研究论文

抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

  • 李茹 , 1 ,
  • 田勇 2 ,
  • 蒋春青 3 ,
  • 冯伟峰 3 ,
  • 邹晓庭 , 1, * ,
  • 卢立志 , 2, *
展开
  • 1 浙江大学动物科学学院饲料科学研究所,浙江大学动物分子营养学教育部重点实验室,农业农村部(华东)动物营养与饲料重点实验室,浙江省饲料与动物营养重点实验室,杭州 310058
  • 2 浙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室,农业农村部畜禽资源(家禽)评价利用重点实验室,家禽种业与绿色养殖技术浙江省工程研究中心,杭州 310021
  • 3 金华金婺农业发展有限公司,金华 321000
* 邹晓庭,教授,博士生导师,E-mail: ;
卢立志,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail:

李 茹(2000—),女,山东临沂人,硕士研究生,从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2024-07-05

  网络出版日期: 2025-01-10

基金资助

国家水禽产业技术体系(CARS-42)

Effects of Antimicrobial Peptide on Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Caged-Rearing Laying Ducks during Peak Laying Period

  • LI Ru , 1 ,
  • TIAN Yong 2 ,
  • JIANG Chunqing 3 ,
  • FENG Weifeng 3 ,
  • ZOU Xiaoting , 1, * ,
  • LU Lizhi , 2, *
Expand
  • 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Poultry Breeding Industry and Green Farming Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
  • 3 Jinhua Jinwu Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321000, China
* ZOU Xiaoting, professor, E-mail: ;
LU Lizhi, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-05

  Online published: 2025-01-10

摘要

本试验旨在探讨笼养蛋鸭产蛋高峰期饲粮中添加不同水平抗菌肽对其生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力及免疫功能的影响。选取640羽产蛋率相近的220日龄绍兴鸭,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复20羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg抗菌肽。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果显示: 1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高产蛋率(P<0.05),并可显著降低料蛋比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg抗菌肽对各蛋品质指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量(P<0.05),并可显著降低血清尿酸含量、谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200和400 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高血清总抗氧化能力(P<0.05);饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高血清过氧化氢酶活性(P<0.05);饲粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg抗菌肽均可显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05),并可显著降低血清丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。5)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽添可显著提高血清免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,抗菌肽可提高产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭的产蛋率,降低料蛋比,增强机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能。在本试验条件下,产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽较为适宜。

本文引用格式

李茹 , 田勇 , 蒋春青 , 冯伟峰 , 邹晓庭 , 卢立志 . 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(1) : 375 -386 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.033

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diet supplemented with different levels of antimicrobial peptide on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity and immune function of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period. A total of 640 Shaoxing ducks aged 220 days with comparable levels of productivity were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 20 ducks in each replicate. Ducks in the control group were fed a basal diet, in contrast, those in the experimental groups were given diets supplemented with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide, respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the formal trial period lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the supplementation of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly increased the laying rate (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the ratio of feed to egg (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, adding 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of antimicrobial peptide in diets had no significant effects on egg quality indices (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly increased the contents of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLB) (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the serum uric acid (UA) content and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P<0.05); the supplementation of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly enhanced the serum catalase (CAT) activity (P<0.05); the supplementation of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly increased the activities of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.05), while significantly decreased the content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, supplementation of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide significantly increased the contents of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (P<0.05). In conclusion, antimicrobial peptide can increase the laying rate, decrease the ratio of feed to egg, and improve the body antioxidant capacity and immune function of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period. Under the conditions of this experiment, it is more appropriate to add 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide in the diet for caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period.

