1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
表1 常乳的营养水平(鲜样基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of common milk (fresh sample basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 乳脂Milk fat | 3.98 |
| 乳蛋白Milk protein | 3.33 |
| 总固体物Total solid | 13.21 |
| 乳糖Lactose | 4.48 |
营养水平均为实测值。 | |
Nutrient levels are measured values. |
表2 犊牛料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the calf feed (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 41 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 10 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 6 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 25 |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 12 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 5 |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 1 |
| 合计Total | 100 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.65 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 22.83 |
| 总可消化养分TDN | 83.01 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 21.73 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 13.71 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.79 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.19 |
| 钙Ca | 1.21 |
| 总磷TP | 0.60 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of premix contains the following:VA 240 000 IU,VD 16 000 IU,VE 500 IU,Cu 85 mg,Zn 700 mg,Fe 550 mg,Mn 435 mg,I 14 mg,Co 2.5 mg,Se 2 mg。 2)代谢能和总可消化养分为参考NRC(2001)计算得出,其他营养水平为实测值。ME and TDN are calculated according to the NRC (2001), while the other nutrient levels are measured values. |
1.3 试验设计
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样本采集及处理
1.6 测定指标及方法
1.7 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛生长性能和体尺指标的影响
表3 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on growth performance of sucking calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 体重BW/kg | 1 | 38.72±1.35 | 38.64±1.29 | 0.781 |
| 30 | 57.73±2.38 | 58.44±1.76 | 0.593 | |
| 60 | 85.45±2.10 | 87.71±2.39 | 0.254 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 1~30 | 633.67±0.08 | 660.00±0.12 | 0.357 |
| 30~60 | 924.20±0.13 | 975.70±0.20 | 0.482 | |
| 1~60 | 778.80±0.07 | 817.90±0.11 | 0.271 | |
| 犊牛料采食量Calf feed intake/(g/d) | 1~30 | 59.25±5.56 | 72.03±6.95 | 0.144 |
| 30~60 | 121.41±13.48 | 138.58±13.29 | 0.368 | |
| 1~60 | 90.52±8.39 | 105.96±8.69 | 0.204 | |
| 常乳采食量Common milk intake/(L/d) | 1~30 | 7.46±0.32 | 7.45±0.39 | 0.951 |
| 30~60 | 8.42±0.37 | 8.41±0.35 | 0.935 | |
| 1~60 | 7.94±0.17 | 7.93±0.23 | 0.893 | |
| 常乳干物质采食量Common milk DMI/(g/d) | 1~30 | 985.79±41.68 | 984.72±50.89 | 0.950 |
| 30~60 | 1 112.69±49.44 | 1 111.25±45.92 | 0.935 | |
| 1~60 | 1 049.24±22.72 | 1 047.98±30.02 | 0.898 | |
| 总干物质采食量Total DMI/(g/d) | 1~30 | 1 045.04±15.27 | 1 056.75±19.37 | 0.478 |
| 30~60 | 1 234.10±21.69 | 1 249.83±24.83 | 0.673 | |
| 1~60 | 1 139.57±18.78 | 1 153.30±21.48 | 0.569 | |
| 饲料转化效率FCR/% | 1~30 | 60.64±4.67 | 62.46±6.31 | 0.566 |
| 30~60 | 74.89±6.42 | 78.07±7.21 | 0.371 | |
| 1~60 | 68.34±5.31 | 70.92±6.89 | 0.425 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表4 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛体尺指标的影响Table 4 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on body size indexes of sucking calves cm |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 体高Body height | 1 | 74.89±0.94 | 75.02±0.55 | 0.902 | |||||
