1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.1 发酵品质的测定
1.3.2 营养品质的测定
1.3.3 非蛋白氮(NPN)和游离氨基酸氮(AA-N)含量的测定
1.3.4 生物胺组分的测定
表1 梯度洗脱及流动相体积比例Table 1 Gradient elution and mobile phase volume ratio % |
| 时间 Time/min | 乙酸铵(A液) Ammonium acetate (solution A) | 乙腈(B液) Acetonitrile (solution B) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 50 | 50 |
| 25 | 10 | 90 |
| 35 | 10 | 90 |
| 45 | 50 | 50 |
1.4 统计分析
2 结 果
2.1 燕麦原料的营养成分
表2 燕麦原料的营养成分Table 2 Nutrient composition of Avena sativa raw material |
| 项目Items | 未萎蔫Unwilted | 萎蔫Wilted |
|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter/% FW | 19.12±0.11 | 26.92±0.25 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物Water-soluble carbohydrate/% DM | 8.32±0.32 | 9.15±0.08 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein/% DM | 12.36±0.09 | 12.93±0.15 |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber/% DM | 58.02±0.66 | 58.27±0.81 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber/% DM | 33.46±0.70 | 33.50±0.73 |
| 半纤维素Hemicellulose/% DM | 24.56±0.06 | 24.76±0.10 |
FW:鲜重fresh weight; DM:干物质dry matter。 |
2.2 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮发酵品质的影响
表3 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮发酵品质的影响Table 3 Effects of different additives on fermentation quality of Avena sativa silage |
| 项目 Items | pH | 乳酸 Lactic acid/ % DM | 乙酸 Acetic acid/ % DM | 丙酸 Propionic acid/ % DM | 丁酸 Butyric acid/ % DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | |||||
| Con | 4.19±0.02a | 5.93±0.41a | 0.86±0.06ab | 1.18±0.33 | ND |
| LP | 4.09±0.02b | 6.00±0.17a | 1.03±0.28a | 0.88±0.04 | ND |
| CA | 3.97±0.03c | 4.43±0.22b | 0.03±0.03b | 1.01±0.11 | ND |
| MA | 3.86±0.02d | 4.80±0.36ab | 0.06±0.05b | 0.80±0.12 | ND |
| LP+CA | 3.86±0.02d | 5.30±0.46ab | 0.50±0.48ab | 0.74±0.04 | ND |
| LP+MA | 3.86±0.01d | 5.60±0.68ab | 0.71±0.39ab | 0.81±0.13 | ND |
| 萎蔫Wilted | |||||
| Con | 5.14±0.10a | 2.95±0.26a | 0.54±0.22ab | 0.68±0.16 | ND |
| LP | 4.65±0.07c | 3.63±0.67a | 0.97±0.16ab | 0.31±0.16 | ND |
| CA | 4.94±0.01b | 1.42±0.10b | 0.01±0.01c | 0.63±0.07 | ND |
| MA | 4.79±0.04bc | 1.67±0.21b | NDc | 0.65±0.08 | ND |
| LP+CA | 4.23±0.02d | 3.92±0.32a | 1.46±0.27a | 1.02±0.14 | ND |
| LP+MA | 4.17±0.02d | 3.88±0.53a | 1.01±0.17ab | 0.93±0.14 | ND |
| 萎蔫效应Effect of wilting | |||||
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | 3.97±0.03b | 5.34±0.20a | 0.53±0.13 | 0.90±0.07a | |
| 萎蔫Wilted | 4.65±0.09a | 2.91±0.28b | 0.66±0.14 | 0.70±0.07b | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||
| W | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.333 | 0.027 | |
| A | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.263 | |
| W×A | <0.001 | 0.186 | 0.126 | 0.046 |
DM:干物质; ND:未检出。Con:对照; LP:植物乳杆菌; CA:柠檬酸; MA:L-苹果酸; LP+CA:乳酸菌和柠檬酸混合物; LP+MA:乳酸菌和L-苹果酸混合物。表4、表5、表6同。W:萎蔫效应; A:添加剂效应; W×A:W和A的交互效应。同一处理同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