蛋鸭笼养技术有利于提高蛋鸭养殖效率,增强蛋鸭疫病防控,减少蛋鸭养殖污染。然而,由于笼养模式改变了鸭的生活习性,束缚了鸭的本能天性,笼养蛋鸭易出现应激、抵抗力下降、软脚病甚至死亡等问题[1-2]。因此,采取有效措施缓解笼养蛋鸭应激具有重要意义。饲料添加剂是添加到动物饲料中的少量或微量物质,能够有效减少动物应激,增强机体免疫力[3],抗菌肽作为一种绿色饲料添加剂,在畜禽养殖领域受到广泛关注。抗菌肽即宿主防御肽,具备两亲性和阳离子性,广泛存在于自然界中[4-5],具有广谱抗菌活性、种类繁多、不易产生耐药性、稳定性好等优点[6-7],在动物机体中发挥免疫调节作用[8]。抗菌肽能够有效抑制革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、病毒、真菌引起的感染,主要作用机制为细胞内杀菌和破坏细胞膜的完整性这两类假说[9]。有研究发现,当肉鸡饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时可使其采食量和平均日增重提高,料重比降低,抗氧化能力提高,免疫功能增强[10-12];刘梦雪等[13]研究指出,饲粮中添加200~400 mg/kg抗菌肽对蛋鸡机体抗氧化有积极影响,可提高蛋鸡免疫力,提高产蛋后期蛋鸡新城疫、禽流感抗体效价。此外,在猪饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够改善其生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质[14-15];在反刍动物饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够调控其瘤胃菌群结构,提高生产性能[16]。目前,抗菌肽在肉鸡、蛋鸡、猪和反刍动物上的应用研究较多,而国内关于抗菌肽在蛋鸭中的应用研究尚未见报道。因此,本试验旨在研究抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质以及血清生化、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响,为其在蛋鸭养殖业的应用提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验由浙江大学动物保护和使用委员会审查和批准(编号:ZJU2013105002)。采用单因素试验设计,将640羽产蛋率相近的220日龄绍兴鸭随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复20羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,该基础饲粮参考《蛋鸭营养需要量》(GB/T 41189—2021)配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg抗菌肽(一种基于高通量技术从肠道益生菌中筛选得到的九肽,浓度为5%)的试验饲粮。试验期63 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期56 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 42.0
豆粕Soybean meal 29.0
米糠Rice bran 4.0
小麦麸Wheat bran 2.1
豆油Soybean oil 2.5
小麦粉Wheat flour 10.0
石粉Limestone 5.8
细石子Fine stone 2.0
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.1
统糠Unite bran 0.2
食盐NaCl 0.3
预混料Premix1) 1.0
合计Total 100.0
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.72
粗蛋白质CP 18.80
赖氨酸Lys 0.90
蛋氨酸Met 0.48
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.82
色氨酸Trp 0.24
钙Ca 3.36
总磷TP 0.59

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 500 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 2.65 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,生物素 biotin 0.032 5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 12 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,Cu 6 mg,Fe 80 mg,Zn 40 mg,Mn 100 mg,Se 0.15 mg,I 0.35 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

本试验于2023年11月至2024年1月在浙江省金华市金华金婺发展有限公司养殖基地展开。试验期间每日饲喂2次,饲喂时间分别是08:00和14:00。试验采用3层笼,笼长45 cm、宽35 cm、高40 cm,每笼2只鸭。所有试验鸭均自由采食和饮水,通过行车式喂料机饲喂,乳头式饮水器饮水。在试验期间,鸭群的饲养管理和免疫按照常规程序进行,鸭舍定期消毒。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分

饲粮粗蛋白质(TP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018进行测定,饲粮赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、胱氨酸(Cys)和色氨酸(Trp)含量参照GB/T 18246—2019进行测定,饲粮钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018进行测定,饲粮总磷(TP)含量按照GB/T 6437—2018进行测定,饲粮代谢能参考《蛋鸭营养需要量》(GB/T 41189—2021)计算得出。

1.3.2 生产性能

每天统计各重复的产蛋数、蛋重、喂料量和剩料量,计算各组蛋鸭的产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比。

1.3.3 蛋品质

正试期结束时,自每个重复中随机选取10枚鸭蛋,每组80枚,共320枚。用游标卡尺测定鸭蛋的横径、纵径长度,计算蛋形指数(纵径/横径)。使用蛋壳厚度测量仪(MODEL-1061)测定鸭蛋尖端、中端及钝端3处的厚度,三者均值作为蛋壳厚度。使用自动蛋壳强度仪(EFG-0503)测定蛋壳强度。使用蛋品质测定仪(EMT-5200)测定哈氏单位和蛋白高度。剥离蛋清及系膜后,用电子天平称量蛋黄重,计算蛋黄比例(100×蛋黄重/蛋重)。

1.3.4 血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标

正试期结束时,自每个重复中随机选取1只蛋鸭,共32只。鸭翅静脉采集8 mL血样于促凝管中,静置30 min后1 509×g离心10 min,将上层血清转移至1.5 mL EP管中,并做好标号,立即置于-80 ℃保存。测定蛋鸭血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿酸(UA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体3(C3)、补体4(C4)的含量或活性,所用试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据通过SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果表示为平均值和均值标准误(SEM),P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能的影响

表2可以看出,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽相较于对照组可显著提高产蛋率(P<0.05),显著降低料蛋比(P<0.05)。然而,值得注意的是,抗菌肽的添加并未对蛋鸭的平均日采食量和平均蛋重产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on performance of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period

项目
Items
抗菌肽添加水平
Antimicrobial peptide supplemental levels/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
100 200 400
产蛋率Laying rate/% 94.40b 94.19b 96.69a 93.71b 0.31 0.003
平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g 147.46 147.38 147.53 147.94 0.09 0.144
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 66.88 67.44 66.94 67.32 0.10 0.111
料蛋比Feed to egg ratio 2.35a 2.34ab 2.30b 2.37a 0.01 0.022

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

表3可以看出,饲粮中添加抗菌肽的试验组与对照组在蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重和蛋黄比例上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,100和200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组的蛋白高度显著高于400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组(P<0.05)。
表3 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on egg quality of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period

