1 材料与方法
1.1 样品来源
表1 各地区及年份样本数量Table 1 Sample number in different areas and years |
| 项目Items | 分类Type | 数量Number |
|---|---|---|
| 地区Areas | 东北地区Northeast China | 3 517 |
| 华东地区East China | 6 045 | |
| 华北地区North China | 4 615 | |
| 华中地区Central China | 3 176 | |
| 华南地区South China | 2 775 | |
| 西南地区Southwest China | 3 221 | |
| 西北地区Northwest China | 4 573 | |
| 年份Years | 2010 | 3 997 |
| 2011 | 3 547 | |
| 2012 | 3 553 | |
| 2013 | 3 501 | |
| 2014 | 3 510 | |
| 2015 | 3 614 | |
| 2016 | 1 126 | |
| 2017 | 458 | |
| 2018 | 2 201 | |
| 2019 | 2 261 | |
| 2020 | 62 | |
| 2021 | 99 |
1.2 分析方法
1.3 统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲料卫生标准与检测方法对比
表2 饲料卫生标准中AFB1限量情况对比Table 2 Comparison of AFB1 limit in hygienical standards for feeds |
| 饲料类型 Classifications of feeds | 饲料卫生标准 Hygienical standard for feeds | 饲料种类 Type of feed | 限量标准 Limit standard/ (μg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 饲料原料 Feed raw materials | GB 13078—2001 | 玉米 | ≤50 |
| 花生饼(粕)、棉籽饼(粕)、菜籽饼(粕) | ≤50 | ||
| 豆粕 | ≤30 | ||
| GB 13078—2017 | 玉米加工产品、花生饼(粕) | ≤50 | |
| 植物油脂(玉米油、花生油除外) | ≤10 | ||
| 玉米油、花生油 | ≤20 | ||
| 其他植物性饲料原料 | ≤30 | ||
| 饲料产品 Feed products | GB 13078—2001 | 仔猪配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤10 |
| 生长育肥猪、种猪配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤20 | ||
| 肉用仔鸡前期、雏鸡配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤10 | ||
| 肉用仔鸡后期、生长鸡、产蛋鸡配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤20 | ||
| 肉用仔鸭前期、雏鸭配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤10 | ||
| 肉用仔鸭后期、生长鸭、产蛋鸭配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤15 | ||
| 鹌鹑配合饲料及浓缩饲料 | ≤20 | ||
| 奶牛精料补充料 | ≤10 | ||
| 肉牛精料补充料 | ≤50 | ||
| GB 13078—2017 | 仔猪、雏禽浓缩饲料 | ≤10 | |
| 肉用仔鸭后期、生长鸭、产蛋鸭浓缩饲料 | ≤15 | ||
| 其他浓缩饲料 | ≤20 | ||
| 犊牛、羔羊精料补充料 | ≤20 | ||
| 泌乳期精料补充料 | ≤10 | ||
| 其他精料补充料 | ≤30 | ||
| 仔猪、雏禽配合饲料 | ≤10 | ||
| 肉用仔鸭后期、生长鸭、产蛋鸭配合饲料 | ≤15 |
2.2 AFB1检测样本分析
2.2.1 AFB1检测结果随年份的变化趋势
图1 全部AFB1样本随年份的变化趋势图中包括AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值的样本占总样本比例的变化趋势与AFB1未检出样本占总样本比例的变化趋势。 Fig.1 Changing trends of all AFB1 samples with years The figure contains the changing trend of the proportion of samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in the total samples and the changing trend of the proportion of samples without AFB1 detection in the total samples. |
图2 各年份AFB1实测值样本的分类占比将AFB1全部检测样本筛选至仅保留检测值不为零的样本整合为实测值,并分别以年份、畜禽种类、饲料类型作为解释变量。图A:各年份AFB1超标样本与合格样本占比情况;图B:2017年前后(2017-代表2017年以前,2017+代表2017年以后)AFB1超标与否、畜禽种类与饲料类型占比情况。 Fig.2 Classification proportion of AFB1 measured samples in each year All AFB1 test samples are screened to the samples whose test value is not zero, called the measured value. Year, animal species and feed type were used as explanatory variables. Figure A: the proportion of AFB1 samples exceeding the standard and qualified samples in each year; figure B: AFB1 exceeded the standard before and after 2017 (2017- and 2017+ represent before and after 2017, respectively), and the proportion of livestock and poultry species and feed types. |
图3 2017年前后实测值样本AFB1含量在各水平的分布Fig.3 Distribution of AFB1 content in measured samples at each level before and after 2017 |
表3 各年份实测值样本AFB1含量的中位数、平均数及最大值Table 3 Median, mean and maximum of AFB1 content in measured samples in each year |
| 项目 Items | 采样年份 Sampling year | 中位数 Median/(μg/kg) | 平均数 Mean/(μg/kg) | 最大值 Maximum/(μg/kg) | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 采样年份 Sampling years | 2010 | 3.00 | 4.82 | 218.50 | 1 305 |
| 2011 | 3.09 | 5.70 | 127.20 | 1 711 | |
| 2012 | 2.00 | 5.05 | 56.00 | 1 269 | |
| 2013 | 2.43 | 5.31 | 52.00 | 1 500 | |
| 2014 | 3.00 | 5.73 | 277.00 | 1 638 | |
| 2015 | 2.23 | 3.48 | 126.00 | 1 493 | |
| 2016 | 2.20 | 3.06 | 43.00 | 512 | |
| 2017 | 3.17 | 5.91 | 103.00 | 154 | |
| 2018 | 3.71 | 10.49 | 307.00 | 802 | |
| 2019 | 4.83 | 7.68 | 94.00 | 468 | |
| 2020 | 10.70 | 10.34 | 25.90 | 9 | |
| 汇总All participants | 2.90 | 5.49 | 307.00 | 10 861 | |
表4 2017年前后超标及合格样本AFB1含量中位数及平均数Table 4 Median and mean of AFB1 content in over-standard and qualified samples before and after 2017 |
