1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验原料及饲粮组成
表1 玉米和豆粕营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of corn and soybean meal (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 玉米 Corn | 豆粕 Soybean meal |
|---|---|---|
| 干物质 DM | 88.00 | 91.26 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 8.52 | 44.49 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 2.34 | 7.42 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.50 | 2.22 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 9.45 | 15.75 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 2.22 | 8.61 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 1.40 | 6.11 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.35 | 18.05 |
| 必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids | ||
| 精氨酸 Arg | 0.43 | 3.13 |
| 组氨酸 His | 0.24 | 1.12 |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 0.29 | 2.00 |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 0.96 | 3.34 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.31 | 2.68 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.19 | 0.56 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 0.40 | 2.25 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.31 | 1.77 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 0.40 | 2.10 |
| 非必需氨基酸 Nonessential amino acids | ||
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 0.60 | 1.93 |
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 0.60 | 5.16 |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.18 | 0.62 |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 1.65 | 8.49 |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 0.34 | 1.89 |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 0.69 | 2.21 |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 0.40 | 2.28 |
| 总氨基酸 Total amino acids | 7.99 | 41.53 |
实测值 | |
Measured values。 |
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen-free diet | 玉米型饲粮 Corn diet | 豆粕型饲粮 Soybean meal diet | 玉米-豆粕型饲粮 Corn-soybean meal diet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米 Corn | 95.99 | 58.83 | ||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 45.87 | 35.31 | ||
| 玉米淀粉 Corn starch | 24.32 | |||
| 纤维素粉 Cellulose powder | 5.00 | |||
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 0.75 | |||
| 氯化钾 KCl | 0.30 | |||
| 碳酸钾 K2CO3 | 0.30 | |||
| 氧化镁 MgO | 0.10 | |||
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.20 | |||
| 葡萄糖 Glucose | 61.32 | 45.48 | ||
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 3.50 | 5.00 | 2.20 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.97 | 1.20 | 0.81 | 0.99 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.94 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.37 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 二氧化钛 TiO2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.34 | 13.25 | 12.20 | 12.34 |
| 干物质 DM | 91.80 | 89.79 | 92.57 | 91.59 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 0.20 | 7.99 | 20.33 | 21.73 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.43 | 3.58 | 5.94 | 5.69 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 4.26 | 2.16 | 3.49 | 4.09 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 1 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 16 IU,VK 2.0 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 6.4 mg,VB6 2.0 mg,VB12 0.012 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10.0 mg,尼克酰胺 nicotinamide 26.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,胆碱 choline 700 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate)8 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate)80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg。 2)代谢能为根据《鸭饲养标准》(T/CAAA 053—2020)[11]得到的计算值,其余为实测值。ME was calculated based on the Feeding Standard of Duck (T/CAAA 053—2020)[11], while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 化学分析
1.6 数据计算
1.7 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 全收粪-指示剂法与回肠食糜法测定鸭内源氨基酸损失的比较
表3 全收粪-指示剂法与回肠食糜法测定鸭内源氨基酸损失的比较Table 3 Comparison of endogenous losses of amino acids determined by total fecal collection-marker method and ileal digesta method in ducksg/kg DMI |
| 项目 Items | 全收粪-指示剂 Total fecal collection-marker method | 回肠食糜法 Ileal digesta method | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids | ||||
| 精氨酸 Arg | 1.10 | 2.09 | 0.574 | 0.17 |
| 组氨酸 His | 0.33 | 0.93 | 0.200 | 0.06 |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 0.91 | 1.67 | 0.401 | 0.14 |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 1.59 | 2.96 | 0.698 | 0.13 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.85 | 2.88 | 0.792 | 0.08 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.22 | 0.74 | 0.198 | 0.08 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 0.93 | 1.64 | 0.304 | 0.04 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 1.19 | 2.25 | 0.327 | 0.01 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 1.50 | 2.55 | 0.411 | 0.03 |