项目
Items
抗菌肽添加水平
Antimicrobial peptide supplemental levels/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
100 200 400
蛋形指数Egg shape index 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.32 0.01 0.511
蛋壳厚度Shell thickness/mm 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.01 0.069
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/m2) 4.43 4.77 4.64 4.56 0.05 0.081
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 4.82ab 5.45a 5.31a 4.46b 0.11 0.001
哈氏单位Haugh unit 85.02 84.94 86.72 87.13 0.68 0.551
蛋黄重Yolk weight/g 21.92 21.41 22.10 21.88 0.11 0.125
蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% 32.67 32.34 32.80 33.00 0.12 0.280

2.3 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

表4可以看出,饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时,血清TP、ALB、GLB含量相较于对照组显著提高(P<0.05),血清UA含量、ALT活性相较于对照组显著降低(P<0.05);饲粮中添加抗菌肽未对蛋鸭血清AST和ALP活性产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on serum biochemical indices of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period

项目
Items
抗菌肽添加水平
Antimicrobial peptide supplemental levels/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
100 200 400
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 46.61b 54.01ab 63.53a 54.62ab 1.67 0.002
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 14.53b 16.51ab 18.34a 16.96ab 0.40 0.004
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 32.09b 37.50ab 45.19a 37.66ab 1.33 0.003
尿酸UA/(μmol/L) 383.76a 298.78ab 136.04 318.85ab 28.76 0.011
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 38.34 47.47 22.45 44.19 3.63 0.063
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 77.91a 56.14ab 49.44b 67.66ab 3.59 0.018
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 260.62 374.87 186.01 346.91 31.48 0.130

2.4 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响

表5可以看出,与对照组相比,200、400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组血清T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平抗菌肽均能显著提高血清SOD和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05);饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽能显著提高血清CAT活性(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平抗菌肽均能显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05)。
表5 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on serum antioxidant indices of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period

项目
Items
抗菌肽添加水平
Antimicrobial peptide supplemental levels/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
100 200 400
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 6.90c 7.91bc 10.60a 8.80b 0.30 <0.001
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 62.48c 71.84b 87.94a 76.49b 1.79 <0.001
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 28.80b 33.69b 45.40a 36.97ab 0.66 <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 135.02d 149.42c 179.52a 161.95b 3.22 <0.001
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.11a 3.41b 2.88c 3.06c 0.09 <0.001

2.5 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清免疫指标的影响

表6可以看出,相较于对照组,饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时可显著提高蛋鸭血清IgG和IgM含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加抗菌肽未对蛋鸭血清IgA、C3和C4含量产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on serum immune indices of caged-rearing laying ducks during peak laying period g/L

项目
Items
抗菌肽添加水平
Antimicrobial peptide supplemental levels/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
100 200 400
免疫球蛋白A IgA 1.16 1.32 1.68 1.42 0.08 0.156
免疫球蛋白G IgG 2.20b 2.71ab 2.99a 2.81ab 0.10 0.036
免疫球蛋白M IgM 0.82b 0.90b 1.44a 1.15ab 0.08 0.002
补体3 C3 1.17 1.15 1.25 1.18 0.04 0.805
补体4 C4 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.268

3 讨论

3.1 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭生产性能的影响

目前关于抗菌肽对蛋鸭生产性能的影响鲜有报道,其添加量不同对肉雏鸭、蛋鸡、育肥猪的效果也有异。已有研究表明,肉雏鸭饲粮中添加7 mL/kg天蚕素抗菌肽能够显著提高成活率、平均日增重和料重比[17]。此外,肉雏鸭饲粮中添加杀菌效价不低于4 000活性单位/mL的天蚕素抗菌肽-酵母液体制剂,基础饲粮添加12 L/t时,其平均日增重比添加3和6 L/t时显著下降,说明抗菌肽浓度过大对平均日增重有相反效果;上述3个添加抗菌肽的试验组与50 g/t金霉素对照组的料重比无显著差异,说明添加抗菌肽对料重比未产生显著影响[18]。另有先前的研究显示,24周龄蛋鸡饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为300 mg/kg时,其产蛋率显著提高[19];66周龄蛋鸡饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平调控至200 mg/kg时,产蛋率显著提高,料蛋比显著降低,饲料利用率得到改善[20];饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提升30日龄固始鸡的平均日采食量[12];育肥猪饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为600 mg/kg时,观察到其显著促进猪只平均日增重与平均日采食量的提升[14]。这些研究结果与本研究结果相似,本试验结果表明,蛋鸭饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽能够显著提高产蛋率,降低料蛋比,对笼养蛋鸭产蛋高峰期的生产性能有明显促进效果,而添加100和400 mg/kg抗菌肽时上述指标与对照组均无显著差异,说明抗菌肽在蛋鸭特定饲养条件下对产蛋率表现出积极效应,原因可能是机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能增强引起产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭产蛋率升高。有研究表明抗菌肽促进雌激素分泌,而雌激素可以提高血清TP含量,使得卵黄蛋白原和脂蛋白分配以生产卵黄,从而提高产蛋率[21]。此外,本研究中,饲粮中添加100 和400 mg/kg抗菌肽时效果不明显,这提示抗菌肽提高蛋鸭生产性能的效果可能与添加水平有关。

