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补饲对放牧家畜生产力的作用

  • 谢凯丽 ,
  • 侯扶江 , *
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  • 兰州大学草地农业科技学院,草种创新与草地农业生态系统全国重点实验室,农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室,兰州 730020
* 侯扶江,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

谢凯丽(1993—),女,甘肃天水人,博士研究生,从事反刍家畜放牧管理研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2024-06-25

  网络出版日期: 2025-01-10

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20242)

国家自然科学基金国际合作项目(32161143028)

Effects of Supplementary Feeding on Productivity of Grazing Livestock

  • XIE Kaili ,
  • HOU Fujiang , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Grass and Animal Husbandry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-06-25

  Online published: 2025-01-10

摘要

近20多年来,我国在草原牧区实施了退耕还林还草、退牧还草、草原生态保护补助奖励机制以及国家公园体制试点等一系列重大生态工程。草原管理从自由放牧向禁牧、休牧或轮牧转变,牧场生产从单一放牧向放牧+补饲,甚至舍饲转变,以实现草畜供求平衡。牧区发展以放牧家畜的补饲为特征的农牧系统耦合,是我国牧区历史上最广泛、最深刻的生产方式变革,草原由生产优先向生态优先转变,符合世界农业系统的演化趋势。本文综述了补饲对放牧家畜的作用,其能减轻家畜对草原的放牧压力,促进退化草原的生态恢复,故补饲放牧家畜成为我国乃至全球牧场的重要管理模式。

本文引用格式

谢凯丽 , 侯扶江 . 补饲对放牧家畜生产力的作用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(1) : 36 -47 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.004

Abstract

In the past 20 years, China has implemented a series of major ecological projects in grassland pastoral areas, such as returning farmland to forest and grassland, returning grazing land to grassland, grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward mechanism, and national park system pilot. Grassland management has changed from free grazing to banned grazing, resting grazing or rotational grazing, and pasture production has changed from single grazing to grazing+supplementary feeding, and even house feeding, so as to achieve a balance between supply and demand of grass and livestock. The development of the coupling of agricultural and pastoral area systems, characterized by supplementary feeding of grazing livestock, represents the most extensive and profound transformation of production mode in the history of pastoral areas in China. The transformation of grassland from production priority to ecological priority aligns with the global trend in agricultural system evolution. This paper reviewed the effects of supplementary feeding on grazing animals, which can reduce the grazing pressure of livestock on grassland and promote the ecological restoration of degraded grassland. Therefore, supplementary feeding has become an important management model for grazing livestock in China and even worldwide.

草原是全球也是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统[1],草畜互作是草原发生与发展的基本驱动力之一[2-3]。放牧管理全球1/2以上的陆地面积,是投入低、产投比高的草原生产方式[1,4]。一年中,草原牧草的产量和品质随降水或热量的季节动态变化具有节律性,存在明显的峰值和谷值,导致放牧家畜的需求波动相对较大,如典型草原,春季(1—4月)和冬季(9—12月)牧草供给量低于家畜需求量,牧草处于“亏”状态,而夏季和秋季(4—9月)牧草供给量高于家畜需求量,牧草处于“赢”状态(图1)。除此之外,在冷季或旱季,草原牧草供给满足不了家畜的能量和营养需求,家畜过度放牧仍不饱食,因此,草畜供需季节不平衡是草原生态系统的根本矛盾[2,5-7]。放牧家畜主要通过采食、践踏和排泄物作用于草原,草畜互作强度高于野生草食动物[8],是维持草原生物多样性和多功能性的主要驱动力[9]。在全球范围内,牧场主要通过优化草原的放牧管理和补饲放牧家畜以平衡草畜供求[7,10]。然而,补饲不仅可能直接改变家畜的放牧行为和生产性能、草原放牧压力、牧场物质和能量的输入/输出以及牧场经济效益,还可能间接改变草原生态系统中土(非生物环境等)-草-畜-人(牧户、社会等)以及牧场生产-生态-社会经济(牧场、牧区、市场等)的反馈机制(图2),因此家畜在补饲引发的生态系统效应中起着“启动子”和“放大器”的作用。目前,世界草原以粗放的放牧为主,一些发达地区饲草生产与家畜生产通过补饲推动农牧系统耦合形成集约化的放牧系统[11]。因此,补饲能够以放牧为基础,有目的地调控草畜供求平衡,维持草原生态系统的结构与功能。
图1 草-畜供需季节不平衡