DM: dry matter; ND: not detected。Con: control; LP: Lactobacillus plantarum; CA: citric acid; MA: L-malic acid; LP+CA: mixture of LP and CA; LP+MA: mixture of LP and MA。The same as Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6. W: effect of wilting; A: effect of additive; W×A: interaction effect of W and A. Values in the same column with different small letter superscripts mean significant differences (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same below。 |
2.3 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮营养品质的影响
表4 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮营养品质的影响Table 4 Effects of different additives on nutritional quality of Avena sativa silage |
| 项目 Items | 干物质 DM/% | 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 半纤维素 HC/% DM | 可溶性碳 水化合物 WSC/% DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | ||||||
| Con | 19.99±0.13d | 12.78±0.61 | 54.34±0.72 | 32.33±0.83 | 22.00±0.29 | 0.93±0.04b |
| LP | 20.40±0.05c | 12.86±0.46 | 55.80±0.63 | 33.40±0.59 | 22.40±0.28 | 1.22±0.14b |
| CA | 21.13±0.04ab | 12.52±0.64 | 52.33±0.80 | 30.98±0.84 | 21.35±0.37 | 1.48±0.27ab |
| MA | 20.91±0.13b | 12.81±0.45 | 53.00±2.15 | 31.15±2.23 | 21.86±0.59 | 1.90±0.30a |
| LP+CA | 21.30±0.15a | 13.13±0.55 | 52.87±0.41 | 31.36±0.26 | 21.51±0.63 | 1.05±0.14b |
| LP+MA | 21.20±0.08ab | 13.39±0.41 | 52.28±2.10 | 31.06±1.73 | 21.23±0.84 | 1.20±0.11b |
| 萎蔫Wilted | ||||||
| Con | 28.87±0.09 | 12.66±0.57 | 56.59±1.33 | 32.64±0.19 | 23.95±1.58 | 1.47±0.29b |
| LP | 29.38±0.37 | 12.67±0.32 | 55.43±3.08 | 32.33±2.67 | 23.10±1.11 | 0.69±0.15b |
| CA | 29.79±0.62 | 12.62±0.29 | 56.20±1.67 | 32.10±1.07 | 24.10±1.98 | 2.53±0.18a |
| MA | 28.76±0.18 | 12.90±0.43 | 55.71±0.69 | 32.15±3.03 | 23.56±2.37 | 2.81±0.49a |
| LP+CA | 29.44±0.34 | 13.07±0.21 | 55.38±1.15 | 32.63±1.15 | 22.75±1.20 | 0.84±0.08b |
| LP+MA | 29.18±0.52 | 13.34±0.52 | 55.65±0.35 | 32.68±2.73 | 22.97±2.65 | 1.17±0.12b |
| 萎蔫效应Effect of wilting | ||||||
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | 20.82±0.12b | 12.92±0.19 | 53.44±0.55b | 31.71±0.42 | 21.73±0.18b | 1.30±0.10b |
| 萎蔫Wilted | 29.24±0.16a | 12.88±0.15 | 55.83±0.57a | 32.42±0.59 | 23.41±0.55a | 1.59±0.22a |
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||
| W | <0.001 | 0.883 | 0.011 | 0.395 | 0.018 | 0.038 |
| A | 0.016 | 0.590 | 0.800 | 0.929 | 0.959 | <0.001 |
| W×A | 0.268 | 0.999 | 0.781 | 0.943 | 0.967 | 0.009 |
2.4 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮氮组分的影响
表5 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮氮组分的影响Table 5 Effects of different additives on nitrogen fractions of Avena sativa silage % TN |
| 项目 Items | 非蛋白氮 NPN | 氨态氮 NH3-N | 游离氨基酸态氮 AA-N | 胺氮 BA-N | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | |||||||||
| Con | 69.23±1.86a | 9.54±0.38a | 14.85±0.59a | 12.61±0.46a | |||||
| LP | 63.90±2.86ab | 5.63±0.81b | 14.43±1.17ab | 5.02±0.46b | |||||
| CA | 55.47±0.81bc | 6.88±0.29b | 13.84±0.83ab | 4.51±0.30b | |||||
| MA | 55.38±1.67bc | 3.64±0.68c | 12.44±0.29bc | 3.01±0.32c | |||||
| LP+CA | 47.49±7.13c | 1.59±0.03d | 10.51±0.18c | 1.09±0.23d | |||||
| LP+MA | 51.96±3.38c | 1.74±0.17d | 11.33±0.69c | 0.59±0.15d | |||||
| 萎蔫Wilted | |||||||||
| Con | 62.99±1.04a | 11.52±0.46a | 11.70±0.03 | 11.03±0.78a | |||||
| LP | 51.19±2.10bc | 10.76±0.22a | 10.38±1.72 | 6.58±0.13b | |||||
