综述

肠道黏蛋白2功能及其营养调控研究进展

  • 孙中伟 ,
  • 董丽 ,
  • 喻礼怀 , *
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  • 扬州大学动物科学与技术学院,扬州 225009
* 喻礼怀,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

孙中伟(1999—),男,安徽宁国人,硕士研究生,研究方向猪的营养代谢与调控。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2024-07-19

  网络出版日期: 2025-01-10

基金资助

镇江市重大农业技术推广项目(提高母猪年生产力关键技术集成与示范推广)

国家自然科学青年基金(32302753)

江苏省研究生实践创新计划(SJCX23_1992)

Research Progress on Intestinal Mucin 2 Function and Its Nutritional Regulation

  • SUN Zhongwei ,
  • DONG Li ,
  • YU Lihuai , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-19

  Online published: 2025-01-10

摘要

肠道黏蛋白2(MUC2)是构成肠道保护性黏液屏障的主要成分,为肠道提供物理屏障和维护微生物生态平衡,是肠道固有免疫系统中肠道屏障功能的重要组成部分。氨基酸、植物提取物、微生物制剂和矿物元素等诸多营养物质和生物活性物质的摄入与MUC2的分泌存在潜在联系。研究肠道MUC2营养调控机制对于改善动物肠道健康具有重要意义。本文从MUC2的结构和功能出发,总结了MUC2的分子调节机制,并介绍了氨基酸、植物提取物、微生态制剂以及矿物元素等对MUC2的调节作用。这些研究成果有望为肠道疾病的预防和治疗提供参考。

本文引用格式

孙中伟 , 董丽 , 喻礼怀 . 肠道黏蛋白2功能及其营养调控研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(1) : 126 -132 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.011

Abstract

Intestinal mucin 2 (MUC2) is the main component that make up the protective mucus barrier of the intestinal tract, providing a physical barrier and maintaining the microbial ecological balance of the intestinal tract, and is an important part of the intestinal barrier function in the intestinal intrinsic immune system. The intake of many nutrients and bioactives, such as amino acids, plant extracts, microbial agents and minerals, is potentially linked to MUC2 secretion. It is important to study the nutritional regulatory mechanisms of intestinal mucins to improve animal intestinal health. In this paper, we summarized the molecular regulatory mechanisms of MUC2 from the structure and function of MUC2, and introduced the regulatory effects of amino acids, plant extracts, microecological agents, and mineral elements on MUC2. These research results are expected to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.

肠道黏液屏障作为肠上皮细胞屏障的重要组成部分,是保护肠道免受病原体侵袭的第一道防线,在维持肠道健康方面发挥着不可或缺的作用[1]。黏液层由松散的外层和致密的内层组成,外层含有大量的肠道菌群及其代谢产物,内层由肠杯状细胞合成和分泌的黏蛋白(MUC)形成。MUC2是肠道黏液屏障的主要成分,MUC2的分泌影响着宿主的肠道健康,同时分泌受氨基酸、植物提取物、微生物制剂和矿物元素等诸多种营养物质的调控,并且与Notch信号通路、Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路和相关细胞因子的分泌密切相关。因此,本文综述了MUC2功能及其营养调控的分子调节机制,以期为MUC2介导的肠道疾病的防控提供参考。

1 肠道MUC2概述

1.1 肠道MUC的结构及分类

MUC是杯状细胞主要分泌的物质之一,是一种大分子糖蛋白,平均分子质量为2×106 u,由附着在蛋白质核心上的寡糖侧链组成。蛋白质核心由丝氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸组成。寡糖侧链由半乳糖、岩藻糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺、N-乙酰葡萄糖和唾液酸组成。这些寡糖通过丝氨酸或苏氨酸在蛋白质中的羟基与N-乙酰半乳糖胺之间的O-糖苷键连接[2]
根据MUC的功能可将其分为2类,其一是跨膜型MUC,包括MUC1、MUC12、MUC13、MUC15、MUC16、MUC17和MUC20;其二是分泌型MUC,包括MUC2、MUC5AC、MUC5B、MUC6、MUC8和MUC19[3]。MUC2是肠道中主要的分泌型MUC,具有重要的免疫调控及抵御病原菌的作用。