| 14 | 76.19±0.71 | 75.74±0.70 | 0.654 | ||||||
| 28 | 79.41±0.52 | 80.09±0.42 | 0.319 | ||||||
| 42 | 83.31±0.66 | 84.85±0.64 | 0.112 | ||||||
| 56 | 86.99±0.93 | 87.60±0.89 | 0.377 | ||||||
| 63 | 89.44±0.90 | 89.48±0.58 | 0.379 | ||||||
| 体斜长Body length | 1 | 70.45±1.45 | 70.46±1.12 | 0.584 | |||||
| 14 | 73.02±0.92 | 75.25±1.28 | 0.170 | ||||||
| 28 | 75.30±0.74b | 80.09±0.77a | <0.001 | ||||||
| 42 | 81.19±0.87b | 84.21±0.82a | 0.021 | ||||||
| 56 | 89.03±1.72 | 88.05±0.83 | 0.613 | ||||||
| 63 | 89.75±0.87 | 91.11±0.75 | 0.251 | ||||||
| 髋宽Hip width | 1 | 16.38±0.37 | 16.44±0.27 | 0.906 | |||||
| 14 | 16.53±0.28 | 16.78±0.13 | 0.424 | ||||||
| 28 | 18.15±0.28 | 18.21±0.28 | 0.891 | ||||||
| 42 | 19.59±0.32 | 19.25±0.35 | 0.346 | ||||||
| 56 | 20.41±0.24 | 20.41±0.23 | 1.000 | ||||||
| 63 | 20.81±0.24 | 20.96±0.22 | 0.636 | ||||||
| 胸围Chest circumference | 1 | 79.80±0.96 | 79.95±0.41 | 0.424 | |||||
| 14 | 80.65±0.60b | 82.84±0.74a | 0.033 | ||||||
| 28 | 84.91±0.51b | 86.66±0.66a | 0.049 | ||||||
| 42 | 93.75±0.76 | 92.94±0.63 | 0.417 | ||||||
| 56 | 100.12±0.69 | 99.70±0.60 | 0.653 | ||||||
| 63 | 101.92±0.41 | 101.68±1.25 | 0.860 | ||||||
| 管围Circumference of cannon bone | 1 | 11.11±0.13 | 11.13±0.15 | 0.927 | |||||
| 14 | 11.22±0.16 | 11.28±0.17 | 0.788 | ||||||
| 28 | 11.42±0.16 | 11.45±0.15 | 0.471 | ||||||
| 42 | 12.07±0.08 | 12.07±0.14 | 1.000 | ||||||
| 56 | 12.17±0.09 | 12.17±0.14 | 1.000 | ||||||
| 63 | 12.28±0.09 | 12.35±0.18 | 0.187 |
2.2 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛血清抗氧化指标的影响
表5 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on serum antioxidant indexes of sucking calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 7 | 1.58±0.11 | 1.90±0.16 | 0.120 |
| 35 | 2.44±0.39 | 2.36±0.35 | 0.877 | |
| 63 | 4.49±1.60a | 2.31±0.34b | 0.020 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 7 | 77.06±1.45 | 78.03±1.67 | 0.683 |
| 35 | 79.97±2.10 | 78.73±0.72 | 0.582 | |
| 63 | 80.93±1.78 | 77.36±1.51 | 0.146 | |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 7 | 168.90±14.77b | 237.91±11.81a | 0.002 |
| 35 | 104.74±14.60 | 118.22±8.63 | 0.436 | |
| 63 | 102.99±8.95 | 106.11±12.76 | 0.844 | |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 7 | 2.08±0.24 | 1.81±0.26 | 0.450 |
| 35 | 1.74±0.25 | 1.46±0.10 | 0.314 | |
| 63 | 1.56±0.23b | 2.51±0.16a | 0.003 |
2.3 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛犊牛瘤胃菌群的影响
2.3.1 犊牛瘤胃菌群16S rRNA测序质控
2.3.2 补饲酵母水解物对犊牛瘤胃菌群Alpha多样性的影响
表6 补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛瘤胃菌群Alpha多样性的影响Table 6 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on Alpha diversity of rumen microflora of sucking calves |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 30 | 609.82±15.94a | 530.61±18.43b | 0.021 |
| 60 | 617.49±31.73 | 735.40±36.48 | 0.075 | |
| Observed-species指数 Observed-species index | 30 | 564.26±14.95a | 494.50±18.59b | 0.025 |
| 60 | 595.33±34.26 | 698.50±30.57 | 0.114 | |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 30 | 5.95±0.06 | 5.83±1.46 | 0.555 |
