1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | 43~50日龄 43 to 50 days of age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn (7.6% CP) | 19.20 | 21.00 | 22.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (46.27% CP) | 15.00 | 11.00 | 8.60 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.40 | 3.30 | 3.50 |
| 小麦Wheat (10.02% CP) | 38.00 | 41.50 | 45.00 |
| 花生仁饼Peanut meal (45.36% CP) | 12.80 | 11.80 | 11.00 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal (36.89% CP) | 7.50 | 6.50 | 5.50 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl(79.2%) | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.36 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (99.0%) | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.23 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.05 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.75 | 1.45 | 1.20 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.26 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 氮校正表观代谢能AMEn/(MJ/kg) | 11.92 | 12.34 | 12.55 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.50 | 19.50 | 18.00 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.29 | 1.15 | 0.96 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.40 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
| 钙Ca | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.84 |
| 总磷TP | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.62 |
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.36 |
1)预混料为1~21日龄阶段每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet for 1 to 21 days of age:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,胆碱 choline 1 300 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。预混料为22~42日龄阶段每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet for 22 to 42 days of age:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 750 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。预混料为43~50日龄阶段每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet for 43 to 50 days of age:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 4 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,VB6 0.6 mg,VB12 0.008 mg,VD3 500 IU,VE 25 IU,VK 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,胆碱 choline 750 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Mn 55 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.15 mg。 2)氮校正表观代谢能、氨基酸和非植酸磷为计算值,均是参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》各原料数值进行计算;粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018方法进行测定。AMEn, amino acids and NPP were calculated values, the calculation was made according to the values of each feed material in the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (33rd edition, 2022); CP, Ca and TP were measured values, and methods in GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018 were used for determination, respectively. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集与制备
1.6 测定指标及方法
1.6.1 生长性能
1.6.2 血浆生化指标及血浆和肠道免疫指标
1.6.3 肠道形态
1.6.4 肠道黏膜屏障功能相关基因表达
表2 qRT-PCR引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences for qRT-PCR |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 退火温度 Annealing temperature/℃ |
|---|---|---|
| 连接黏附分子2 JAM2 | F:AGACAGGAACAGGCAGTGCT R:TCCAATCCCATTTGAGGCTA | 60 |
| 黏蛋白2 MUC2 | F:CATTCAACGAGGAGAGCTGC R:TTCCTTGCAGCAGGAACAAC | 56 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | F:CCAAAGACAGCAGGAGGAGA R:TGGCTAGTTTCTCTCGTGCA | 56 |
| 封闭蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | F:GAGGATGACCAGGTCAAGAAG R:TGCCCAGCCAATGAAGAG | 56 |
| 闭合蛋白Occludin | F:TCATCCTGCTCTGCCTCATCT R:CATCCGCCACGTTCTTCAC | 56 |
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | F:GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATCA R:CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCCA | 60 |
1.6.5 盲肠菌群
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对1~50日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对1~50日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers from 1 to 50 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | γ-氨基丁酸+ 柠檬酸组 γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group | 植物精油+ 柠檬酸组 Plant essential oil+citric acid group | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | ||||||
| 1日龄体重BW at 1 day of age/g | 36.65±0.01 | 36.63±0.01 | 36.63±0.01 | 36.64±0.01 | 0.278 | |
| 21日龄体重BW at 21 days of age/g | 454.24±8.51 | 451.66±12.62 | 453.36±15.74 | 462.08±12.25 | 0.938 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 30.98±0.47 | 30.21±0.87 | 31.76±1.83 | 30.88±0.77 | 0.807 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 19.89±0.41 | 19.76±0.60 | 19.84±0.75 | 20.26±0.58 | 0.938 | |