1.2 肠道MUC2的功能

MUC2可参与细胞间的相互作用,保护黏膜上皮,参与肠道免疫功能[4]。MUC2作为肠道黏液屏障的主要成分,在肠道中形成黏液骨架,可作为抗菌因子的支架,具有协助抵御病原菌的作用[4]。MUC2在肠道上皮细胞外部形成的黏液层中能够阻挡有害微生物与免疫细胞的直接接触。当机体受到旋毛虫和大肠杆菌等有害微生物及病菌侵袭时,MUC2的分泌和基因表达会增加,从而加强黏液层的保护作用,避免炎症反应的发生,保证肠道维持正常功能及稳态。旋毛虫感染会导致小鼠肠道杯状细胞数量增加和MUC2的基因表达上调[5]。鼠类圆线虫感染会导致小鼠肠道MUC2分泌增加,从而促进肠道黏液屏障的维持[6]。大肠杆菌感染可使小鼠肠道中MUC2分泌增加,进而限制病原体数量的增加,在小鼠肠道抵御病原菌中发挥关键作用[7]。低纤维饮食会导致小鼠降解MUC2,进而增加了小鼠对柠檬酸杆菌的易感性,这表明MUC2在抵御病原菌方面的重要性[8]。结肠中的MUC2和抗菌肽(如β-防御素)之间存在协同作用,它们共同发挥作用,防止病原体定植,增强抗菌作用,进而保护肠道菌群[9]。MUC2的增加能有效缓解有害微生物(如旋毛虫和线虫)及病菌(如大肠杆菌和枸橼酸杆菌)的感染,维持肠道黏液屏障,保护肠道健康。

2 调节肠道MUC2分泌的作用机制

2.1 Notch信号通路对MUC2的调节作用

Notch信号通路是决定肠道上皮分化和分泌细胞谱系的主要调控因子之一,激活Notch信号通路从而抑制杯状细胞分化,进而调节MUC2的基因表达[10]。Notch信号传导是通过Notch配体与Notch受体结合来触发的;Notch配体包括Delta样配体(Delta-like ligand,DLL)1、3、4及Jagged1和Jagged;Notch受体包括Notch1、2、3、4[11]。在猪德尔塔冠状病毒(PDCoV)感染的新生仔猪中发现,不管是在体内和体外,都导致Notch1、Jagged1、DLL4和发状分裂相关增强子-1(HES-1)的基因表达上调,激活Notch1信号通路,从而抑制了肠道干细胞向杯状细胞的分化,进而导致MUC2水平降低,诱导肠道发生炎症[12]。沙门氏菌感染小鼠肠道中DLL1、DLL4和HES-1的基因表达上调,从而导致杯状细胞减少和MUC2的基因表达下调,而嗜酸乳杆菌可通过抑制Notch信号通路来缓解肠道损伤[13]。另有研究表明,生长抑素(SST)在小鼠中通过抑制Notch信号通路,从而使Notch1、2和3的基因表达下调,并导致DLL3的基因表达上调和Jagged1的基因表达下调,使得MUC2分泌增加,加强黏液屏障功能[14]。色氨酸通过抑制Notch信号通路,抑制Notch1的基因表达下调来诱导结肠癌干细胞中杯状细胞分化,使MUC2的基因表达增强[15]。病毒(如PDCoV)、菌群(如嗜酸乳杆菌)以及色氨酸和SST可以通过抑制Notch信号通路,从而促进MUC2的分泌,参与维持肠道健康。

2.2 Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对MUC2的调节作用

在肠道中,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可以通过调节MUC2的分泌,进而参与调节肠道上皮细胞稳态。经典Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中,当Wnt配体与其受体结合,Frizzled和低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)5/6被激活,抑制β-catenin破坏复合体的活性,该复合体包含轴抑制蛋白(AXIN)、糖原合成激酶3β(GSK3β)和结肠腺瘤样息肉病蛋白(APC);未被磷酸化的β-catenin向细胞核迁移并积累,与T细胞特异性因子/淋巴增强因子(TCF/LEF)相互作用,导致Wnt靶基因活化,最终控制这些靶基因的表达,支持肠道干细胞的维持、增殖和分化[16]。这一信号通路与肠道干细胞的生物学特性密切相关,进而影响肠道黏液屏障的维持和修复,与本文探讨的MUC2分泌调控机制紧密相连。传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,促进猪肠道干细胞的自我更新,进而使杯状细胞和MUC2的基因表达增加[17]。沙门氏菌激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,从而增加小鼠肠道中肠道干细胞(ISC)的数量,导致杯状细胞数量和MUC2的分泌增加[18]。鼠李糖乳杆菌GG(LGG)给药小鼠激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,进而增加Wnt3a和Wnt7b的含量,增加了β-catenin蛋白表达水平,从而促进肠道干细胞向杯状细胞分化,改善肠道黏膜层屏障功能[19]L-天冬氨酸锌在经过脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇处理后的小鼠中,通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,增强了ISC的活性和MUC2的基因表达,进而维持肠道黏液屏障[20]。LGG和L-天冬氨酸锌通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,促进肠道干细胞向杯状细胞分化,增加杯状细胞数量和MUC2的基因表达,从而维持肠道健康。