| 60 | 6.09±0.15 | 6.65±0.25 | 0.095 | |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 30 | 0.95±0.00 | 0.95±0.01 | 0.738 |
| 60 | 0.94±0.01 | 0.97±0.01 | 0.107 |
2.3.3 补饲酵母水解物对犊牛瘤胃菌群Beta多样性的影响
2.3.4 补饲酵母水解物对犊牛瘤胃菌群构成的影响
表7 补饲酵母水解物在门水平上对哺乳犊牛瘤胃菌群的影响Table 7 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on rumen microflora at phylum level of sucking calves % |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 30 | 55.93±1.61 | 45.76±3.26 | 0.162 | |||||
| 60 | 45.41±6.93 | 35.33±6.38 | 0.166 | ||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 30 | 31.57±2.27 | 41.97±3.73 | 0.156 | |||||
| 60 | 42.93±6.39 | 55.62±6.61 | 0.085 | ||||||
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 30 | 4.73±1.32 | 3.18±0.76 | 0.277 | |||||
| 60 | 1.67±0.74 | 2.52±1.05 | 0.546 | ||||||
| 髌骨细菌门Patescibacteria | 30 | 0.20±0.09 | 0.64±0.05 | 0.906 | |||||
| 60 | 5.94±1.76 | 1.29±0.69 | 0.214 | ||||||
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 30 | 0.88±0.24b | 5.02±1.69a | 0.002 | |||||
| 60 | 0.50±0.13 | 1.30±0.57 | 0.529 | ||||||
| 互养菌门Synergistota | 30 | 3.92±0.85a | 0.80±0.36b | <0.001 | |||||
| 60 | 1.35±0.58 | 0.76±0.32 | 0.465 | ||||||
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 30 | 1.24±0.30 | 0.84±0.19 | 0.360 | |||||
| 60 | 0.80±0.38 | 0.94±0.30 | 0.729 | ||||||
| 脱硫弧菌门Desulfobacterota | 30 | 0.91±0.21 | 1.04±0.21 | 0.641 | |||||
| 60 | 0.27±0.07 | 0.64±0.25 | 0.184 | ||||||
| 蓝细菌门Cyanobacteria | 30 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.989 | |||||
| 60 | 0.80±0.26 | 0.52±0.24 | 0.278 | ||||||
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacterota | 30 | 0.16±0.10 | 0.41±0.32 | 0.449 | |||||
| 60 | 0.06±0.04 | 0.51±0.32 | 0.178 | ||||||
| 其他Others | 30 | 0.42±0.09 | 0.29±0.08 | 0.454 | |||||
| 60 | 0.29±0.10 | 0.56±0.18 | 0.105 |
表8 补饲酵母水解物在属水平上对哺乳犊牛瘤胃菌群的影响Table 8 Effects of supplementary feeding of yeast hydrolysate on rumen microflora at genus level of sucking calves % |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 30 | 17.23±1.78 | 16.05±2.74 | 0.753 |
| 60 | 12.90±2.27 | 14.33±3.46 | 0.703 | |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 30 | 11.35±2.72 | 5.63±1.78 | 0.073 |
| 60 | 11.12±2.85 | 4.00±0.78 | 0.027 | |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 30 | 2.54±0.51 | 2.11±0.76 | 0.933 |
| 60 | 11.39±6.01 | 11.33±3.66 | 0.991 | |
| F082 | 30 | 2.62±1.56 | 7.71±2.57 | 0.058 |
| 60 | 3.39±1.76 | 3.10±1.24 | 0.913 | |
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 30 | 3.11±0.72 | 9.77±2.52 | 0.002 |
| 60 | 1.74±0.60 | 2.07±0.80 | 0.869 | |
| 梭菌纲UCG-014 Clostridia_UCG-014 | 30 | 2.69±0.54 | 2.56±0.51 | 0.919 |
| 60 | 5.13±1.39 | 4.26±0.89 | 0.501 | |
| 普雷沃氏菌属7 Prevotella_7 | 30 | 0.97±0.46 | 5.85±2.80 | 0.041 |
| 60 | 2.05±1.36 | 2.93±0.90 | 0.704 | |
| Muribaculaceae | 30 | 3.18±1.62 | 1.71±0.65 | 0.465 |
| 60 | 2.95±1.76 | 2.83±1.37 | 0.952 | |
| UCG-002 | 30 | 3.18±1.06 | 3.09±1.03 | 0.933 |
| 60 | 1.34±0.50 | 0.98±0.30 | 0.749 | |
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 30 | 1.56±0.28 | 0.69±0.32 | 0.555 |
| 60 | 1.81±0.53 | 4.47±1.95 | 0.077 | |
| 其他Others | 30 | 51.57±3.94 | 44.83±4.37 | 0.232 |
| 60 | 46.18±4.64 | 49.70±2.36 | 0.531 |

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