Fig.1 Seasonal imbalance between supply and demand of forage-livestock

图2 补饲调控土-草-畜-人反馈的机制

↑:提高 increase;↓:降低 decrease。

Fig.2 Mechanism of regulating soil-forage-livestock-human feedback in supplementary feeding

1 补饲的概念与内涵

补饲,即为家畜提供额外的食物,调控草畜供需关系,改进草地农业生态系统的结构与功能,其核心是提高牧场生态生产力。草地农业生态系统是补饲的基本生产单元,一般是一个牧场、农场或林场,也有渔场等,是面积最小、要素最少、结构最简单的草地农业生态系统,也统称为牧场。补饲的直接对象为草食畜、禽及水产等,也有野生动物或驯化动物。本质上,补饲是通过饲草和家畜从生态系统外部向草原“添加”物质与能量,引导生产和生活资料、草畜产品等在牧场内部、牧场与社会之间有序地流动,同时,补饲改变家畜放牧行为、消化代谢和繁殖性能等,对草地农业生态系统结构与功能起着“四两拨千斤”的作用,其中家畜是物质和能量的“载体”,在草地农业生态系统中起“搬运工”的作用。

2 补饲的目的与意义

草原牧草供给不能满足放牧家畜的能量和营养需求,是牧场的根本矛盾之一,处置不当易导致超载过牧,这是草原退化的重要原因之一。补饲放牧家畜是各国解决这一矛盾的主要措施,然而,历史上世界草原退化与补饲同步发生与发展。近20多年来,我国实施了一系列重大草原生态工程,以调控草畜供求平衡,协调牧场生产与生态可持续发展。传统认为,补饲能够减轻家畜对草原的放牧压力,促进退化草原的生态恢复,成为我国和全球牧场的重要管理模式。补饲的研究多以案例描述为主,也有少量以牧户调查为基础的半定量研究。同时,也缺乏牧场尺度的放牧+补饲试验,较少涉及补饲的生态系统效应,及其对生态区的辐射效应。草原生态系统脆弱,对物质和能量输入/输出、经济投入/支出响应敏感,补饲对生态系统的作用阈值、筛选敏感指标是补饲的基础。然而,补饲也可能通过草原生态系统生产力-生态环境-社会经济管理反馈机制而加速草原退化。因此,阐明补饲的生产、生态环境、社会经济效应及其反馈机制,是全球草原可持续管理亟待解决的重大科学命题。

3 补饲的分类

3.1 补饲技术

3.1.1 直接补饲

放牧家畜的直接补饲方式主要是就地补饲和归圈补饲2种。就地补饲可以管理放牧地,除了节省家畜奔走的体能消耗[12],还通过设置就地补饲区域改变家畜在牧场的活动空间和放牧压力,避免局部放牧过度,实现无设施的划区轮牧[13];或通过增强放牧控制施肥效应和补播效应[14],为人工补播创造基况[15]。在放牧地修建食槽,将混合精料就地补饲,能节省家畜来回奔走而消耗的体能。归圈补饲的作用是通过补饲精料加快家畜生长发育速度,或由于草地营养分布不均衡导致放牧家畜微量元素摄取不足,通过在圈舍放置添砖以补充微量元素[16]。但归圈补饲将放牧家畜的排泄物搬运至畜圈,减少了向草原输入的物质和能量,导致草原能量供给不平衡。

3.1.2 间接补饲

间接补饲是依据草地、家畜及家畜的放牧管理方式等需求,通过补饲家畜向生态系统“添加”物质和能量,直接改变家畜的放牧行为、牧户的生活和生产结构,间接地影响生态系统内部的物流和能流、环境-草-畜-人互作以及牧场与社会的物质能量交换,对放牧家畜牧场生态系统结构与功能起着撬动和放大作用。动物消化道是植物种子实现远距离传播的重要方式,补饲可以通过给家畜投喂一些种子,实现草地以外种子输入草地的目的,从而改变草地群落结构[17]。补饲发酵酸奶能够提高有益菌属的相对丰度和降低潜在致病菌的相对丰度以及沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌数量,从而提高粪便的健康状况以作为肥料有效改良天然草地退化改善草地生态环境[18]。通过补饲还可改变家畜觅食运动轨迹,缓解草地斑块化分布[19]。利用补饲+限时放牧替代家畜全天放牧制度,能够提高家畜生产和植物补偿性生长,改善草原生态管理和提高牧户收入[20]