2.3 细胞因子对MUC2的调节作用

细胞因子可调节MUC2的基因表达。细胞因子可通过激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)诱导MUC2的基因表达。细胞因子根据其功能和产生的细胞类型可分为Th1和Th2。Th1型细胞因子作为一种炎性细胞因子,可通过激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)信号通路介导的NF-κB信号通路来上调MUC2的基因表达。此外,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)还通过激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信号通路对MUC2的基因表达产生抑制作用[21]。Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-13(IL-13)也可通过激活丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)介导的NF-κB信号通路上调MUC2的基因表达[22]。人抵抗素样分子-β(RELM-β)是由肠道中杯状细胞产生的抵抗素样细胞因子,作为Th2型细胞因子的免疫效应分子可上调MUC2的基因表达和分泌,有助于增强肠道黏膜屏障功能[23]。除了Th2型细胞因子在调节杯状细胞功能中的重要性外,研究结果还表明,Th17相关的细胞因子白细胞介素-22(IL-22)在调节杯状细胞分化和MUC2的基因表达方面也起着重要作用[24]。综上所述,Th1型细胞因子和Th2型细胞因子IL-4和IL-13可通过激活NF-κB信号通路诱导MUC2的基因表达,RELM-β和IL-22同样可上调MUC2的基因表达和分泌,从而参与维持肠道黏膜功能。

3 肠道MUC2的营养调控

营养调控是影响肠道MUC2分泌的重要手段之一。氨基酸、植物提取物、微生态制剂以及矿物元素等营养成分在适当的剂量下已被证明可以提高动物肠道杯状细胞的数量和MUC2的分泌,从而有助于维持肠道黏膜屏障的健康和功能。

3.1 氨基酸对肠道MUC2的调节作用

在饲粮中添加苏氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸等可增加肠道杯状细胞的数量和MUC2的水平,有效改善肠道环境。在宫内发育迟缓仔猪的饲粮中添加2 g/kg的L-苏氨酸,可以增加肠道中MUC2的水平和杯状细胞的数量,从而缓解仔猪回肠的炎症反应[25]。在低粗蛋白质水平饲粮的肉鸡中提高0.2%的赖氨酸水平,MUC2的基因表达上调最为显著[26]。受猪轮状病毒(PRV)感染的断奶仔猪饲粮中补充1%的亮氨酸,可以增加仔猪空肠中杯状细胞的数量和MUC2的水平[27]。在小鼠饲粮中补充0.5%的精氨酸,可以增加肠道中杯状细胞的数量和MUC2的基因表达以及免疫球蛋白A(IgA)的产生[28]。由此可见,在动物饲粮中适当补充苏氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸等氨基酸可以有效增加动物肠道杯状细胞的数量和MUC2的分泌,从而维持肠道健康。

3.2 植物提取物对肠道MUC2的调节作用

植物提取物通过促进肠道细胞成熟和MUC分泌来维持肠道屏障功能。其中多糖类和多酚类植物提取物发挥着重要作用,多糖类植物提取物包括石斛多糖、苹果多糖、猴头菇多糖和岩藻多糖等可促进肠道细胞成熟和MUC生成,从而参与维持肠道屏障功能。小鼠口服石斛多糖,可增强肠道中的MUC2的基因表达和分泌,进而增强小鼠肠道黏液屏障[29]。高脂肪饮食大鼠饲喂苹果多糖,可促进大鼠杯状细胞的自噬,进而增强MUC2的基因表达,缓解肠道炎症[30]。环磷酰胺刺激的小鼠饲粮中添加25 mmol/L的猴头菇多糖可显著上调肠道中MUC2的基因表达[31]。抗生素诱导的菌群失调小鼠饮水中添加浓度为0.1%的岩藻多糖可促进MUC2的分泌,同时可改善小鼠肠道微生物菌群的恢复[32]
多酚类植物提取物包括儿茶素、原花青素和丁香酚等,在参与维持肠道屏障健康中也发挥着重要作用。结肠炎大鼠饲粮中添加10 mg/kg的儿茶素,促进了肠道中MUC2的基因表达增加[33]。早期场内营养(EEN)小鼠饲粮中添加100 mg/kg的原花青素,增加了杯状细胞数量以及提高了肠道MUC2的水平,维持了肠道屏障功能[34]。柠檬酸杆菌感染小鼠饮水中添加13.3 μg/mL的丁香酚,通过增加梭状芽孢杆菌的丰度和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的表达,进而上调肠道中MUC2的基因表达,加强肠道黏液屏障,防止病原体和疾病入侵[35]。综上所述,多糖类植物提取物(如石斛多糖、苹果多糖、猴头菇多糖和岩藻多糖等)以及多酚类植物提取物(如儿茶素、原花青素和丁香酚等)均能有效增加MUC2的分泌,从而参与维持肠道屏障功能。