| 非必需氨基酸 Nonessential amino acids | ||||
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 1.21 | 2.14 | 0.486 | 0.14 |
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 1.87 | 3.57 | 0.812 | 0.12 |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 1.28 | 1.00 | 0.285 | 0.36 |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 2.57 | 5.19 | 1.250 | 0.12 |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 2.06 | 2.21 | 0.393 | 0.72 |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 1.80 | 2.14 | 0.420 | 0.43 |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 1.81 | 2.13 | 0.468 | 0.52 |
| 总氨基酸 Total amino acids | 21.22 | 36.09 | 6.451 | 0.04 |
2.2 全收粪-差量法、全收粪-指示剂法和回肠食糜法测定的鸭饲粮标准氨基酸消化率的比较
表4 3种方法测定的鸭饲粮标准氨基酸消化率的对比Table 4 Comparison of standardized digestibility of dietary amino acids determined by three methods in ducks% |
| 项目 Items | 玉米饲粮 Corn diet | SEM | P值 P-value | 豆粕饲粮 Soybean meal diet | SEM | P值 P-value | 玉米-豆粕饲粮 Corn-soybean meal diet | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全收粪- 差量法 Total fecal collection- difference method | 全收粪- 指示剂法 Total fecal collection- marker method | 回肠 食糜法 Ileal digesta method | 全收粪- 差量法 Total fecal collection- difference method | 全收粪- 指示剂法 Total fecal collection- marker method | 回肠 食糜法 Ileal digesta method | 全收粪- 差量法 Total fecal collection- difference method | 全收粪- 指示剂法 Total fecal collection- marker method | 回肠 食糜法 Ileal digesta method | |||||||
| 必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids | |||||||||||||||
| 精氨酸 Arg | 99.20 | 101.19 | 101.42 | 1.570 | 0.84 | 94.17 | 95.70 | 91.00 | 1.480 | 0.48 | 94.10 | 95.74 | 92.85 | 0.850 | 0.35 |
| 组氨酸 His | 95.36 | 96.24 | 99.66 | 0.947 | 0.17 | 90.23 | 91.60 | 85.66 | 1.593 | 0.33 | 89.72 | 91.37 | 89.27 | 0.904 | 0.55 |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 98.64 | 101.05 | 100.45 | 2.048 | 0.89 | 90.43 | 92.48 | 85.33 | 1.921 | 0.35 | 90.47 | 92.74 | 88.92 | 1.166 | 0.37 |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 98.72 | 100.00 | 99.66 | 1.051 | 0.89 | 89.93 | 92.02 | 86.07 | 1.864 | 0.48 | 91.47 | 93.42 | 90.93 | 0.948 | 0.49 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 90.90 | 93.03 | 102.84 | 2.197 | 0.06 | 85.20 | 87.19 | 81.44 | 2.298 | 0.64 | 87.85 | 89.89 | 85.36 | 1.468 | 0.42 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 96.25b | 97.21b | 101.30a | 0.893 | 0.04 | 89.58 | 91.53 | 90.29 | 2.083 | 0.93 | 91.40 | 93.15 | 92.00 | 1.282 | 0.82 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 97.17 | 99.09 | 98.94 | 1.696 | 0.89 | 89.97 | 91.83 | 86.04 | 1.654 | 0.40 | 90.61 | 92.59 | 89.41 | 1.002 | 0.38 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 92.45 | 95.03 | 95.95 | 2.580 | 0.87 | 87.81 | 90.56 | 82.34 | 2.433 | 0.43 | 87.47 | 90.51 | 84.07 | 1.399 | 0.12 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 98.00 | 100.48 | 98.01 | 2.461 | 0.91 | 88.13 | 91.01 | 82.93 | 2.412 | 0.44 | 88.95 | 91.96 | 88.55 | 1.482 | 0.17 |
| 非必需氨基酸 Nonessential amino acids | |||||||||||||||
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 96.34 | 97.84 | 99.37 | 1.370 | 0.71 | 86.28 | 89.01 | 85.13 | 2.020 | 0.76 | 88.26 | 90.83 | 89.39 | 1.052 | 0.53 |
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 96.47 | 98.73 | 99.67 | 1.895 | 0.81 | 89.45 | 91.14 | 79.76 | 2.146 | 0.07 | 89.49a | 91.55a | 83.48b | 1.206 | <0.01 |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 107.59 | 111.75 | 98.52 | 3.976 | 0.44 | 90.62 | 97.39 | 76.18 | 6.310 | 0.41 | 91.39 | 97.25 | 85.98 | 2.345 | 0.07 |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 98.07 | 99.20 | 100.18 | 0.922 | 0.69 | 91.37 | 92.80 | 84.18 | 1.886 | 0.16 | 92.32a | 93.85a | 89.19b | 0.844 | 0.03 |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 95.32 | 99.53 | 98.90 | 3.252 | 0.86 | 77.95 | 82.73 | 77.67 | 3.926 | 0.86 | 76.42 | 81.50 | 81.74 | 2.097 | 0.58 |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 99.60 | 101.38 | 97.70 | 1.652 | 0.71 | 91.61 | 94.71 | 84.95 | 2.789 | 0.40 | 92.39 | 95.07 | 89.87 | 1.123 | 0.13 |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 101.36 | 104.30 | 98.47 | 2.677 | 0.72 | 90.82 | 93.86 | 86.54 | 2.580 | 0.57 | 91.11 | 94.22 | 89.14 | 0.980 | 0.07 |
| 总氨基酸 Total amino acids | 97.69 | 99.59 | 99.47 | 1.591 | 0.88 | 89.48 | 91.71 | 84.03 | 2.057 | 0.34 | 90.15 | 92.46 | 88.04 | 1.032 | 0.17 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 全收粪-差量法、全收粪-指示剂法和回肠食糜法测定饲粮可消化氨基酸含量的可加性
