1 材料与方法
1.1 仪器设备
1.2 试剂材料
1.3 试验方法
1.3.1 样品提取
1.3.2 免疫磁珠全自动净化
1.3.3 HPLC仪器条件
1.4 免疫磁珠净化方法优化及方法学考察
1.5 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 免疫磁珠粒径大小的选择
表1 不同粒径免疫磁珠性能比较Table 1 Comparison of performance of IMBs with different particle sizes (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | ZEN含量 ZEN content/ (mg/kg) | 测定含量 Detected content/(mg/kg) | 回收率 Recovery/% | 平均回收率 Mean recovery/% | 相对标 准偏差 RSD/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 纳米级磁珠(粒径约10 nm) Nanoscale beads (particle size about 10 nm) | 1.0 | 0.707 | 70.7 | 71.90 | 4.52 |
| 0.674 | 67.4 | ||||
| 0.739 | 73.9 | ||||
| 0.745 | 74.5 | ||||
| 0.693 | 69.3 | ||||
| 0.756 | 75.6 | ||||
| 微米级磁珠(粒径约2 μm) Micron beads (particle size about 2 μm) | 1.0 | 0.973 | 97.3 | 99.27 | 1.09 |
| 0.988 | 98.8 | ||||
| 0.996 | 99.6 | ||||
| 1.003 | 100.3 | ||||
| 0.999 | 99.9 | ||||
| 0.997 | 99.7 |
2.2 免疫磁珠反应时间优化
2.3 ZEN含量标准曲线、检出限(LOD)和LOQ
表2 ZEN含量标准曲线、检出限和定量限Table 2 Standard curve, LOD and LOQ of ZEN content |
| 项目 Item | 线性范围 Linear range/(μg/mL) | 回归方程 Regression equation | 相关系数 R2 | 检出限 LOD/(μg/kg) | 定量限 LOQ/(μg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米赤霉烯酮含量 ZEN content | 0.01~1.00 | y=0.131 1x+3.992 6 | 0.999 9 | 2 | 10 |
2.4 方法的准确度和精密度
表3 方法的准确度和精密度结果Table 3 Accuracy and precision results of method % |
| 样品 Samples | 含量 Content/ (mg/kg) | 批内平均回收率 Intra-day recovery/% (n=6) | 批内相对标准偏差 Intra-day RSD (n=6) | 批间平均回收率 Inter-day recovery/% (n=18) | 批间相对标准偏差 Inter-day RSD (n=18) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米粉 Corn flour | 0.01 | 94.38 | 3.18 | 96.72 | 4.94 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 96.23 | 8.33 | 97.83 | 7.49 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 99.87 | 7.63 | 98.22 | 5.92 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 86.90 | 7.71 | 89.47 | 6.92 | |||||||
| 干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS | 0.01 | 99.22 | 8.95 | 97.10 | 7.16 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 99.95 | 8.37 | 98.17 | 8.26 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 99.47 | 9.00 | 96.91 | 7.63 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 87.05 | 5.66 | 95.16 | 9.40 | |||||||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 0.01 | 97.23 | 7.92 | 98.33 | 7.68 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 100.27 | 9.76 | 98.77 | 8.73 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 94.71 | 8.16 | 95.83 | 6.65 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 87.97 | 6.50 | 92.44 | 7.92 | |||||||
| 花生粕 Peanut meal | 0.01 | 98.75 | 7.45 | 98.84 | 7.23 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 89.53 | 4.73 | 91.19 | 5.86 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 99.42 | 8.68 | 96.52 | 8.34 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 97.73 | 8.15 | 98.25 | 7.16 | |||||||
| 小麦粉 Wheat flour | 0.01 | 96.54 | 6.98 | 98.23 | 6.77 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 98.05 | 5.08 | 97.84 | 7.67 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 98.39 | 9.88 | 98.56 | 9.12 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 99.21 | 8.58 | 97.84 | 8.20 | |||||||
| 生长肥育猪配合饲料 Growing pig formula feed | 0.01 | 89.05 | 8.52 | 96.41 | 9.19 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 99.38 | 6.17 | 98.84 | 6.28 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 98.01 | 8.84 | 98.43 | 7.67 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 92.73 | 4.61 | 96.67 | 7.14 | |||||||
| 蛋鸡配合饲料 Laying hen formula feed | 0.01 | 97.77 | 5.63 | 99.30 | 6.25 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 94.17 | 9.24 | 97.27 | 7.06 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 98.38 | 9.22 | 97.30 | 8.89 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 99.39 | 9.43 | 98.03 | 7.39 | |||||||
| 草鱼配合饲料 Grass carp formula feed | 0.01 | 98.06 | 5.10 | 98.29 | 8.13 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 97.20 | 7.42 | 98.13 | 7.34 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 90.62 | 7.81 | 95.12 | 8.06 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 98.09 | 8.72 | 98.07 | 7.45 | |||||||
| 仔猪浓缩饲料 Piglet concentrated feed | 0.01 | 99.73 | 5.45 | 98.02 | 6.11 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 98.79 | 6.04 | 98.13 | 6.38 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 95.25 | 9.80 | 97.74 | 8.16 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 88.12 | 4.30 | 88.70 | 6.32 | |||||||