3.3 微生态制剂对肠道MUC2的调节作用

微生物及其代谢产物可以影响MUC2的合成与分泌,调节MUC2的生成。在小鼠肠道中,植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌和LGG能够增强MUC2的基因表达[36]。在黄羽肉鸡饮水中添加植物乳杆菌GX17(1.5×109 CFU/只),可上调MUC2的基因表达,改善肠道屏障功能,从而增加肠道对营养物质的吸收,提高黄羽肉鸡的生长性能[37]。环磷酰胺(CP)诱导的小鼠口服浓度为1010 CFU/mL的干酪乳杆菌(10 mL/kg),可通过调节Toll样受体(TLRs)/NF-κB信号通路来平衡Th1/Th2相关的细胞因子,进而增加了MUC2的基因表达水平,促进了肠道黏膜损伤的修复,有效地维持了肠道黏膜的完整性[38]。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)感染小鼠中每天给药2×108 CFU/20 g的LGG,促进了MUC2的分泌,进而改善肠道炎症损伤[39]。在脂多糖刺激鹅的饲粮中添加300 mg/kg的双歧杆菌,可促进MUC2的分泌,进而缓解回肠肠道损伤[40]。在沙门氏菌感染鸡每天口服0.2 mL的丁酸梭菌(106 CFU/mL),可增加肠道中MUC2的基因表达水平,进而减缓肠道损伤[41]。综上所述,微生态制剂植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、LGG、双歧杆菌和丁酸梭菌可提高肠道中杯状细胞的数量,促进MUC2的分泌,进而维持肠道健康。

3.4 矿物元素对肠道MUC2的调节作用

饲粮中添加矿物元素锌和纳米硒可以上调MUC2的基因表达,从而增强机体的肠道屏障功能。在雌性肉鸡的饲养中,饲粮补充30 mg/kg的锌可以通过增强MUC2的基因表达来促进肠道屏障功能[42]。在鸡肠道分离的隐窝细胞中添加50 μg/mL的纳米硒补充剂能够诱导MUC2基因表达的变化,对MUC2生物合成具有促进作用,从而有助于增强肠道屏障功能[43]。在肉鸡的饲粮中添加60 mg/kg的碱式氯化铜可以增加杯状细胞的数量,进而促进MUC2的分泌[44]。在沙门氏菌感染的小鼠饲粮中添加100 mg/kg的锰可以促进MUC2的分泌,进而增强肠道屏障功能[45]。锰缺乏或过量都导致草鱼肠道黏液屏障损伤,出现炎症反应[46]。过量铜(超过200 mg/kg)导致猪空肠和结肠内MUC2的基因表达下调,从而减少免疫球蛋白的分泌,进而增加肠道对食源性病原体黏附和入侵的易感性[47]。因此,在安全使用剂量范围内,饲粮中的矿物元素锌、锰和铜均可以有效上调MUC2的基因表达,维持肠道屏障功能;而过量使用则会造成肠道损伤,影响肠道健康。

4 小结与展望

肠道MUC2的主要功能在于形成黏液层,作为动物机体先天性免疫的第一道防线。黏液层在共生肠道微生物群的建立和保护免受病原微生物群的定植与入侵中起着关键作用。通过深入研究MUC2的调节机制及其营养调控,可以更好地揭示肠道健康的内在机制,从而为调节肠道疾病提供科学依据。然而,关于MUC2的营养调控和作用机制仍有许多未知之处,需要开展更深入的研究来阐明其与肠道疾病之间的关系,为治疗肠道疾病提供潜在的靶点,进而为解决肠道疾病寻找更为有效的策略。
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