表5 3种方法测定的鸭玉米-豆粕型饲粮可消化氨基酸含量的可加性Table 5 Additivity of digestible amino acids of corn-soybean meal diet determined by three methods in ducksg/kg |
| 项目 Items | 全收粪-差量法 Total fecal collection-difference method | SEM | P值 P-value | 全收粪-指示剂法 Total fecal collection-marker method | SEM | P值 P-value | 回肠食糜法 Ileal digesta method | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实测值 Determined values | 计算值 Calculated values | 绝对 差值 Absolute difference | 相对 偏差 Relative deviation/ % | 实测值 Determined values | 计算值 Calculated values | 绝对 差值 Absolute difference | 相对 偏差 Relative deviation/ % | 实测值 Determined values | 计算值 Calculated values | 绝对 差值 Absolute difference | 相对 偏差 Relative deviation/ % | |||||||
| 必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids | ||||||||||||||||||
| 精氨酸 Arg | 13.92 | 14.42 | 0.50 | 1.76 | 0.099 | <0.01 | 14.17 | 14.66 | 0.49 | 1.70 | 0.088 | <0.01 | 13.74 | 14.09 | 0.35 | 1.26 | 0.440 | 0.22 |
| 组氨酸 His | 5.38 | 5.47 | 0.09 | 0.83 | 0.038 | 0.06 | 5.48 | 5.54 | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.039 | 0.16 | 5.35 | 5.33 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.187 | 0.60 |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 8.50 | 8.96 | 0.46 | 2.63 | 0.083 | <0.01 | 8.71 | 9.17 | 0.46 | 2.57 | 0.072 | <0.01 | 8.36 | 8.59 | 0.23 | 1.36 | 0.371 | 0.23 |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 17.66 | 18.09 | 0.43 | 1.20 | 0.131 | 0.02 | 18.03 | 18.44 | 0.41 | 1.12 | 0.119 | 0.02 | 17.55 | 17.64 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.647 | 0.45 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 10.96 | 10.84 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.029 | 0.01 | 11.21 | 11.09 | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.053 | 0.07 | 10.65 | 10.68 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.625 | 0.57 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 3.14 | 3.18 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 0.021 | 0.12 | 3.20 | 3.23 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.023 | 0.28 | 3.16 | 3.26 | 0.10 | 1.56 | 0.160 | 0.29 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 10.30 | 10.54 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.069 | 0.02 | 10.52 | 10.76 | 0.24 | 1.13 | 0.064 | 0.02 | 10.16 | 10.24 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.387 | 0.45 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 7.82 | 8.02 | 0.20 | 1.26 | 0.077 | 0.05 | 8.09 | 8.26 | 0.17 | 1.04 | 0.048 | 0.01 | 7.51 | 7.71 | 0.20 | 1.31 | 0.398 | 0.30 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 9.65 | 9.89 | 0.24 | 1.23 | 0.119 | 0.10 | 9.98 | 10.19 | 0.21 | 1.04 | 0.095 | 0.07 | 9.28 | 9.45 | 0.17 | 0.91 | 0.490 | 0.39 |
| 非必需氨基酸 Nonessential amino acids | ||||||||||||||||||
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 10.22 | 10.38 | 0.16 | 0.78 | 0.080 | 0.01 | 10.51 | 10.65 | 0.14 | 0.66 | 0.676 | 0.10 | 10.35 | 10.41 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.437 | 0.47 |
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 21.70 | 22.00 | 0.30 | 0.69 | 0.141 | 0.09 | 22.20 | 22.44 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.076 | 0.02 | 20.24 | 20.16 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.713 | 0.53 |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 3.45 | 3.48 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.115 | 0.77 | 3.67 | 3.69 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.099 | 0.84 | 3.24 | 3.02 | 0.22 | 3.51 | 0.163 | 0.55 |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 40.50 | 41.19 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.172 | 0.01 | 41.17 | 41.79 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.105 | <0.01 | 39.13 | 39.00 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 1.096 | 0.53 |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 7.33 | 7.92 | 0.59 | 3.87 | 0.387 | 0.19 | 7.81 | 8.37 | 0.56 | 3.46 | 0.370 | 0.19 | 7.84 | 7.97 | 0.13 | 0.82 | 0.403 | 0.34 |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 12.09 | 12.48 | 0.39 | 1.59 | 0.154 | 0.06 | 12.45 | 12.83 | 0.38 | 1.50 | 0.123 | 0.03 | 11.76 | 11.81 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.378 | 0.47 |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 10.52 | 10.88 | 0.36 | 1.68 | 0.156 | 0.07 | 10.88 | 11.23 | 0.35 | 1.58 | 0.119 | 0.03 | 10.29 | 10.41 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 0.304 | 0.28 |
| 总氨基酸 Total amino acids | 193.14 | 197.74 | 4.60 | 1.18 | 1.464 | 0.03 | 198.08 | 202.34 | 4.26 | 1.06 | 1.140 | 0.01 | 188.61 | 189.77 | 1.16 | 0.31 | 7.169 | 0.43 |

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