1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 56.20 | ||
| 麸皮Bran | 4.00 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.40 | ||
| 菊花梗粉Chrysanthemum stalks powder | 4.80 | ||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 6.00 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.50 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.40 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Methionine | 0.10 | ||
| 微量元素预混料Trace elements premix1) | 0.50 | ||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) | 0.10 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.38 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 6.89 | ||
| 钙Ca | 2.80 | ||
| 磷P | 0.58 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 9.22 | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.43 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.35 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.89 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.61 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.22 | ||
| 叶酸Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.49 |
1)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The trace elements premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu 4 mg,Fe 80 mg,Zn 65 mg,Se 0.5 mg,I 0.3 mg,Co 0.5 mg。 2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 40 mg,VK3 0.8 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 4.0 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 11 mg,VB6 4.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 30 mg。 3)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷均为实测值,其余营养水平均为计算值[13]。CP, EE, Ash, Ca and P were measured values, while other nutrient levels were calculated values[13]. |
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 生产性能
1.3.2 血清生化和免疫指标
1.3.3 养分表观利用率
1.3.4 肠道组织形态
1.4 数据处理
2 结果
2.1 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅生产性能的影响
表2 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅生产性能的影响Table 2 Effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on performance of breeding geese |
| 项目 Items | 料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio | 产蛋量 Egg production/ 枚 | 平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g | 平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/(g/d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | ||||
| 15 | 4.27 | 126.34 | 121.10 | 181.45 | |
| 0.5 | 25 | 4.56 | 133.61 | 120.75 | 177.81 |
| 75 | 3.99 | 138.50 | 119.90 | 183.21 | |
| 15 | 4.30 | 134.04 | 121.70 | 181.91 | |
| 2.0 | 25 | 4.10 | 134.71 | 123.40 | 183.16 |
| 75 | 3.94 | 129.78 | 118.40 | 179.32 | |
| SEM | 0.24 | 2.16 | 1.69 | 3.25 | |
| 主效应分析Main effect analysis | |||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | 15 | 4.29 | 130.19 | 121.40 | 181.68 |
| 25 | 4.33 | 134.16 | 122.07 | 180.49 | |
| 75 | 3.97 | 134.14 | 119.34 | 181.27 | |
| SEM | 0.17 | 2.65 | 1.19 | 2.30 | |
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.5 | 4.28 | 132.82 | 120.58 | 180.83 |
| 2.0 | 4.11 | 132.84 | 121.29 | 181.46 | |
| SEM | 0.14 | 2.16 | 0.97 | 1.90 | |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12 | 0.284 | 0.488 | 0.265 | 0.933 | |
| 叶酸Folic acid | 0.416 | 0.994 | 0.613 | 0.813 | |
| 维生素B12×叶酸Vitamin B12×folic acid | 0.559 | 0.116 | 0.545 | 0.383 | |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅血清生化指标的影响
表3 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on serum biochemical indices of breeding geese |
| 项目 Items | 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 白蛋白/球蛋白 ALB/GLB | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 20.29 | 16.49a | 28.36 | 29.66c | 0.96 | ||||||||
| 0.5 | 25 | 20.69 | 15.53ab | 31.07 | 30.17c | 1.03 | |||||||
| 75 | 19.06 | 13.43d | 29.62 | 32.14a | 0.92 | ||||||||
| 15 | 21.08 | 15.26abc | 29.59 | 30.75ab | 0.96 | ||||||||
| 2.0 | 25 | 18.42 | 13.93cd | 32.05 | 30.40c | 1.06 | |||||||
| 75 | 19.12 | 14.58bc | 29.91 | 29.50c | 1.01 | ||||||||
| SEM | 1.18 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| 主效应分析Main effect analysis | |||||||||||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | 15 | 20.69 | 15.87a | 28.98b | 30.21 | 0.96b | |||||||
| 25 | 19.56 | 14.73b | 31.56a | 30.29 | 1.04a | ||||||||
| 75 | 19.09 | 14.00b | 29.76b | 30.82 | 0.97b | ||||||||
| SEM | 0.84 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.5 | 20.02 | 15.15 | 29.68 | 30.66 | 0.97 | |||||||
