LDA值分布柱状图与进化分布图f_Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;o_Lachnospirales:毛螺菌目;c_Bacilli:芽孢杆菌纲;p_Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;f_Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科;g_Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;s_Ruminococcus_flavefaciens:黄色瘤胃球菌;p_Proteobacteria:变形菌门;c_Gammaproteobacteria:γ-变形菌纲;g_Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group:毛螺菌科XPB1014群;c_Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;p_Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目;f_Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;f_F082:F082科;f_Bacteroidales_RF16_group:拟杆菌科RF16群;p_Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;f_Methanobacteriaceae:甲烷杆菌科;c_Methanobacteria:甲烷杆菌纲;o_Methanobacteriales:甲烷杆菌目;g_Methanobrevibacter:甲烷杆菌属;f_Rhodobacteraceae:红杆菌科;o_Rhodobacterales:红杆菌目;p_Bdellovibrionota:噬菌蛭弧菌门;s_Prevotella_heparinolytica:解肝素普雷沃氏菌;g_Leucobacter:亮杆菌属;g_Paeniclostridium:索氏梭菌属;g_Turicibacter:特里克杆菌属;f_Bacillaceae:芽孢菌科;s_Turicibacter_sp_H121:特里克杆菌H121。 Fig.4 Histogram of LDA values distribution and histogram of evolutionary distribution |
2.7 瘤胃细菌相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数之间的相关性
图5 瘤胃细菌门水平相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数的相关性Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Acetate:乙酸;Isovalerate:异戊酸;Butyrate:丁酸;Propionate:丙酸;Valerate:戊酸;Acetate/propionate:乙酸/丙酸;NH3-N:氨态氮 ammoniacal nitrogen;MCP:微生物蛋白 microbial protein;Isobutyrate:异丁酸。 *表示显著相关(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.5 Correlation of relative abundance of rumen bacterial at phylum level with rumen fermentation parameters * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05). The same as below. |
图6 瘤胃细菌属水平相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数的相关性Methanobrevibacter:甲烷杆菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R-7群;Succiniclasticum:琥珀酸菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Acetate:乙酸;Isovalerate:异戊酸;Butyrate:丁酸;Propionate:丙酸;Valerate:戊酸;Acetate/propionate:乙酸/丙酸;NH3-N:氨态氮 ammoniacal nitrogen;MCP:微生物蛋白 microbial protein;Isobutyrate:异丁酸。 Fig.6 Correlation of relative abundance of rumen bacterial at genus level with rumen fermentation parameters |

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