3.2 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

蛋白高度和哈氏单位是评价鸭蛋品质的重要指标,其数值越高,蛋清品质越好,鸭蛋越新鲜[22]。有研究发现,添加抗菌肽可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的蛋白高度和哈氏单位[23]。本试验中,与对照组相比,添加抗菌肽虽然对各蛋品质指标无显著影响,但100和200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组蛋白高度显著高于400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组。其原因可能是抗菌肽添加过量会影响机体内肠道益生菌的平衡,不利于肠道消化吸收蛋白质,影响机体营养物质分泌到鸭蛋蛋白中,降低蛋白浓稠度[24-25]。因此,饲粮中添加适当剂量抗菌肽比高剂量更重要[26]。提高蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度能有效降低在运输及存储过程中因外界机械冲击导致的蛋壳破损率,从而减少因此引发的经济损失和资源浪费[27],研究显示抗菌肽能提高蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度[28]。本研究中,抗菌肽有提高鸡蛋蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度的趋势,可能是蛋鸭高产期易受到环境因素、饮食因素等的影响,容易发生氧化应激,影响肠道吸收钙离子(Ca2+)[29],而饲粮中添加抗菌肽后,抗菌肽可能通过与肠道有益微生物相互作用产生维生素D3(VD3),促进机体对钙、磷的吸收,从而促进蛋壳钙化更完全,改善蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度[27]。有研究指出,饲粮中添加100和200 mg/kg抗菌肽均不能显著改善30周龄蛋鸡各主要蛋品质指标[30]。类似地,有研究表明,饲粮中添加抗菌肽对70周龄蛋鸡各蛋品质指标均无显著影响[31]。此外,饲粮中补充适量的抗菌肽已被证实能够对66周龄蛋鸡的蛋品质产生多方面的积极影响,表现为显著提高蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度、蛋黄比例及蛋黄颜色[20]。在55周龄蛋鸡的试验中,当饲粮中抗菌肽添加量设定为100 mg/kg时,结果显示其对蛋壳强度有显著提升作用[32]。本试验结果与前人的研究结果不完全一致,原因可能是抗菌肽种类、试验动物物种存在差异,具体原因还有待进一步深入研究。

3.3 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是评估机体健康状况和物质代谢的重要依据[33]。血清TP是所有蛋白质的总称,主要用于机体能量供给和组织修复,其含量越高说明机体蛋白质代谢越旺盛[34]。ALB是机体重要的运输载体,能够合成组织蛋白质;GLB含量反映机体代谢水平和免疫功能;UA是家禽蛋白质代谢的主要终产物,肾脏受损时血清UA含量增加;ALT和AST是反映肝脏功能和肝脏损伤的指标,当肝脏损伤时,肝细胞内的AST和ALT会释放到血液,血清AST和ALT活性升高[35-36]。有研究表明,饲粮中添加100和200 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著降低蛋鸡血清AST活性,对血清ALT活性无显著影响,说明100和200 mg/kg抗菌肽可能会保护肝脏功能[23]。此外,饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为300 mg/kg时可显著提高肉鸡血清TP、ALB和GLB含量,显著降低血清ALT、AST活性[37],说明300 mg/kg抗菌肽能够提高黄羽肉鸡肝脏合成蛋白质的能力[38]。这与本试验研究结果相符,相较于对照组,饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时可显著提高蛋鸭血清TP、ALB、GLB含量,显著降低蛋鸭血清UA含量、ALT活性,表明在产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽能够改善蛋鸭的蛋白质吸收和代谢水平,提高免疫力,保护肝脏和肾脏健康。其作用机制可能是抗菌肽不仅增强肝脏代谢,促进蛋白质合成,还发挥抗菌活性,提高机体免疫功能。

