研究论文

高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、血清脂质指标及肉品质的影响

  • 闫慧慧 , 1 ,
  • 王宝维 , 1, * ,
  • 凡文磊 2 ,
  • 张名爱 2 ,
  • 宋佳雪 1 ,
  • 王秉翰 3 ,
  • 代林 1 ,
  • 谭绍兴 2 ,
  • 白储宁 2 ,
  • 李克鑫 4 ,
  • 宋永杰 4
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  • 1 青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,青岛 266109
  • 2 青岛农业大学动物科技学院,青岛 266109
  • 3 青岛慧和生物科技有限公司;青岛 266109
  • 4 山东鑫谷健康产业有限公司,滨州 251700
* 王宝维,教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

闫慧慧(1999—),女,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2024-07-15

  网络出版日期: 2025-01-10

基金资助

2022年度山东省重点研发计划(2022LZGC014)

2023山东省重点研发计划(2023TZXD042)

国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-42-14)

Effects of Clostridium butyricum and Its Postbiotics with High-Load Selenium on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Serum Lipid Indices and Meat Quality of Meat Ducks

  • YAN Huihui , 1 ,
  • WANG Baowei , 1, * ,
  • FAN Wenlei 2 ,
  • ZHANG Ming’ai 2 ,
  • SONG Jiaxue 1 ,
  • WANG Binghan 3 ,
  • DAI Lin 1 ,
  • TAN Shaoxing 2 ,
  • BAI Chuning 2 ,
  • LI Kexin 4 ,
  • SONG Yongjie 4
Expand
  • 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 3 Qingdao Huihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
  • 4 Shandong Xingu Health Industry Co., Ltd., Binzhou 251700, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-15

  Online published: 2025-01-10

摘要

本试验旨在研究高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、血清脂质指标及肉品质的影响。选择体重相近的1日龄健康北京鸭(公)180只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌发酵液(CB组)、高负载硒丁酸梭菌菌体(SCBC组)、高负载硒丁酸梭菌后生元(SCBP组)和高负载硒丁酸梭菌发酵液(SCB组),添加量均为0.3%。试验期为42 d。 结果表明: 1)与对照组相比,SCBC组、SCBP组和SCB组21~42日龄、1~42日龄平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SCBC组、SCBP组和SCB组屠宰率显著升高(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCBP组全净膛率显著升高(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌率显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,各试验组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCB组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高(P<0.05),各试验组血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,各试验组胸肌亮度(L*)值显著降低(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCBP组胸肌红度(a*)值显著升高(P<0.05),SCBP组胸肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。5)与对照组相比,SCBP组腿肌L*值显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组腿肌黄度(b*)值显著降低(P<0.05),SCBP组和SCB组腿肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可提高肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能,改善肉品质,增强抗氧化能力,其效果优于普通丁酸梭菌。

本文引用格式

闫慧慧 , 王宝维 , 凡文磊 , 张名爱 , 宋佳雪 , 王秉翰 , 代林 , 谭绍兴 , 白储宁 , 李克鑫 , 宋永杰 . 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、血清脂质指标及肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(1) : 355 -364 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.031

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum lipid indices and meat quality of meat ducks. One hundred and eighty healthy 1-day-old Pekin ducks (males) with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 ducks per replicate. Ducks in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with Clostridium butyricum fermentation broth (CB group), high-load selenium Clostridium butyricum cell (SCBC group), high-load selenium Clostridium butyricum postbiotics (SCBP group) and high-load selenium Clostridium butyricum fermentation broth (SCB group), and the addition amount was 0.3%. The experimental period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio during 21 to 42 days of age and 1 to 42 days of age of SCBC, SCBP and SCB groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the dressed percentage of SCBC, SCBP and SCB groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), the eviscerated rate of SCBC and SCBP groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the breast muscle rate of experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of SCBC and SCB groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-SOD) activity of experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the breast muscle brightness (L*) value of experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the breast muscle redness (a*) value of SCBC and SCBP groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the breast muscle cooking loss of SCBP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the leg muscle L* value of SCBP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the leg muscle yellowness (b*) value of experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the leg muscle cooking loss of SCBP and SCB groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium can improve the growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and antioxidant ability of meat ducks, and their effects are better than those of ordinary Clostridium butyricum.

丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)在肠道代谢过程中可以促进一些短链脂肪酸以及维生素的产生,这些营养物质会对机体发挥积极作用[1]。丁酸梭菌能显著提高禽类生长性能,改善肠道形态,提高肠道免疫力,有效预防肠炎的发生[2]。丁酸梭菌可改善肠道菌群结构,激活有益菌群的生长繁殖并阻止有害菌和腐败菌的滋生,其后生元同样具有生物活性[3]。因此,驯化出载硒丁酸梭菌,对提高畜禽健康具有重要意义。硒在保持机体健康、促进生长和免疫系统正常运转方面发挥着十分重要的作用[4]。研究发现,将适量的硒添加在饲粮中既能促进动物生长,又能改善动物肉品质[5]。研究发现,丁酸梭菌可以负载金属离子[6]。Lp等[7]和Alimohamady等[8]研究发现,富硒菌株可以通过生物转化把无机硒转变成有机硒,且吸收效果好,毒性也低,兼具硒和益生菌的双重功效。因此,丁酸梭菌负载硒具有更高的利用价值[9]。张晓妍等[10]研究发现,经过高温或肠胃消化液处理的后生元,仍具有高度功能活性,且后生元具有抗饲料制粒加工高温的功能[11]。随着家禽养殖抗生素使用量日渐提高,耐药性及环境污染已对人类健康造成了潜在威胁,开发新型抗生素替代品受到了行业普遍关注。目前,关于高负载硒丁酸梭菌驯化选育与生物学效应研究刚刚起步,其后生元效果与机制研究报道还很少。因此,本试验通过研究驯化选育的高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、血清脂质指标及肉品质的影响,旨在为研发新型保健后生元产品提供技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

高负载硒丁酸梭菌(经过硒离子驯化的保藏号为CGMCC No.30181的高负载硒丁酸梭菌,活菌数1×109 CFU/mL)由国家水禽产业技术体系青岛农业大学优质水禽研究所提供,该菌种经生物富集作用逐步提高菌体硒离子含量和耐受力,多次传代驯化后获得,硒含量为21.30 μg/L。

1.2 试验设计

动物试验由青岛农业大学动物科技学院批准,审批编号为:DKY20230603。
选择健康、体重[(60±2) g]相近的1日龄雄性北京鸭180只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸭。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌发酵液(CB组)、高负载硒丁酸梭菌菌体(SCBC组)、高负载硒丁酸梭菌后生元(SCBP组)和高负载硒丁酸梭菌发酵液(SCB组),添加量参照邹函峪等[12]研究结果,均为0.3%。试验期为42 d。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 63.04
豆粕Soybean meal 24.94
豆油Soybean oil 5.00
菊花梗粉Chrysanthemum stem powder 3.24
石粉Limestone 1.23
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.59
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.17
赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.06
色氨酸Try 0.01
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.10
微量元素预混料Trace element premix2) 0.15
食盐NaCl 0.30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.07
防霉剂Fungicide 0.10
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 13.03
粗蛋白质CP 16.69
粗纤维CF 4.00
粗脂肪EE 8.20
钙Ca 1.02
总磷TP 0.60
蛋氨酸Met 0.42
赖氨酸Lys 0.98
苏氨酸Thr 0.63
色氨酸Trp 0.22

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 7 mg,VB12 0.3 mg,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 20 mg,VK3 3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg。

2)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The trace element premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu 9 mg,Zn 110 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 100 mg,I 0.6 mg。

3)粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪为实测值;其余为计算值,参照NY/T 2122—2012。CP, CF and EE were measured values; while the others were calculated values, referred to NY/T 2122—2012.