3.2 补饲对象

放牧家畜补饲不仅需要依据家畜的生长性能、免疫性能、生长发育、瘤胃发酵、甲烷(CH4)排放、排泄物管理以及畜产品交易等目的调整补饲原料,以满足动物生产层和后动物生产层的需求,还应考虑植物生产层的草地载畜压力、生态系统健康、物种多样性、牧草品质、草地CH4排放、物质能量的输入输出等,以及后植物生产层所包含的土壤理化性质和微生物、大气、水、热以及社会、市场服务等问题(图3)。
图3 补饲对草地农业生态系统结构与功能的作用

CH4:甲烷 methane;CO2:二氧化碳 carbon dioxide;GHG:温室气体 green house gas。

Fig.3 Effects of supplementary feeding on structure and function of grassland agro-ecosystem

3.3 补饲原料

家畜补饲的原料主要以饲喂精料、精料+粗料、植物添加剂、微生物制剂、种子、微量元素、青贮饲料以及功能性乡土草等类型为主。传统的补饲主要以提高家畜生产力为主,例如,妊娠期补饲可以提高白绒山羊母羊和羔羊的日增重和改善肉绒品质[21];蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛补饲苜蓿干草能够改善瘤胃发酵,对胃肠道发育无不良影响[22]。青贮饲料分别补饲放牧和舍饲欧拉型藏羊均提高日增重和改善肉品质[23]。然而,现在选择补饲原料的目的不仅是以生产为目的,还需涉及家畜免疫力和瘤胃健康,以及缓解草地压力和维持草地生态系统稳定。补饲复合微量元素能够提高放牧绵羊的日增重和消化率[24]。冷季补饲复合营养调控剂可促使放牧绵羊日增重提高5.74%~26.32%,净肉率和胴体率提高10.42%~49.74%;同时,补饲还可改善嫩度风味和营养价值[25-26]。补饲功能性乡土草麻花艽能够提高西门塔尔牛血清抗氧化能力[27]。放牧家畜补饲种子,可以通过家畜胃肠道特殊的环境促进种子萌发,间接对草地进行补饲,提高草地物种多样性[17]。因此,补饲的原料类别需根据家畜的种类、需求以及调控草地生态系统为主。

4 补饲对家畜的影响

4.1 补饲对家畜放牧行为的影响

补饲改变了家畜的身体状况和采食需求,进而影响家畜的放牧行为。在意大利黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)牧场,补饲精料越多,母牛采食时间越短[28]。在巴西草原,按体重的0.3%~0.6%补饲可以提高公牛的营养转化效率[29]。在喀麦隆象草(Pennisetum purpureum)草原,补饲精料能够减少奶牛的采食量和采食时间[30]。在意大利高山牧场,补饲精料影响西门塔尔牛的选择性采食、反刍和游走时间[31]。在波兰喀尔巴阡山牧场,冬季补饲改变了马鹿的空间分布[32]。补饲辣椒碱能够刺激肉羊的食欲,提高其的采食行为及采食量[33]。在草地上,直接补饲改变了家畜的运动轨迹,且移动草地上的补饲地点,能够促使家畜排泄的粪便在草地分布的更均匀,以达到对草地均匀施肥的效果[34]

4.2 补饲对家畜消化代谢的影响

补饲的直接目的是促进家畜消化代谢,以提高其的生产力。冷季补饲精料能够提高牦牛的干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消化率[35],促进早期断奶牦牛的生长和胃肠道发育[36]。暖季补饲能够提高牦牛的干物质消化率[37],减少肠道CH4排放[38]。冷季补饲燕麦干草可以提高藏羊瘤胃细菌的物种丰富度和多样性[39],降低藏羊羔瘤胃细菌的丰富度,但不影响瘤胃门水平优势菌群的相对丰度[40],同时提高藏羊的能量、蛋白质和微量元素采食量以及消化酶活性和表观消化率[41],促进放牧羔羊的瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物对饲粮氮源的利用[42]。在冬春季,补饲能量和蛋白质混合饲粮可以改善甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊的瘤胃发酵和微生物数量[43]。在干旱牧场,补饲精料使家畜的健康状况不会恶化,但补饲高浓度精料对绵羊和山羊的效果有所不同[44]。放牧羔羊的干物质采食量(DMI)和干物质消化率随棕榈仁粕补饲水平的提高而降低,但其平均日增重和胴体性能不受影响[45]。饲粮中补饲棕榈籽可以提高水牛粗蛋白质消化率和产奶量[46]。补饲198.4 g/kg DMI的棕榈籽可提高放牧水牛补饲粗蛋白质消化率和产奶量,对营养摄入无不利影响[47]。补饲玉米或大麦可以提高放牧奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成和营养物质消化率[48]。在奶牛饲粮中补饲硝酸盐能够提高瘤胃纤维的降解,抑制CH4排放[49]。有机农场降低饲粮粗精比,产奶量提高5%或10%时可减少温室气体排放[50]。因此,补饲可以改善高精料育肥模式或放牧压力过大草料不足时家畜的生长性能,提高营养物质表观消化率,并提高摄入总能、表观消化能、表观代谢能、总能表观消化率和消化能代谢率。