3.4 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭抗氧化能力的影响

正常状态下,机体内自由基的产生和降解保持动态平衡,当自由基过量时,蛋白质和其他生物分子受到破坏,导致细胞和组织损伤以及内环境稳态失调[39]。由于蛋鸭胆小,蛋鸭笼养过程中噪声惊吓或高湿空气可能会引起蛋鸭应激,促使机体内产生异常水平的自由基,破坏氧化还原平衡,导致机体氧化损伤[40]。SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等是机体内主要的抗氧化酶,在机体的抗氧化防御系统中发挥重要作用。血清T-AOC可以较为直观地反映动物机体的总抗氧化水平,用于衡量机体抗氧化功能的状态;SOD能够催化超氧化物自由基分解为氧和过氧化氢;CAT可将过氧化氢分解为氧气和水,维持细胞膜的结构与功能;GSH-Px可以防止自由基及衍生物的积累;MDA是脂质氧化产物之一,其含量能够反映机体氧化损伤程度[41-42]。本研究中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽能显著提高产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭血清T-AOC以及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性;当抗菌肽添加水平达到400 mg/kg时,蛋鸭血清T-AOC显著提高。值得注意的是,无论抗菌肽的添加量处于何种水平,均能使血清MDA含量显著下降。其原因可能是抗菌肽是一种具有生物活性的小肽,能够作用于抗氧化相关的酶系,激活抗氧化酶的活性,从而降低脂质氧化的程度。多项科学研究表明,抗菌肽能够显著增强肉鸡的抗氧化防御系统,提高血清SOD活性,降低MDA含量[43-46]。Cao等[47]研究发现,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽Microcin J25能够显著提高28日龄乳鸽血清T-AOC、SOD和GSH-Px活性,21~28日龄乳鸽血清MDA含量随抗菌肽添加水平的升高呈二次曲线降低。Gyan等[48]研究显示,在饲料中添加抗菌肽可提高凡纳滨对虾的抗氧化能力。这与本研究结果相符,表明在饲粮中添加抗菌肽可以增强笼养蛋鸭抗氧化防御系统,减少机体氧化损伤,且抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时效果优于添加水平为100 和400 mg/kg,这可能是由于抗菌肽具有剂量累积效应,剂量过低或过高均会对机体健康产生不利影响。

3.5 抗菌肽对产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭免疫功能的影响

免疫球蛋白是存在于血清中的免疫活性球状蛋白,能与外来抗原结合发生免疫反应,主要包括IgA、IgG、IgM等[49]。IgA存在于血清、胆汁和其他分泌液中,能够清除黏膜屏障上的病原体;IgM是血清中分子质量最大的免疫球蛋白,在机体接触抗原后最早出现,能够增强吞噬细胞功能、固定补体;IgG是血清中含量最多的免疫球蛋白,能够介导免疫反应,抵御和清除抗原[50]。血清中免疫球蛋白含量的变化是反映动物免疫功能的重要标志。补体在免疫系统中发挥重要作用,其中C3和C4是重要补体分子,具有促进补体活化、介导免疫应答和炎症反应的功能[51]。Hurtado等[52]研究表明,人抗菌肽LL-37能够提高人外周血B细胞的敏感性,促进B细胞的活化,提高IgG和IgM含量。Shan等[53]也发现人工合成抗菌肽乳铁蛋白可有效提高断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量。与先前的研究结果类似,Dai等[54]在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加适量Microcin C7,揭示抗菌肽能显著提高肉仔鸡血清IgG、IgM含量。此外,有研究表明,饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平为200、400 mg/kg时能显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清IgA、IgG、IgM含量[13];饲粮中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高肉鸡血清IgG含量[55]。本试验中,相较于对照组,当抗菌肽添加水平为200 mg/kg时,蛋鸭血清IgG和IgM含量均显著提高,血清IgA、C3和C4含量呈现出增高趋势,这证明抗菌肽在增强宿主免疫方面扮演至关重要的角色,通过促进免疫蛋白合成,显著提高机体免疫功能。产生上述变化的原因可能是:一方面,抗菌肽作用于机体免疫细胞,表现出免疫调节特性,增加免疫球蛋白的含量,从而诱导宿主有效的免疫反应,刺激机体免疫能力增强;另一方面,抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌和杀菌作用,通过裂解细胞膜和破坏关键的细胞内靶点来直接作用并杀死病原菌,改善肠道菌群组成和肠道结构;此外,免疫球蛋白由淋巴细胞分泌而来,此过程是一个蛋白质合成的过程,需要多种氨基酸参与,抗菌肽可分解成多种氨基酸,从而促进免疫球蛋白的产生[56-59]

4 结论

本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加抗菌肽可提高产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭的生产性能,且不影响蛋品质,还能改善血清生化指标,提高抗氧化能力,增强免疫功能。在本试验条件下,产蛋高峰期笼养蛋鸭饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽的效果较优。
[1]
梁振华. 我国蛋鸭笼养研究现状与展望[J]. 中国家禽, 2016, 38(22):1-4.

LIANG Z H. Research status and prospect of cage rearing of laying ducks in China[J]. China Poultry, 2016, 38(22):1-4. (in Chinese)

[2]
杨彩霞, 许丽梅, 曹子翔, 等. 标准化自动化笼养蛋鸭技术的利弊与关键点[J]. 中国禽业导刊, 2022, 39(5):47-54.

YANG C X, XU L M, CAO Z X, et al. The advantages and disadvantages and key points of standardized automatic cage egg duck rearing technology[J]. Guide To Chinese Poultry, 2022, 39(5):47-54. (in Chinese)

[3]
常向彩, 朱喜玲, 方福平, 等. 饲料添加剂的分类及其在畜禽生产中的应用[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(24):9-11.