1.3 饲养管理

试验前对饲养环境及饲养设备进行清洗消毒,试验肉鸭采用舍饲网床饲养,粉料饲喂,自由采食和饮水。采光方式为自然与人工相结合,育雏前期舍内温度保持在27~31 ℃,育雏后期舍内温度保持在18~21 ℃,1~7日龄24 h光照,8日龄开始23 h光照,环境相对湿度为55%~65%。

1.4 样品采集与指标测定

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018[13]进行测定,粗纤维含量参照GB/T 6434—2006[14]进行测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006[15]进行测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

在肉鸭1、21、42日龄时,对每个重复的肉鸭禁食12 h后称重,饲养期间记录每日耗料量,分别计算试验前期(1~21日龄)、后期(21~42日龄)及全期(1~42日龄)的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

肉鸭42日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只肉鸭进行解剖取样,屠宰性能指标按照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)进行测定。

1.4.4 血清脂质指标

试验结束后,收集颈部静脉血10 mL于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)管中,1 581×g离心20 min,收集上层血清,于-40 ℃存放。
测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量,试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所,测定仪器为酶标仪(INFINITE-200 PRO)。

1.4.5 血清抗氧化指标

测定血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所,测定仪器为酶标仪(INFINITE-200 PRO)。

1.4.6 胸肌和腿肌肉品质

剔取肉鸭同侧胸肌和腿肌,选取中间3个部位用pH计测定鲜肉pH,结果取平均值。
同块胸肌和腿肌用精密色差仪测定红度(a*)、黄度(b*)和亮度(L*)值,测量3次,结果取平均值。
手术刀剪取3 cm×1 cm×1 cm胸肌和腿肌肉样,称重(m1),放于保鲜袋中垂直悬挂于4 ℃冰箱24 h,取出轻拭去除表面水分称重(m2),计算滴水损失:
滴水损失(%)=100×(m1-m2)/m1
手术刀剪取2 cm×2 cm×4 cm胸肌和腿肌肉样,放入密闭的保鲜袋内,4 ℃冷藏24 h后,肉样温度到达室温后称重(m3),装袋放入80 ℃恒温水浴锅中,测得中心温度70 ℃时,计时20 min,擦干称重(m4),计算蒸煮损失:
蒸煮损失(%)=100×(m3-m4)/m3

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 28.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏多重比较法对分析结果进行显著性检验,P<0.05表示具有显著差异,试验数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能的影响

表2可知,与对照组相比,SCBC组、SCBP组和SCB组21~42日龄、1~42日龄平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05),各组之间1~42日龄、21~42日龄、1~42日龄平均日增重无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及后生元均可以提高肉鸭饲料利用率,其效果优于普通丁酸梭菌。
表2 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on growth performance of meat ducks

项目
Items
日龄
Days of age
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)
1~21 86.67 83.41 85.00 80.19 83.52 3.83 0.966
21~42 89.57 87.01 85.14 86.29 85.27 2.50 0.992
1~42 84.03 82.35 85.44 86.64 87.83 1.33 0.779
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)
1~21 204.84 188.45 183.46 176.07 181.81 4.99 0.480
21~42 236.62a 227.6ab 205.09bc 198.2c 203.77bc 5.16 0.039
1~42 214.83a 203.82a 197.67b 194.71b 200.57b 2.39 0.041
料重比
F/G
1~21 2.37 2.27 2.17 2.20 2.18 0.04 0.420
21~42 2.65a 2.63a 2.41b 2.39b 2.30b 0.05 0.016
1~42 2.57a 2.49a 2.31b 2.29b 2.25b 0.04 0.013

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭屠宰性能的影响

表3可知,与对照组相比,SCBC组、SCBP组和SCB组屠宰率显著升高(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCBP组全净膛率显著升高(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌率显著升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可以提高肉鸭屠宰性能,其效果均优于普通丁酸梭菌。
表3 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on slaughter performance of meat ducks %

项目
Items
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
屠宰率Dressed percentage 84.32b 86.02b 87.86a 87.87a 87.14a 0.43 0.014
半净膛率Semi-eviscerated rate 78.97 79.70 81.25 81.18 79.98 0.33 0.120
全净膛率Eviscerated rate 73.47b 74.04ab 75.56a 76.54a 75.04ab 0.42 0.019
胸肌率Breast muscle rate 8.16b 10.12a 10.42a 11.38a 10.69a 0.28 0.002
腿肌率Leg muscle rate 11.24 11.84 11.89 11.81 11.91 0.21 0.857
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate 0.65 0.61 0.65 0.73 0.66 0.05 0.984
皮脂率Sebum rate 15.10 15.83 17.20 15.67 16.87 0.40 0.478