| 料重比F/G | 1.56±0.01 | 1.53±0.02 | 1.60±0.06 | 1.53±0.01 | 0.395 | |
| 存活率Survival rate/% | 99.38±0.63 | 100.00±0.00 | 99.38±0.63 | 98.75±0.82 | 0.550 | |
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | ||||||
| 42日龄体重BW at 42 days of age/g | 1 182.74±18.62b | 1 195.49±22.16b | 1 253.65±10.82a | 1 251.44±14.36a | 0.009 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 90.58±1.89 | 91.50±2.65 | 95.03±2.45 | 92.34±2.88 | 0.625 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 34.69±0.87b | 35.42±1.06ab | 38.11±1.03a | 37.59±0.71a | 0.039 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.62±0.08 | 2.60±0.09 | 2.52±0.12 | 2.46±0.09 | 0.635 | |
| 存活率Survival rate/% | 97.47±0.96 | 97.47±0.96 | 97.47±0.96 | 97.47±0.96 | 0.864 | |
| 43~50日龄43 to 50 days of age | ||||||
| 50日龄体重BW at 50 days of age/g | 1 563.09±30.33b | 1 557.21±33.34b | 1 660.12±24.24a | 1 668.51±24.73a | 0.012 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 115.17±3.48 | 116.65±3.02 | 118.29±3.60 | 118.37±1.89 | 0.879 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 43.73±3.22 | 42.46±1.43 | 47.06±1.10 | 49.12±1.33 | 0.153 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.53±0.12 | 2.69±0.05 | 2.56±0.06 | 2.45±0.06 | 0.208 | |
| 存活率Survival rate/% | 99.38±0.63 | 100.00±0.00 | 99.38±0.63 | 99.38±0.63 | 0.801 | |
| 1~50日龄1 to 50 days of age | ||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 69.98±1.19 | 70.34±1.40 | 72.59±1.49 | 71.58±1.15 | 0.490 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 30.19±0.80bc | 29.82±0.65c | 31.83±0.48ab | 32.00±0.47a | 0.034 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.32±0.03ab | 2.36±0.04a | 2.25±0.04b | 2.24±0.03b | 0.029 | |
| 存活率Survival rate/% | 96.88±1.32 | 96.88±1.32 | 96.88±1.32 | 96.25±1.83 | 0.987 | |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row,values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响
表4 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on plasma biochemical indices of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | γ-氨基丁酸+ 柠檬酸组 γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group | 植物精油+ 柠檬酸组 Plant essential oil+citric acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 30.52±0.33b | 30.28±0.44b | 35.67±1.93a | 37.63±2.53a | 0.005 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 19.25±0.66 | 18.96±1.58 | 20.78±2.61 | 23.25±2.45 | 0.408 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 11.28±0.69 | 11.23±1.24 | 15.09±1.44 | 14.87±1.68 | 0.062 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 7.44±0.39 | 7.40±0.38 | 7.03±0.27 | 6.79±0.26 | 0.518 |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 286.54±13.78a | 321.81±16.48a | 226.74±15.39b | 224.91±16.38b | <0.001 |
2.3 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡血浆和肠道免疫指标的影响
表5 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡血浆和肠道免疫指标的影响Table 5 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on plasma and intestinal immune in dices of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | γ-氨基丁酸+ 柠檬酸组 γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group | 植物精油+ 柠檬酸组 Plant essential oil+citric acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 血浆Plasma | |||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 84.96±3.20 | 84.19±2.73 | 83.76±2.40 | 81.12±2.19 | 0.753 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L) | 20.54±1.30a | 17.97±0.85ab | 16.53±0.52b | 15.50±1.27b | 0.013 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L) | 5.71±0.48b | 5.57±0.48b | 7.32±0.58a | 7.37±0.40a | 0.019 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(ng/mL) | 3 643.81±130.75b | 3 938.35±130.51ab | 4 069.96±97.52a | 4 232.89±68.28a | 0.006 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 59.69±4.30b | 60.36±4.15b | 73.44±3.85a | 72.53±3.28a | 0.022 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(ng/mL) | 2 602.85±83.40b | 2 902.38±137.07b | 3 608.40±247.30a | 3 654.76±238.71a | 0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/L) | 41.14±2.36 | 44.43±3.53 | 44.38±2.90 | 44.75±2.43 | 0.785 |
| 空肠黏膜Jejunal mucosa | |||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g prot) | 16.44±1.08 | 15.68±1.13 | 16.09±0.91 | 16.52±1.15 | 0.944 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 9.80±0.55a | 9.14±0.43ab | 7.96±0.26b | 8.28±0.59b | 0.048 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/g prot) | 3.94±0.36 | 4.44±0.38 | 5.00±0.27 | 5.29±0.40 | 0.064 |