| 牛精料补充料 Cow concentrate supplement | 0.01 | 99.16 | 8.74 | 98.15 | 6.67 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 100.33 | 6.10 | 99.59 | 6.82 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 98.38 | 5.27 | 96.03 | 7.67 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 97.71 | 5.57 | 96.44 | 5.71 | |||||||
| 羊精料补充料 Sheep concentrate supplement | 0.01 | 95.22 | 3.43 | 95.55 | 8.36 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 96.66 | 9.31 | 96.12 | 7.43 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 100.04 | 6.82 | 97.10 | 6.88 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 95.86 | 8.42 | 97.34 | 8.02 | |||||||
| 训练犬全价料 Training dog full feed | 0.01 | 94.14 | 7.74 | 96.49 | 7.58 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 98.12 | 8.36 | 95.23 | 8.18 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 98.37 | 4.30 | 98.64 | 5.83 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 98.69 | 7.39 | 93.98 | 9.31 | |||||||
| 猫全价料 Cat full feed | 0.01 | 95.21 | 7.01 | 96.84 | 6.90 | ||||||
| 0.02 | 97.88 | 7.90 | 97.57 | 8.79 | |||||||
| 0.10 | 95.46 | 4.08 | 95.23 | 6.19 | |||||||
| 1.00 | 89.63 | 4.36 | 88.92 | 5.98 |
2.5 与传统IAC和其他已报道免疫磁珠方法的比较
表4 免疫磁珠和免疫亲和柱净化结果比较Table 4 Comparison of immunomagnetic beads and immunoaffinity columns results (n=6) μg/kg |
| 序号 No. | 样品名称 Sample name | 免疫亲和柱测定结果 IAC measurement result | 免疫磁珠测定结果 IMBs measurement result | 标示ZEN含量 Labeled ZEN content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 玉米粉标准物质Corn flour standard substance | 108.6±24.0 | 110.1±14.2 | 94.3±41.5 |
| 2 | 小麦粉质控样Wheat flour quality control sample | 78.8±11.3 | 76.7±9.3 | 69.9±30.7 |
| 3 | 动物饲料标准物质Animal feed standard substance | 157.3±21.5 | 158.0±10.6 | 147±35 |
| 4 | 宠物犬料质控样Pet dog feed quality control sample | 124.5±16.9 | 126.0±7.8 | 116±22 |
| 5 | 猪配合饲料Pig formula feed | 820.0±24.4 | 827.0±16.7 | |
| 6 | 蛋鸡配合饲料Laying hens formula feed | 229.0±19.9 | 225.7±10.3 | |
| 7 | 泌乳牛精料补充料Lactating cow concentrate supplement | 159.0±16.5 | 151.6±9.7 | |
| 8 | 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 4 472.0±130.0 | 4 288.0±97.2 | |
| 9 | 种犬全价料Breeding dog full feed | 41.5±6.7 | 45.6±3.3 | |
| 10 | 训练犬全价料Training dog full feed | 44.0±8.1 | 39.2±4.9 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
表5 与其他已报道免疫磁珠检测ZEN含量方法的比较Table 5 Comparison with the previously published IMBs methods for ZEN content detection |
| 样品基质 Sample matrix | 净化技术 Clean-up technique | 检测方法 Detection method | 检出限 LOD/ (μg/kg) | 定量限 LOQ/ (μg/kg) | 参考文献 Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鸡和猪饲料 Chicken and pig feeds | 自动免疫磁珠 | 超高效液相色谱-荧光检测 | 4.5 | 15.0 | [32] | ||||||
| 粮食(玉米、全麦、糙米和小麦粉) Foods (corn, whole wheat, brown rice and wheat powder) | 自动免疫磁珠 | 超高效液相色谱-荧光检测 | 3.5 | 12.0 | [33] | ||||||
| 小麦Wheat | 手动免疫磁珠 | 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 | 1.0 | [34] | |||||||
| 玉米油Corn oils | 免疫磁珠分散液-液微萃取 | 超高效液相色谱- 荧光检测 | 3.3 | 10.0 | [35] | ||||||
| 饲料和谷物 Feeds and grains | 自动免疫磁珠 | 高效液相色谱-荧光检测 | 1.78 | [36] | |||||||
| 食品Foods | 手动免疫磁珠 | 高效液相色谱-串联质谱 | 0.1 | 0.3 | [37] | ||||||
| 饲料和饲料原料、宠物饲料 Feed and feed raw materials, pet feeds | 自动免疫磁珠 | 高效液相色谱-荧光检测 | 2 | 10 | 本研究 |
2.6 实际样品测定
表6 饲料样品中玉米赤霉烯酮的检测含量Table 6 Detected contents of ZEN in feed samples |
| 样品 Samples | 样品数量 Sample number | 检出含量 Detection content/ (μg/kg) | 平均含量 Mean content/ (μg/kg) | 检出率 Detection rate/% | 超标率 Over rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 配合饲料Formula feed | 51 | 27.9~924.0 | 343.2 | 49.0 | 39.2 |
| 浓缩饲料Concentrate Feed | 13 | 11.7~29.4 | 20.6 | 38.5 | 0 |
| 精料补充料Concentrate supplement | 34 | 59.9~1 280.0 | 464.3 | 20.6 | 5.9 |
| 玉米粉Corn flour | 32 | 12.8~4 380.0 | 454.5 | 93.8 | 9.4 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 14 | 11.9~35.8 | 22.6 | 28.6 | 0 |
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 31 | 13.1~68.0 | 30.5 | 38.7 | 0 |
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 7 | 27.3~39.3 | 33.3 | 71.4 | 0 |
| 棕榈仁粕Palm kernel meal | 5 | 12.1~22.6 | 18.6 | 80.0 | 0 |
| 米糠粕Rice bran meal | 4 | 20.0~44.7 | 32.3 | 75.0 | 0 |
| 小麦粉Wheat flour | 9 | 19.0~439.0 | 21.0 | 77.8 | 0 |
| 宠物饲料Pet feed | 23 | 30.9~43.6 | 38.2 | 21.7 | 0 |

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