2.3 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清脂质指标的影响

表4可知,各组之间血清LDL-C、HDL-C、TC和TG含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭脂质代谢无显著影响。
表4 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清脂质指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on serum lipid indices of meat ducks mmol/L

项目
Items
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C 4.42 4.89 4.69 4.49 4.41 0.20 0.945
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C 4.82 6.40 4.55 5.97 6.01 0.26 0.084
总胆固醇TC 13.52 11.62 12.38 12.44 12.18 1.05 0.811
甘油三酯TG 0.80 1.36 1.24 1.26 1.02 0.07 0.088

2.4 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响

表5可知,与对照组相比,各试验组血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCB组血清GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05),各试验组血清T-SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可以提高肉鸭抗氧化能力,其效果均优于普通丁酸梭菌。
表5 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on serum antioxidant indices of meat ducks

项目
Items
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 0.83 1.09 1.18 1.36 1.28 0.07 0.085
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) 0.40 0.41 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.02 0.527
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 2.81a 1.91b 1.57b 1.89b 1.90b 0.12 0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 326.93c 367.73bc 420.68abc 469.89ab 480.91a 14.06 0.026
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 125.00d 169.97ab 144.27c 152.35bc 175.71a 2.54 0.001

2.5 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭胸肌肉品质的影响

表6可知,与对照组相比,各试验组胸肌L*值显著降低(P<0.05),SCBC组和SCBP组胸肌a*值显著升高(P<0.05),SCBP组胸肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可以提高肉鸭胸肌a*值并降低L*值,提高肉鸭胸肌保水能力。
表6 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭胸肌肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on breast muscle quality of meat ducks

项目
Items
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
pH 6.36 6.39 6.38 6.24 6.37 0.30 0.539
亮度L* 35.17a 32.26b 31.43b 30.62b 30.08b 0.44 0.001
红度a* 8.11b 7.72b 9.62a 9.45a 8.43ab 0.20 0.003
黄度b* 7.61 7.38 6.62 6.92 6.85 0.16 0.279
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% 25.98a 23.40ab 25.39a 18.63b 19.99ab 0.89 0.020
滴水损失Drip loss/% 2.24 2.26 1.97 1.89 2.10 0.13 0.872

2.6 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭腿肌肉品质的影响

表7可知,与对照组相比,SCBP组腿肌L*值显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组腿肌b*值显著降低(P<0.05),SCBP组和SCB组腿肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可以降低腿肌b*值,提高肉鸭肌肉保水能力。
表7 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭腿肌肉品质的影响

Table 7 Effects of Clostridium butyricum and its postbiotics with high-load selenium on leg muscle quality of meat ducks

项目
Items
组别Groups SEM P
P-value
对照Control CB SCBC SCBP SCB
pH 6.51 6.52 6.49 6.52 6.35 0.05 0.981
亮度L* 32.57b 32.95b 29.69bc 27.68c 31.87ab 0.59 <0.001
红度a* 6.67 6.39 7.25 7.20 7.14 0.56 0.839
黄度b* 6.98a 6.16b 6.10b 5.86b 5.94b 0.26 0.048
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% 26.4a 25.91ab 22.15abc 17.46c 20.40bc 1.62 <0.001
滴水损失Drip loss/% 2.78 2.65 2.51 1.85 2.41 0.37 0.686
综上所述,在改善鸭胸肌和腿肌肉品质方面,高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元比普通丁酸梭菌效果更好。

3 讨论

3.1 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭生长性能的影响

平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比是畜禽生产中的重要指标,丁酸梭菌通过产生多种类型消化酶,如可以产生动物生长发育需要的淀粉酶和纤维素酶等重要酶系[16],从而提高饲料利用率。吴欣苡等[17]研究发现,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌使鸡的平均日采食量下降。研究表明,硒与肉鸡的生长发育过程密切相关,不仅能加快肉鸡生长速度,还能提高平均日增重和饲料转化率[18-19]。彭轶楠等[20]指出,在饲粮中添加富硒微生态制剂可有效改善肉鸡生长性能。灭活后的枯草芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌产物能提高肉鸡饲料转化率[11]。本试验表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌可降低生长后期及全期肉鸭平均日采食量和料重比,这可能与肉鸭丁酸梭菌产生的多种类消化酶相关,同时益生菌的存在会改变肠道pH,从而改变微生物菌群和营养吸收[21]。本试验结果表明,添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元组的生长性能优于添加普通丁酸梭菌组,这表明高负载硒丁酸梭菌较普通丁酸梭菌对肉鸭的生长性能具有更好的效果。