CHANG X C, ZHU X L, FANG F P, et al. Classification of feed additives and its application in animal production[J]. China Feed, 2020(24):9-11. (in Chinese)

[4]
GIANAZZA E, EBERINI I, PALAZZOLO L, et al. Hemolymph proteins:an overview across marine arthropods and molluscs[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2021,245:104294.

[5]
ELLIOTT A G, HUANG J X, NEVE S, et al. An amphipathic peptide with antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1):3184.

DOI PMID

[6]
来振衡, 陈虹羽, 吕银凤, 等. 抗菌肽在动物生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(6):3401-3410.

DOI

LAI Z H, CHEN H Y, LV Y F, et al. Research progress on application of antimicrobial peptides in animal production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(6):3401-3410. (in Chinese)

DOI

[7]
BOPARAI J K, SHARMA P K. Mini review on antimicrobial peptides,sources,mechanism and recent applications[J]. Protein and Peptide Letters, 2020, 27(1):4-16.

[8]
ZAMANI E, ZARGAN J, HONARI H, et al. Immunological detection of AcAMP antimicrobial peptide secreted by Aspergillus clavatus[J]. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2021, 13(2):235-242.

[9]
王伟东. 新型抗菌蛋白的设计、筛选及其活性研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 杭州: 浙江理工大学,2016:1-2.

WANG W D. Design,screening and analysis of activity of novel antibacterial protein[D]. Master’s Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,2016:1-2. (in Chinese)

[10]
陈伟松, 张珍誉. 日粮添加抗菌肽与酸化剂对肉鸡生长性能、血清免疫与肠道形态的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2022, 45(24):42-46.

CHEN W S, ZHANG Z Y. Effect of dietary antimicrobial peptides and acidifiers on growth performance,serum immunity and intestinal morphology of broilers[J]. Feed Research, 2022, 45(24):42-46. (in Chinese)

[11]
郑雪玥, 黄熠, 贺海桥, 等. 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道形态的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(1):230-239.

DOI

ZHENG X Y, HUANG Y, HE H Q, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on growth performance,serum biochemical indices and intestinal morphology of broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(1):230-239. (in Chinese)

[12]
胡文举, 孙玲利. 抗菌肽对固始鸡生长性能、血清抗氧化、免疫功能及肠道微生物的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2023, 46(10):40-43.

HU W J, SUN L L. Effect of antimicrobial peptides on growth performance,serum antioxidation,immune function and gut microbe of Gushi chickens[J]. Feed Research, 2023, 46(10):40-43. (in Chinese)

[13]
刘梦雪, 刘优优, 何云凤, 等. 日粮中添加抗菌肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2023(6):108-114.

LIU M X, LIU Y Y, HE Y F, et al. Effects of dietary antimicrobial peptides on immune function and antioxidant capacity of laying hens in late laying period[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2023(6):108-114. (in Chinese)

[14]
TEIXEIRA M L, ROSA A D, BRANDELLI A. Characterization of an antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizezinii showing inhibitory activity towards Haemophilus parasuis[J]. Microbiology, 2013,159:980-988.

[15]
李瑾, 王远卓. 不同水平抗菌肽对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2023(14):54-57.

LI J, WANG Y Z. Effects of different levels of antibacterial peptides in diet on growth performance,serum biochemical indicators,and meat quality of fattening pigs[J]. China Feed, 2023(14):54-57. (in Chinese)

[16]
LIU Q, YAO S H, CHEN Y, et al. Use of antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive for juvenile goats[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1):12254.

DOI PMID

[17]
余绍海. 甘露寡糖、 抗菌肽在肉用番鸭生产中的应用研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 扬州: 扬州大学,2006:18-20.

YU S H. Application of mannose-oligosaccharides and antimicrobial peptide in meat Muscovy production[D]. Master’s Thesis. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University,2006:18-20. (in Chinese)

[18]
缪小群, 陈晓生, 赵宇飞, 等. 抗菌肽在肉鸭生产中应用剂量的研究[J]. 中国家禽, 2006, 28(11):24-26.

MIAO X Q, CHEN X S, ZHAO Y F, et al. Study on the application dose of the Cecropin-AD for the meat duck production[J]. China Poultry, 2006, 28(11):24-26. (in Chinese)

[19]
白建, 杜京旗, 弓玉红, 等. 海藻粉和抗菌肽及其协同效应对蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2014, 26(9):2851-2856.

BAI J, DU J Q, GONG Y H, et al. Effects of seaweed powder and antibacterial peptide and their synergy on performance and egg quality of laying hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2014, 26(9):2851-2856. (in Chinese)

[20]
刘梦雪, 刘优优, 何云凤, 等. 抗菌肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、营养物质代谢及血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2022(9):52-56.