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(ng/mg prot) | 130.39±6.36c | 137.71±9.41bc | 158.15±10.78ab | 165.14±8.55a | 0.030 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 12.46±0.60 | 12.11±0.59 | 12.19±41 | 11.58±0.30 | 0.648 |
| 回肠黏膜Ileal mucosa | |||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g prot) | 17.13±1.30 | 16.32±1.55 | 13.42±0.39 | 13.28±1.21 | 0.070 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 8.16±0.33 | 8.28±0.50 | 7.65±0.55 | 7.86±0.36 | 0.743 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/g prot) | 5.25±0.44 | 5.21±0.50 | 5.37±0.58 | 5.38±0.34 | 0.991 |
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(ng/mg prot) | 151.70±6.80 | 161.62±10.57 | 169.22±12.57 | 162.76±9.17 | 0.693 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 11.57±0.80 | 11.70±0.44 | 10.95±0.73 | 10.87±0.50 | 0.725 |
2.4 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡肠道形态和黏膜屏障功能相关基因表达的影响
表6 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 6 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on intestinal morphology of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | γ-氨基丁酸+ 柠檬酸组 γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group | 植物精油+ 柠檬酸组 Plant essential oil+citric acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 290.14±75.75c | 1 548.99±68.84b | 1 764.97±89.26ab | 1 884.69±35.57a | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 315.94±2.34a | 294.20±1.41b | 273.48±7.48c | 252.85±5.80d | <0.001 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 3.92±0.26c | 5.21±0.29b | 6.43±0.43a | 7.01±0.41a | <0.001 |
| 杯状细胞数目 Number of goblet cells/(个/mm) | 100.13±4.94d | 118.71±1.73c | 136.78±3.55b | 160.64±6.17a | <0.001 |
| 回肠Ileum | |||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 227.80±24.17b | 1 423.09±69.08b | 1 670.85±91.89a | 1 726.70±61.87a | 0.001 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 287.04±10.33a | 307.27±13.38a | 247.51±7.52b | 254.64±3.41b | 0.002 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 4.30±0.23b | 4.64±0.19b | 6.74±0.27a | 6.79±0.31a | <0.001 |
| 杯状细胞数目 Number of goblet cells/(个/mm) | 111.96±4.30d | 123.96±5.43c | 136.83±2.49b | 163.11±2.46a | <0.001 |
图1 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡肠道形态的影响Fig.1 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on intestinal morphology of yellow-feathered broilers (200×) |
图2 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡肠道杯状细胞分布和数目的影响Fig.2 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on intestinal goblet cell distribution and number of yellow-feathered broilers (200×) |
图3 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡肠道黏膜屏障功能相关基因表达的影响数据柱标记不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.3 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on intestinal mucosal barrier function related gene expression in yellow-feathered broilers Data columns marked with different letters indicated significant differences (P<0.05). |
2.5 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响
2.5.1 α多样性分析
表7 饲粮添加不同组合酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡盲肠菌群α多样性的影响Table 7 Effects of different combinations of dietary acidifiers on α diversity of cecal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | γ-氨基丁酸+ 柠檬酸组 γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group | 植物精油+ 柠檬酸组 Plant essential oil+citric acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 物种丰富度Species richness | |||||
| 可观测特征Observed_features | 371.14±30.97 | 364.00±25.22 | 380.13±15.80 | 369.63±18.47 | 0.966 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 376.98±31.42 | 369.37±24.86 | 389.05±17.27 | 375.49±18.93 | 0.942 |
| 物种均匀度Species evenness | |||||
| 优势度Dominance | 0.06±0.01 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.04±0.00 | 0.06±0.00 | 0.104 |
| Pielou_e指数Pielou_e index | 0.63±0.02 | 0.61±0.02 | 0.62±0.02 | 0.63±0.01 | 0.824 |
| 测序深度Sequencing depth | |||||
| Goods覆盖度Goods_coverage/% | 99.99±0.01 | 100.00±0.00 | 99.99±0.01 | 100.00±0.00 | 0.580 |
| 群落多样性Community diversity | |||||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 5.37±0.13 | 5.16±0.24 | 5.33±0.16 | 5.38±0.12 | 0.792 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.92±0.02 | 0.91±0.02 | 0.93±0.02 | 0.94±0.00 | 0.725 |
2.5.2 β多样性分析
图4 基于加权UniFrac(左)和非加权UniFrac(右)距离主坐标分析R1:对照组;R2:抗生素组;R3:γ-氨基丁酸+柠檬酸组;R4:植物精油+柠檬酸组。下图同。 Fig.4 PCoA based on weighted UniFrac (left) and unweighted UniFrac (right) distances R1: control group; R2: antibiotic group; R3: γ-aminobutyric acid+citric acid group; R4: plant essential oil+citric acid group. The same as below. |

京公网安备 11010802041926号