4.3 补饲对家畜瘤胃微生物的影响

依据家畜生产、机体健康和生态环境等需求,需要采用不同的补饲方式调控瘤胃微生物以维持家畜生产性能。补饲会改变瘤胃微生物区系和活性[51],减少肠道CH4排放[48]。暖季补饲矿物质盐砖能够提高牦牛瘤胃微生物活性,改变瘤胃发酵模式,促进家畜生产性能提高[52]。补饲精料能够改善浏阳黑山羊瘤胃细菌多样性并减轻过度炎症反应[53]。在干旱地区,天然草地湿季的牧草营养价值高于旱季,因此,补充精料对维持旱季动物的生长至关重要,可以为干旱地区放牧羊提供维持瘤胃微生物活性和发酵所需的最低水平的氨和挥发性脂肪酸[54]。在澳大利亚北部热带牧场,补饲含氮的饲粮对放牧牛瘤胃微生物群结构特征的影响及其在干旱季节基于氮素补充对瘤胃生态和生产力的响应不同,干旱季节放牧牛补饲无机营养物(如尿素),增强了瘤胃发酵,并促进了参与半纤维素和果胶降解和氨同化的细菌种群:拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)BS11、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)和普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae);雨季补饲则提高了瘤胃原生动物和真菌种群、细菌[毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和Muribaculaceae]以及甲烷球古菌丰度[55]。补饲能够改善暖季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵,改变其细菌群落组成,从而提高牦牛的生长性能[56]

4.4 补饲对家畜繁殖性能的影响

补饲能够提高家畜的发情率、繁殖率和繁殖成活率。冷季对妊娠母牦牛进行补饲,可防止母牦牛冷季掉膘减重、增加犊牦牛初生重,促进暖季带犊母牦牛体重增加和体能恢复,提高母牦牛发情率和连产率[57]。在荒漠草原,冬春季补饲精料可以促进苏尼特母羊产后恢复和羔羊生长[58]。冷季补饲可使牦牛发情率提高70%、受胎率提高16.92%,以及繁活率提高53.33%[59-60]。在冷季和早春,母牦牛日补饲颗粒饲料,繁活率上升15%,犊牛初生重、1月龄重、6月龄重、12月龄重分别增多1.8、3.1、5.9、7.0 kg,母牦牛连产率提高57.5%[60-61]。补饲可以提高弗里斯×桑格杂交牛孕酮水平,缩短胎次间隔时间[62]。哺乳早期补饲淀粉影响放牧奶牛的妊娠率[63]。在以牧场上牧草为主、补饲少量精料的放牧系统中,母羊及其双胞胎羔羊可以实现良好的家畜生产水平[64]。补饲蛋白质饲料可减少妊娠晚期奶牛的产后体重损失[65]。然而,与通常推荐的产前90 d补饲相比,在妊娠最后60 d补充1.5 kg的精料可以提高奶牛产犊后的生产性能,减少体重损失,并减少从产犊到下一个繁殖季节重新受胎的天数[66]。在补充有机铜、锌、锰和钴的情况下,首次和第2次产仔(3岁和4岁)的母牛具有更好的妊娠结果和较短的产犊间隔[67],对运输应激犊牛的生长性能和健康指标以及发病率没有影响[68]