LIU M X, LIU Y Y, HE Y F, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides on production performance,egg quality,nutrient metabolism and serum biochemical indexes of laying hens in late laying period[J]. China Feed, 2022(9):52-56. (in Chinese)

[21]
LEI K, LI Y L, YU D Y, et al. Influence of dietary inclusion of Bacillus licheniformis on laying performance,egg quality,antioxidant enzyme activities,and intestinal barrier function of laying hens[J]. Poultry Science, 2013, 92(9):2389-2395.

[22]
CHEN H Y, MILLER P S, LEWIS A J, et al. Changes in plasma urea concentration can be used to determine protein requirements of two populations of pigs with different protein accretion rates[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1995, 73(9):2631-2639.

PMID

[23]
刘雪梦. 抗菌肽对蛋鸡生产性能,免疫功能与肠道菌群的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 秦皇岛: 河北科技师范大学,2022:19-20.

LIU X M. Effects of antimicrobial peptide on performance,immune function and intestinal flora of laying hens[D]. Master’s Thesis. Qinhuangdao: Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology,2022:19-20. (in Chinese)

[24]
SILVEIRA R F, ROQUE-BORDA C A, VICENTE E F. Antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive alternative to animal production,food safety and public health implications:an overview[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2021, 7(3):896-904.

[25]
田颖. 鲎素抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋品质及子宫CaBP-D28k mRNA表达量影响的研[D]. 硕士学位论文. 长春: 吉林大学,2016:18-21.

TIAN Y. Effects of Tachyplesin antibacterial peptide on egg quality and uterine CaBP-D28k expression in the uterus during the late laying period of Hy-Line Brown layers[D]. Master’s Thesis. Changchun: Jilin University,2016:18-21. (in Chinese)

[26]
REN Z H, YAO R J, LIU Q, et al. Effects of antibacterial peptides on rumen fermentation function and rumen microorganisms in goats[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(8):e0221815.

[27]
ZHAN H Q, DONG X Y, LI L L, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on laying performance,egg quality,serum parameters,and cecal microflora of laying hens in the late phase of production[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(2):896-903.

[28]
王棚, 曹原, 铁鲲源, 等. 抗菌肽粗提物对产蛋后期鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、脏器指数、血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2018, 38(4):819-823.

WANG P, CAO Y, TIE K Y, et al. Effect of crude extract of antimicrobial peptide on production performance,egg quality,viscera index,serum biochemical indexes and immune function of late laying hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2018, 38(4):819-823. (in Chinese)

[29]
DIAZ DE BARBOZA G, GUIZZARDI S, MOINE L, et al. Oxidative stress,antioxidants and intestinal calcium absorption[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017, 23(16):2841-2853.

[30]
周芬, 吴义景, 杨家军, 等. 抗菌肽对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血液生化指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021(13):43-46.

ZHOU F, WU Y J, YANG J J, et al. The effect of antibacterial peptides on the production performance,egg quality and blood biochemical indexes of laying hens[J]. China Feed, 2021(13):43-46. (in Chinese)

[31]
张耀文, 马文峰, 张志丹, 等. 天蚕素抗菌肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及肠道黏膜形态的影响[J]. 家畜生态学报, 2020, 41(5):30-35.

ZHANG Y W, MA W F, ZHANG Z D, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides on laying performance,egg quality and intestinal morphology of hens during the late laying period[J]. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2020, 41(5):30-35. (in Chinese)

[32]
侯佳妮, 王晶, 于佳楠, 等. 鲎素抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血液激素水平的影响[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2020(2):101-103.

HOU J N, WANG J, YU J N, et al. Effects of Tachyplesin antibacterial peptide on performance,egg quality and blood hormone levels of Hy-Line Brown layers[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020(2):101-103. (in Chinese)

[33]
XIE Z, ZHAO Q Q, WANG H, et al. Effects of antibacterial peptide combinations on growth performance,intestinal health,and immune function of broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(12):6481-6492.

[34]
HE J X, PAN H, LIANG W H, et al. Prognostic effect of albumin-to-globulin ratio in patients with solid tumors:a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Cancer, 2017, 8(19):4002-4010.

[35]
CHEN G, LI Z Q, LIU S L, et al. Fermented Chinese herbal medicine promoted growth performance,intestinal health,and regulated bacterial microbiota of weaned piglets[J]. Animals, 2023, 13(3):476.

[36]
SAMANC H, KIROVSKI D, STOJIC V, et al. Application of the metabolic profile test in the prediction and diagnosis of fatty liver in Holstein cows[J]. Acta Veterinaria, 2011, 61(5/6):543-553.

[37]
GAO S J, ZHANG Q C, LIU C X, et al. Effects of maggot antimicrobial peptides on growth performance,immune function,and cecal flora of yellow-feathered broilers[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023,10:1156964.

[38]
张爱忠, 姜宁, 张婷, 等. 不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2012, 24(5):911-917.