| 项目 Items | 年份 Year | 合格样本 Over-standard samples | 超标样本 Qualified samples | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中位数Median/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 2.61 | 12.55 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 3.70 | 50.35 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数Mean/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 4.71 | 24.21 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 5.31 | 69.70 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数的P值P-value of mean | 2.24E-04 | 4.38E-09 | 无 | |
2.2.2 AFB1检测结果在不同种类畜禽饲料中的变化情况
图4 各年份不同种类畜禽饲料AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本占总样本的比例图A:各年份猪饲料、家禽饲料、水产饲料AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本数占总样本的比例;图B:2016年及以后反刍动物饲料与其他动物饲料AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本数占总样本的比例。 Fig.4 Proportions of different types of livestock and poultry feed samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in total samples in each year Figure A: the proportions of of pig, poultry and aquatic feed samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in the total samples in each year; figure B: the proportions of ruminants and other animal feeds with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in the total samples in 2016 and after. |
表5 各种类畜禽饲料实测值样本AFB1含量中位数、平均数及最大值Table 5 Median, mean and maximum of AFB1 content in measured samples for each type of livestock and poultry feed |
| 项目 Items | 畜禽饲料 Livestock and poultry feeds | 中位数 Median/ (μg/kg) | 平均数 Mean/ (μg/kg) | 最大值 Maximum/ (μg/kg) | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 畜禽饲料 Livestock and poultry feeds | 家禽饲料Poultry feed | 3.20 | 6.44 | 277.00 | 3 311 |
| 猪饲料Swine feed | 2.40 | 4.29 | 218.50 | 6 045 | |
| 水产动物饲料Aquaculture feed | 4.30 | 9.80 | 307.00 | 988 | |
| 反刍动物饲料Ruminant feed | 2.50 | 3.78 | 38.10 | 332 | |
| 宠物饲料Pet feed | 3.64 | 5.16 | 27.51 | 53 | |
| 其他饲料Other feed | 4.10 | 9.25 | 103.00 | 132 | |
| 汇总All participants | 2.90 | 5.49 | 307.00 | 10 861 | |
表6 2017年前后各种类畜禽饲料实测值样本AFB1含量平均数及中位数Table 6 Median and mean of AFB1 content in measured samples for each type of livestock and poultry feed before and after 2017 |
| 项目 Items | 年份 Years | 家禽饲料 Poultry feed | 猪饲料 Swine feed | 水产动物饲料 Aquaculture feed | 反刍动物饲料 Ruminant feed | 宠物饲料 Pet feed | 其他饲料 Other feed | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中位数 Median/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 3.00 | 2.32 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 3.16 | 2.80 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 5.20 | 2.80 | 5.66 | 3.24 | 7.87 | 5.48 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数 Mean/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 6.08 | 4.30 | 6.04 | 2.47 | 4.18 | 6.30 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 8.32 | 4.15 | 20.98 | 5.35 | 8.49 | 11.38 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数的P值 P-value of mean | 1.81E-06 | 0.63 | 3.16E-17 | 1.84E-09 | 6.43E-04 | 0.09 | 无 | |
2.2.3 AFB1检测结果在不同饲料类型中的变化情况
图A 各年份不同饲料类型AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本数占总样本的比例Figure A Proportions of different feed type samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in total AFB1 samples in each year |
表7 各饲料类型实测值样本AFB1含量中位数、平均数及最大值Table 7 Median, mean and maximum of AFB1 content in measured samples for each feed type |
| 项目 Items | 饲料种类 Feed types | 中位数 Median/ (μg/kg) | 平均数 Mean/ (μg/kg) | 最大值 Maximum/ (μg/kg) | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 饲料类型 Feed types | 配合饲料Compound feed | 2.90 | 5.61 | 307.00 | 7439 |
| 浓缩饲料Concentrated feed | 3.00 | 5.17 | 126.00 | 3031 | |
| 饲料原料Feed raw material | 4.35 | 9.82 | 103.00 | 109 | |
| 精料补充料Concentrate supplement | 2.32 | 3.62 | 38.10 | 215 | |
| 宠物饲料Pet feed | 3.58 | 5.06 | 27.51 | 67 | |
| 汇总All participants | 2.90 | 5.49 | 307.00 | 10 861 | |
表8 2017年前后饲料类型AFB1实测值样本平均数及中位数Table 8 Median and mean of AFB1 content in measured samples for each feed type before and after 2017 |