| CA | 55.89±1.31ab | 8.31±0.38b | 11.38±0.20 | 5.21±0.25c | |||||
| MA | 59.59±2.29ab | 5.89±0.94c | 10.54±0.50 | 4.13±0.14d | |||||
| LP+CA | 49.74±1.62c | 3.54±0.11d | 8.88±0.23 | 0.88±0.04e | |||||
| LP+MA | 58.82±4.95abc | 3.75±0.37d | 9.90±0.92 | 0.91±0.05e | |||||
| 萎蔫效应Effect of wilting | |||||||||
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | 57.24±2.15 | 4.84±0.71b | 12.90±0.46a | 4.47±0.97 | |||||
| 萎蔫Wilted | 56.37±1.44 | 7.30±0.78a | 10.46±0.36b | 4.79±0.85 | |||||
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||
| W | 0.635 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.121 | |||||
| A | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| W×A | 0.043 | 0.012 | 0.527 | 0.002 |
2.5 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮生物胺组分的影响
表6 不同添加剂对燕麦青贮生物胺组分的影响Table 6 Effects of different additives on biogenic amine composition of Avena sativa silage mg/kg DM |
| 项目 Items | 苯乙胺 PHE | 腐胺 PUT | 尸胺 CAD | 组胺 HIS | 酪胺 TYR | 总生物胺 TBA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | |||||||||||||
| Con | 183.3±11.4a | 449.1±14.9a | 1 185.8±2.7a | 4.7±0.4a | 748.2±47.3a | 2 571.1±76.6a | |||||||
| LP | NDb | 293.5±17.4b | 236.6±36.4c | NDb | 497.8±57.1b | 1 027.9±84.3b | |||||||
| CA | NDb | 46.0±2.1c | 558.4±78.3b | NDb | 293.5±51.1c | 897.8±29.3b | |||||||
| MA | NDb | 33.3±1.6c | 526.2±53.0b | NDb | 52.6±7.5d | 612.2±53.5c | |||||||
| LP+CA | NDb | 24.0±0.0c | 204.3±59.0cd | NDb | NDd | 228.3±59.0d | |||||||
| LP+MA | NDb | 24.0±0.7c | 100.5±37.1d | NDb | NDd | 124.5±36.4d | |||||||
| 萎蔫Wilted | |||||||||||||
| Con | 408.8±64.5a | 290.9±37.5a | 750.7±34.6a | 1.3±0.8a | 768.0±9.5a | 2 219.7±95.9a | |||||||
| LP | 56.6±12.9ab | 288.5±19.4a | 364.5±22.7b | NDb | 623.7±8.1b | 1 333.4±43.2b | |||||||
| CA | 91.0±3.0b | 48.6±6.0b | 260.9±10.4c | NDb | 650.1±42.8b | 1 050.6±42.5c | |||||||
| MA | 44.0±7.5ab | 42.3±2.5b | 240.0±26.3c | NDb | 527.0±37.3c | 853.3±68.4d | |||||||
| LP+CA | NDb | 40.7±0.4b | 54.3±11.4d | NDb | 89.6±3.2d | 184.6±11.4e | |||||||
| LP+MA | NDb | 32.3±2.2b | 63.3±10.2d | NDb | 98.0±10.4d | 193.7±14.9e | |||||||
| 萎蔫效应Effect of wilting | |||||||||||||
| 未萎蔫Unwilted | 30.6±16.6b | 145.0±40.4a | 468.6±88.8a | 0.8±0.4a | 265.3±69.0b | 910.3±197.3b | |||||||
| 萎蔫Wilted | 100.1±35.2a | 123.9±28.9b | 288.9±57.0b | 0.2±0.2b | 459.4±65.3a | 972.5±170.3a | |||||||
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||||||
| W | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.030 | |||||||
| A | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| W×A | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
2.6 燕麦青贮发酵品质和蛋白质降解产物关联分析
图1 燕麦青贮发酵品质与蛋白质降解产物的冗余分析LA:乳酸 lactic acid; AA:乙酸 acetic acid;PA:丙酸 propionic acid;NPN:非蛋白氮 non-protein nitrogen;NH3-N:氨态氮 ammonia nitrogen;AA-N:游离氨基酸态氮 free amino acid nitrogen;BA-N:胺氮 amine nitrogen;PHE:苯乙胺 phenethylamine;PUT:腐胺 putrescine;CAD:尸胺cadaverine;HIS:组胺 histamine;TYR:酪胺 tyramine;TBA:总生物胺total biogenic amine。 Fig.1 Redundancy analysis of fermentation quality and protein degradation products of Avena sativa silage |

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