3.2 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭屠宰性能的影响

丁酸梭菌产生的丁酸可参与调解脂肪代谢,通过脂肪酶的分解和转化体内多余脂肪并抑制脂肪合成,降低脂肪沉积。邹函峪等[12]研究表明,在饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可改善肉鸭屠宰性能。研究表明,丁酸梭菌可提高肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率和半净膛率,同时显著降低腹脂率[22-23]。李建柱等[24]研究表明,饲粮中添加亚硒酸钠可显著提高淮南麻鸭屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率。彭轶楠等[20]研究表明,饲粮中添加富硒微生态制剂提高了肉鸡全净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率。研究表明,饲粮中添加益生元对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能有积极影响[25]。本试验条件下,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元可提高肉鸭屠宰率、全净膛率以及胸肌率,表明高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元可以有效提高肉鸭屠宰性能。

3.3 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清脂质指标的影响

丁酸对脂肪具有抑制作用,作为脂解的组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂,通过影响宿主能量供应和促进脂肪氧化来改善新陈代谢、调控脂肪等组织的生理功能[26]。马嘉月等[27]研究表明,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌复合益生菌制剂可显著提高血清总蛋白含量,降低血清胆固醇含量。章岳军等[28]研究发现,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌对肉鸡血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白含量均无显著影响。这与本研究结果一致,饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及后生元对肉鸭脂质代谢无显著影响。

3.4 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响

王思梦等[29]研究表明,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌可提高爱拨益加肉鸡血清T-SOD活性,降低血清MDA含量。Jing等[30]研究表明,饲粮中添加有机硒可提高肉鸡血清GSH-Px和T-SOD活性,同时降低血清MDA含量。硒是GSH-Px的活性中心,机体可以借助此酶的抗氧化作用来消除自由基对机体的损害,而MDA是反映机体细胞过氧化程度的指标。吕鑫等[31]研究指出,饲粮中添加硒代氨基酸可以提高樱桃谷鸭精液质量,显著降低血清MDA含量,显著提高血清GSH-Px活性,提高抗氧化能力。姜毅峰[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.4 mg/kg有机硒能够增加肌肉T-AOC及T-SOD和GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量。研究表明,热应激下补充0.6%后生元可提高肉鸡抗氧化酶活性[33]。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组血清MDA含量均显著降低,SCBC组和SCB组血清GSH-Px活性显著升高,各试验组血清T-SOD活性均显著升高,这与前人试验结果相同,说明饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元可提高肉鸭抗氧化能力,这可能是由于硒和丁酸梭菌同时发挥作用,增强了抗氧化能力。

3.5 高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元对肉鸭肉品质的影响

Liu等[34]在饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌,发现丁酸梭菌能显著提高北京鸭胸肌a*值,降低胸肌L*值、剪切力和蒸煮损失。凌锡贤[18]研究表明,饲粮中添加有机硒可改善白羽鸡肉色,降低蒸煮损失和滴水损失,这与Bami等[35]的研究结果一致。申文雪等[36]研究表明,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌可改善肉鸡腿肌肉品质,显著提高a*值,显著降低L*值、蒸煮损失、滴水损失。本试验表明,与对照组相比,各试验组胸肌L*值和腿肌b*值显著降低,SCBP组胸肌和腿肌蒸煮损失显著降低。这与前人研究结果一致,说明饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及后生元能改善鸭肉品质,且效果均优于普通丁酸梭菌。

4 结论

饲粮中添加高负载硒丁酸梭菌及其后生元均可提高肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能,改善肉品质,增强抗氧化能力,其效果优于普通丁酸梭菌。
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