| 项目 Items | 年份 Years | 配合饲料 Compound feed | 浓缩饲料 Concentrated feed | 饲料原料 Feed raw material | 精料补充料 Concentrate supplement | 宠物饲料 Pet feed | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中位数 Median/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 2.60 | 2.90 | 2.80 | 1.70 | 3.16 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 4.10 | 3.84 | 5.69 | 3.20 | 7.75 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数 Mean/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 4.88 | 5.16 | 6.30 | 2.20 | 4.18 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 9.86 | 5.41 | 12.69 | 5.22 | 8.29 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数的P值 P-value of mean | 2.49E-37 | 0.61 | 0.04 | 3.46E-06 | 1.50E-03 | 无 | |
2.2.4 AFB1检测结果在不同地区与气候类型中的变化情况
图6 各地区AFB1含量占比图A:各地区AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本数占总样本比例;图B:各地区AFB1含量超标样本数占总样本比例。 Fig.6 AFB1 content proportion in each region Figure A: the proportions of samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in the total samples in each region; figure B: the proportions of samples with AFB1 content exceeding the standard in the total samples in each region. |
图7 各气候类型AFB1含量占比图A:各气候类型AFB1含量大于相应限量标准90%值样本数占总样本的比例;图B:各气候类型AFB1超标样本数占总样本的比例。 Fig.7 AFB1 content proportion in each climate type Figure A: the proportions of samples with AFB1 content greater than 90% of the corresponding limit standard in the total samples of each climate type; figure B: the proportions of samples with AFB1 content exceeding the standard in the total samples of each climate type. |
图8 各地区及气候类型实测值样本AFB1含量的最大值与最小值依照AFB1含量最小值进行由大到小的排序。 Fig.8 Maximum and minimum of AFB1 content in measured samples of each region and climate type The minimum AFB1 content is sorted from largest to smallest. |
图9 2017年前后各地区及气候类型实测值样本AFB1含量平均值的对比图A:各地区实测值样本AFB1含量平均数的对比;图B:各气候类型实测值样本AFB1含量平均数的对比。 Fig.9 Comparison of average values of AFB1 content in measured samples of each region and climate type before and after 2017 Figure A: comparison of average values of AFB1 content in measured samples of each region; figure B: comparison of average values of AFB1 content in measured samples of each climate type. |
表9 2017年前后各地区实测值样本AFB1含量最大值与平均数Table 9 Maximum and mean of AFB1 content in measured samples of each region before and after 2017 |
| 项目 Items | 年份 Year | 西北地区 Northwest China | 西南地区 Southwest China | 华北地区 North China | 华中地区 Central China | 华南地区 South China | 东北地区 Northeast China | 华东 地区 East China | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最大值 Maximum/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 21.00 | 277.00 | 27.51 | 88.00 | 35.00 | 27.26 | 218.50 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 38.10 | 20.00 | 145.00 | 56.60 | 307.00 | 9.92 | 298.00 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数 Mean/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 6.67 | 5.99 | 3.09 | 4.64 | 6.81 | 3.04 | 4.37 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 7.00 | 3.41 | 8.23 | 11.34 | 11.11 | 5.80 | 9.21 | 14 33 | |
| 平均数的P值 P-value of mean | 0.64 | 0.08 | 3.03E-26 | 1.97E-27 | 0.48 | 5.12E-05 | 3.14E-16 | 无 | |
表10 2017年前后各气候类型实测值样本AFB1含量最大值与平均数Table 10 Maximum and mean of AFB1 content in measured samples of each climate type before and after 2017 |
| 项目 Items | 年份 Year | 温带大陆 性气候 Temperature continental climate | 温带季风气候 Temperature monsoon climate | 高原山地气候 Highland climate | 亚热带 季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate | 热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate | 数量 Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最大值 Maximum/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 21.00 | 88.00 | 20.00 | 277.00 | 20.00 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 26.80 | 145.00 | 38.10 | 307.00 | 17.20 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数 Mean/(μg/kg) | 2017- | 7.03 | 3.71 | 3.25 | 4.42 | 6.60 | 9 428 |
| 2017+ | 4.98 | 9.30 | 9.43 | 10.15 | 7.83 | 1 433 | |
| 平均数的P值 P-value of mean | 1.25E-04 | 6.05E-56 | 5.02E-06 | 1.52E-24 | 0.57 | 无 | |

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