4.5 补饲对家畜生产力的影响

依据家畜生长所需养分及机体生长条件,补饲可通过调控家畜生长激素、饲料利用率、蛋白质沉积、酶活性等以促使机体增重、减重或补偿性生长。冷季补饲精料可促进欧拉藏羊越冬,精料补饲越多,增重越高[69],体尺依次为舍饲>放牧+补饲>放牧[23];“放牧+补饲”的羊体增重明显高于单纯放牧的羊[70]。冷季补饲可提高各年龄牦牛的日增重[71-73],抑制牦牛掉膘[35],改善屠宰性能和肉品质[38],促进牦牛产奶[74],从而提高生产效益。暖季补饲能量精料和赖氨酸能够提高泌乳牦牛和牦牛犊的日增重[75]。放牧蒙古羊围产期补饲精料可提高产后泌乳量和羔羊日增重[76]。美国为了改进干旱区和半干旱区粗放放牧的肉牛生产,通过增加补饲饲粮组成和数量、补饲频率等参数完善NRC(1996)肉牛模型[77]

4.6 补饲对畜产品品质的影响

补饲能够增进家畜健康,促进畜产品产出能力。在爱尔兰春季牧场,补饲大麦或玉米可以增加产奶量[78]。在意大利高山牧场,西门塔尔奶牛夏季补饲1.5~3.0 kg/d精料,牛奶中多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)含量增多[79]。在秘鲁信号草(Brachiaria brizantha)草原,放牧奶牛补饲水稻和椰子副产品可提高牛乳蛋白质和乳糖含量[80]。在巴西高山牧场,补饲妊娠期的放牧奶牛,犊牛骨骼肌肌肉和脂质氧化标志物mRNA的表达、肌纤维数量和脊面积以及胴体性状明显变化[81]。由此可见,发展中国家的研究与我国较为接近,而发达国家的研究不止注重补饲对畜产品品质的作用,也关注补饲对家畜放牧行为的作用。补饲蛋白质饲料的牛与未补饲的牛相比,放牧时间约少1.5 h/d,同时DMI和干物质消化率提高;提高淀粉添加水平可降低日放牧时间[48]

4.7 补饲对家畜健康的影响

补饲通过维持机体生理特性稳定、降低家畜应激反应以及提高营养物质消化率等提高家畜健康水平。补饲可以降低冬季放牧棉茬地导致怀孕母羊游离棉酚慢性中毒而流产或死亡、幼龄羊瘤胃发育及机能不健全[82]。补饲蛋白质可以提高牦牛血浆蛋氨酸和胰岛素浓度[83]。补饲生物素可促使蹄叶角质化,减少蹄叶疾病,从而维持奶牛蹄叶健康[84]。补饲精氨酸可促进断奶仔猪肝脏发育,从而提高其肝脏代谢功能以维持机体健康[85]。夏季补饲蛋氨酸铬能够通过提高奶牛抵抗高温的能力,以维持摄食的欲望,从而提高家畜生产性能;并能够通过提高抗氧化能力和维持能量代谢稳定以保护肝脏健康[86]

4.8 补饲对放牧家畜肠道CH4排放的影响

面对世界各国达成的关于温室气体的减排要求和畜产品需求量增加可能引起温室气体排放量增加之间的矛盾,在畜牧业上必须采取有效措施,从根源降低温室气体排放[87]。用干草和新鲜牧草饲喂绵羊时,绵羊每千克DMI的CH4排放量相差2倍多,前者为25.7 g/kg DMI,后者仅为11.5 g/kg DMI[88]。饲粮中添加亚麻籽发现,亚麻籽添加比例高的饲粮能显著降低奶牛肠道的CH4排放量[89]。通过体外发酵研究表明,同为豆科的2个苜蓿品种,其干草中的产CH4排放量(每千克代谢体重下)相似;而禾本科干草的CH4产量要显著高于豆科干草[90]。饲料质量是影响放牧牛肠道CH4排排放的主要因素[91]。采食胡枝子的CH4排放量明显低于马唐/高羊茅(7.4 g/d vs 10.6 g/d),而且饲粮中添加大蒜素和茶皂素能够有效降低CH4的排放[92]。木质素是CH4变化损失的最佳预测因子,能够解释61%的总能量损失变化原因[93]

5 小结与展望

补饲放牧家畜的研究往往关注家畜生产力和牧场效益等,较少涉及草原植被、土壤和土-草-畜-人的关系,忽视了补饲对生态系统结构与功能的作用。随着经济社会的发展,生产与环境双赢是牧场的主要挑战和机遇,通过补饲加强牧场的功能多样性、集约化程度以及系统耦合强度是世界性发展趋势,也是草原可持续管理的理论基础。因此,未来应进一步探究补饲对家畜牧场的生态系统效应的影响,阐明补饲的作用与调控机制,即怎么补、何时补、补多少、长期补饲是否有风险、在哪里补等,从而为补饲模式提供科学基础。
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