DOI

ZHANG A Z, JIANG N, ZHANG T, et al. Different housefly larvae products affect nutrient availability,intestinal flora and serum biochemical indices in yellow-feathered broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012, 24(5):911-917. (in Chinese)

[39]
SINGH A, KUKRETI R, SASO L, et al. Oxidative stress:a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases[J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(8):1583.

[40]
DAVID B, MEJDELL C, MICHEL V, et al. Air quality in alternative housing systems may have an impact on laying hen welfare.Part Ⅱ—ammonia[J]. Animals, 2015, 5(3):886-896.

[41]
SURAI P F, FISININ V I, KARADAS F. Antioxidant systems in chick embryo development.Part 1.Vitamin E,carotenoids and selenium[J]. ANIMAL NUTRITION, 2016, 2(1):1-11.

[42]
TAO Y F, HUA J X, LU S Q, et al. Ultrastructural,antioxidant, and metabolic responses of male genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus) to acute hypoxia stress[J]. Antioxidants, 2024, 13(1):89.

[43]
秦宋柯, 崔振川, 李慧, 等. 地衣芽孢杆菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及肠道菌群的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(2):865-873.

DOI

QIN S K, CUI Z C, LI H, et al. Effects of bacillus licheniformis on growth performance,immune and antioxidant functions and intestinal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(2):865-873. (in Chinese)

[44]
YU X R, CUI Z C, QIN S K, et al. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance,diarrhea incidence,antioxidant capacity,immune function,and fecal microflora in weaned piglets[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(13):1609.

[45]
YANG X, XIN H L, YANG C B, et al. Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance,digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2018, 4(4):388-393.

[46]
李奎, 刘金松, 雷昕茹, 等. 地衣芽孢杆菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫能力、抗氧化功能和肠道菌群的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2024, 60(1):331-337.

LI K, LIU J S, LEI X R, et al. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance,immune capacity,antioxidant function and intestinal flora of yellow-feathered broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2024, 60(1):331-337. (in Chinese)

[47]
CAO H, LU Y L, ZHANG X Y, et al. Effects of antibacterial peptide microcin J25 on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in pigeon squabs[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2024, 23(1):427-439.

[48]
GYAN W R, YANG Q H, TAN B P, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,feed utilization,serum biochemical indices and disease resistance of juvenile shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2020,51:1222-1231.

[49]
PAN S L, MANABE N, YAMAGUCHI Y. 3D structures of IgA,IgM,and components[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(23):12776.

[50]
CHEN M Y, QIN R D, JIANG M, et al. Clinical applications of detecting IgG,IgM or IgA antibody for the diagnosis of COVID-19:a Meta-analysis and systematic review[J]. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2021,104:415-422.

[51]
刘玲, 李晓东, 肖明中, 等. 自身免疫性肝炎Ⅰ型患者自身抗体与血清生物化学指标的相关性分析[J]. 中国肝脏病杂志(电子版), 2016, 8(2):14-18.

LIU L, LI X D, XIAO M Z, et al. Correlation analysis of autoantibodies and biochemical indicators in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type Ⅰ[J]. Chinese Journal of Liver Diseases (Electronic Version), 2016, 8(2):14-18. (in Chinese)

[52]
HURTADO P, PEH C A. LL-37 promotes rapid sensing of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides by B lymphocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells[J]. Journal of Immunology, 2010, 184(3):1425-1435.

DOI PMID

[53]
SHAN T, WANG Y, WANG Y, et al. Effect of dietary lactoferrin on the immune functions and serum iron level of weanling piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2007, 85(9):2140-2146.

PMID

[54]
DAI Z Q, SHANG L J, WANG F M, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptide microcin C7 on growth performance,immune and intestinal barrier functions,and cecal microbiota of broilers[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021,8:813629.

[55]
葛龙, 王军, 石永顺, 等. 噬菌体及抗菌肽对广西麻鸡生长性能、肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2022, 45(7):113-116.

GE L, WANG J, SHI Y S, et al. Effect of bacteriophage and antimicrobial peptide on growth performance,intestinal flora and immune function of Guangxi Ma-chicken[J]. Feed Research, 2022, 45(7):113-116. (in Chinese)

[56]
LAI Y P, GALLO R L. AMPed up immunity:how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense[J]. Trends in Immunology, 2009, 30(3):131-141.

[57]
GUILHELMELLI F, VILELA N, ALBUQUERQUE P, et al. Antibiotic development challenges:the various mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides and of bacterial resistance[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2013,4:353.

[58]
SIERRA J M, FUSTE E, RABANAL F, et al. An overview of antimicrobial peptides and the latest advances in their development[J]. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2017, 17(6):663-676.

[59]
WANG G, SONG Q L, HUANG S, et al. Effect of antimicrobial peptide Microcin J25 on growth performance,immune regulation,and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli and Salmonella[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(2):345.

文章导航

/