| 2.0 | 19.54 | 14.59 | 30.52 | 30.22 | 1.01 | ||||||||
| SEM | 0.68 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| P值P-value | |||||||||||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12 | 0.401 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.385 | 0.038 | ||||||||
| 叶酸Folic acid | 0.628 | 0.171 | 0.136 | 0.267 | 0.150 | ||||||||
| 维生素B12×叶酸Vitamin B12×folic acid | 0.417 | 0.021 | 0.763 | 0.002 | 0.403 | ||||||||
2.3 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅血清免疫指标的影响
表4 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅血清免疫指标的影响Table 4 Effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on serum immune indices of breeding geese μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 免疫球蛋白G IgG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | |||
| 15 | 234.27 | 197.38c | 588.16 | |
| 0.5 | 25 | 252.82 | 212.41b | 643.60 |
| 75 | 238.01 | 213.08b | 619.39 | |
| 15 | 245.61 | 201.59bc | 560.67 | |
| 2.0 | 25 | 263.88 | 230.42a | 686.94 |
| 75 | 251.38 | 205.48bc | 627.16 | |
| SEM | 6.71 | 4.57 | 19.95 | |
| 主效应分析Main effect analysis | ||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | 15 | 239.94b | 199.49c | 574.41c |
| 25 | 258.35a | 221.42a | 665.27a | |
| 75 | 244.69ab | 209.28b | 623.28b | |
| SEM | 4.74 | 3.23 | 14.11 | |
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.5 | 241.70b | 207.62 | 617.05 |
| 2.0 | 253.62a | 212.49 | 624.93 | |
| SEM | 3.87 | 2.64 | 11.52 | |
| P值P-value | ||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12 | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| 叶酸Folic acid | 0.043 | 0.208 | 0.634 | |
| 维生素B12×叶酸Vitamin B12×folic acid | 0.982 | 0.038 | 0.234 | |
2.4 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅养分表观利用率的影响
表5 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅养分表观利用率的影响Table 5 Effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on nutrient apparent utilization rates of breeding geese % |
| 项目 Items | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 钙 Ca | 磷 P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | |||||
| 15 | 22.68 | 61.04 | 69.35 | 37.11 | 31.06 | |
| 0.5 | 25 | 20.57 | 65.93 | 70.83 | 39.58 | 31.14 |
| 75 | 19.13 | 63.39 | 70.20 | 35.79 | 31.95 | |
| 15 | 19.93 | 63.18 | 69.82 | 33.87 | 30.36 | |
| 2.0 | 25 | 19.35 | 67.71 | 72.04 | 41.13 | 32.28 |
| 75 | 21.04 | 61.66 | 69.33 | 33.33 | 29.28 | |
| SEM | 0.89 | 1.26 | 2.50 | 3.09 | 0.86 | |
| 主效应分析Main effect analysis | ||||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | 15 | 21.30 | 62.11b | 69.59 | 35.49 | 30.71 |
| 25 | 19.96 | 66.82a | 71.44 | 40.35 | 31.71 | |
| 75 | 20.09 | 62.53b | 69.76 | 34.56 | 30.62 | |
| SEM | 0.63 | 0.89 | 1.77 | 2.18 | 0.48 | |
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.5 | 20.80 | 63.45 | 70.13 | 37.49 | 31.38 |
| 2.0 | 20.11 | 64.19 | 70.39 | 36.11 | 30.64 | |
| SEM | 0.52 | 0.73 | 1.44 | 1.78 | 0.49 | |
| P值P-value | ||||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12 | 0.279 | 0.003 | 0.720 | 0.160 | 0.386 | |
| 叶酸Folic acid | 0.356 | 0.487 | 0.898 | 0.589 | 0.304 | |
| 维生素B12×叶酸Vitamin B12×folic acid | 0.051 | 0.265 | 0.916 | 0.711 | 0.113 | |
2.5 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅空肠组织形态的影响
表6 维生素B12和叶酸对种鹅空肠组织形态的影响Table 6 Effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on jejunum tissue morphology of breeding geese |
| 项目 Items | 绒毛高度 VH/μm | 隐窝深度 CD/μm | 绒毛高度/隐窝深度 VH/CD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | |||
| 15 | 813.53 | 288.28 | 2.92cd | |
| 0.5 | 25 | 861.84 | 267.39 | 3.23b |
| 75 | 839.80 | 271.11 | 3.10bc | |
| 15 | 837.86 | 286.92 | 2.84d | |
| 2.0 | 25 | 898.24 | 249.74 | 3.60a |
| 75 | 846.06 | 267.36 | 3.17bc | |
| SEM | 11.41 | 7.51 | 0.08 | |
| 主效应分析Main effect analysis | ||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12/(μg/kg) | 15 | 825.70b | 287.60a | 3.08b |
| 25 | 880.04a | 258.56b | 3.42a | |
| 75 | 842.93b | 269.24b | 3.13b | |
| SEM | 8.01 | 5.31 | 0.06 | |
| 叶酸 Folic acid/(mg/kg) | 0.5 | 838.39b | 275.59 | 3.08 |
| 2.0 | 860.72a | 268.01 | 3.20 | |
| SEM | 6.59 | 4.34 | 0.05 | |
| P值P-value | ||||
| 维生素B12 Vitamin B12 | 0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
| 叶酸Folic acid | 0.028 | 0.232 | 0.091 | |
| 维生素B12×叶酸Vitamin B12×folic acid | 0.430 | 0.517 | 0.039 | |

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