1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮和试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet and experimental diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮 Experimental diet | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮 Experimental diet | |||
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||
| 玉米Corn | 58.69 | 60.47 | 62.53 | 63.96 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.81 | 0.67 | 1.37 | 1.38 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 25.00 | 15.81 | 20.00 | 12.50 | ||
| 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal | 7.50 | 7.50 | ||||
| 花生仁饼Peanut kernel cake | 2.50 | 2.50 | 4.07 | 2.64 | ||
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS | 5.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | ||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal | 3.00 | 3.00 | ||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.74 | 1.74 | 1.30 | 1.32 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.45 | 1.46 | 1.20 | 1.20 | ||
| 赖氨酸硫酸盐Lys·H2SO4 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.57 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.29 | ||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | ||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.15 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.55 | 12.55 | 12.76 | 12.76 | ||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.87 | 17.88 | 18.08 | 18.02 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 22.39 | 22.65 | 19.60 | 19.48 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.252 | 1.252 | 1.100 | 1.100 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.635 | 0.645 | 0.570 | 0.575 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.850 | 0.850 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.800 | 0.800 | 0.720 | 0.720 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.240 | 0.240 | 0.211 | 0.209 | ||
| 钙Ca | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.850 | 0.850 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.667 | 0.660 | 0.615 | 0.612 | ||
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.450 | 0.450 | 0.420 | 0.420 | ||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB3 10 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB11 0.3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg, Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.7 mg。 2)代谢能和非植酸磷为计算值,其他指标为测定值。代谢能参考中国原料数据库(https://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn/admin/Login/index.html)计算,非植酸磷=总磷-植酸磷。ME and NPP were calculated values, while other indicators were measured values. ME was calculated with reference to China Raw Material Database (https://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn/admin/Login/index.html), and NPP=TP-PP. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 屠宰性能
1.4.3 养分表观代谢率
1.4.4 肝脏抗氧化指标
1.4.5 肠道形态
1.4.6 盲肠内容物中挥发性脂肪酸含量
1.5 统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 37.86 | 39.38 | 0.71 | 0.314 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 54.67 | 56.02 | 0.91 | 0.491 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.44 | 1.42 | 0.01 | 0.506 |
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 77.82b | 89.65a | 2.42 | 0.008 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 146.69b | 163.58a | 3.67 | 0.014 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.89a | 1.82b | 0.01 | 0.022 |
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 56.24b | 62.69a | 1.52 | 0.028 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 96.91 | 105.85 | 2.36 | 0.056 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.72 | 1.69 | 0.01 | 0.064 |
同行数据肩标不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母代表差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Different letters on the shoulder of the data of the same row represent significant difference (P<0.05), while the same letters represent no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表3 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on slaughter performance of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 屠宰率Slaughter rate | 90.80 | 91.56 | 0.48 | 0.471 |
| 半净膛率Semi-evisceration rate | 84.74 | 84.73 | 0.52 | 0.993 |
| 全净膛率Full evisceration rate | 75.40 | 75.75 | 0.55 | 0.771 |
| 胸肌率Breast muscle rate | 21.65 | 22.88 | 0.44 | 0.170 |
| 腹脂率Abdominal fat rate | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.461 |
2.3 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响
表4 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响Table 4 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 61.07b | 63.96a | 0.59 | 0.004 |
| 能量Energy | 73.77b | 76.00a | 0.52 | 0.018 |
| 干物质Dry matter | 67.86b | 71.77a | 0.74 | 0.001 |
2.4 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响
表5 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on liver antioxidant indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.84 | 2.05 | 0.09 | 0.246 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 2.18 | 2.46 | 0.09 | 0.150 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 18.30b | 28.87a | 2.52 | 0.006 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 2.33 | 2.62 | 0.12 | 0.260 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 3.36a | 2.79b | 0.15 | 0.030 |
2.5 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡肠道形态的影响
表6 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 6 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on intestinal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 557.46 | 1 669.70 | 32.34 | 0.104 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 272.49 | 261.91 | 4.69 | 0.279 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.72 | 6.41 | 0.19 | 0.060 |
| 空肠Jejunum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 235.25 | 1 207.26 | 26.92 | 0.641 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 230.74 | 221.89 | 3.64 | 0.252 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.35 | 5.45 | 0.10 | 0.671 |
| 回肠Ileum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 975.07 | 971.05 | 7.52 | 0.812 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 204.18 | 225.40 | 6.93 | 0.132 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 4.83 | 4.33 | 0.17 | 0.153 |
| 42日龄42 days of age | ||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 2 052.56 | 1 998.12 | 18.70 | 0.161 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 271.61a | 243.06b | 7.03 | 0.012 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 7.56b | 8.22a | 0.18 | 0.037 |
| 空肠Jejunum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 340.64 | 1 294.66 | 24.60 | 0.410 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 222.42 | 210.95 | 4.36 | 0.219 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 6.03 | 6.14 | 0.10 | 0.612 |
| 回肠Ileum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 000.31 | 1 012.89 | 22.46 | 0.797 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 217.89a | 194.69b | 4.33 | <0.001 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 4.59b | 5.20a | 0.14 | 0.019 |
2.6 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡盲肠内容物中挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响
表7 菌酶协同发酵豆粕对肉鸡盲肠内容物中挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响Table 7 Effects of co-fermented soybean meal by bacteria and enzymes on contents of volatile fatty acids in cecal contents of broilers μg/g |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FSM | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||
| 乙酸Acetic acid | 1 806.44 | 1 758.36 | 88.07 | 0.818 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid | 268.62b | 496.48a | 53.98 | 0.005 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid | 12.28b | 28.86a | 3.91 | 0.004 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid | 30.20b | 46.81a | 4.06 | 0.025 |
| 己酸Caproic acid | 0.50b | 1.23a | 0.17 | 0.003 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid | 136.37 | 144.02 | 9.48 | 0.718 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid | 18.08b | 28.36a | 2.53 | 0.012 |
| 42日龄42 days of age | ||||
| 乙酸Acetic acid | 3 741.38 | 3 556.80 | 237.83 | 0.742 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid | 1 676.94 | 1 671.03 | 179.81 | 0.989 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid | 33.25b | 37.17a | 1.00 | 0.021 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid | 129.12b | 167.95a | 10.39 | 0.038 |
| 己酸Caproic acid | 1.15b | 1.35a | 0.05 | 0.001 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid | 456.39 | 570.80 | 40.80 | 0.183 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid | 46.61 | 53.19 | 2.16 | 0.200 |

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