1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 发酵底物组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the fermentation substrate (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 7.89 | ||
| 苜蓿青贮Alfalfa silage | 3.86 | ||
| 全株玉米青贮Whole corn silage | 29.27 | ||
| 棉籽Cottonseed | 1.97 | ||
| 压片玉米Flaked corn | 16.95 | ||
| 玉米粉Maize meal | 11.85 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 15.45 | ||
| 大豆皮Soybean hull | 3.16 | ||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 2.98 | ||
| 糖蜜Molasses | 1.65 | ||
| 脂肪粉Fat powder | 1.52 | ||
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.65 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.80 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 7.57 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.81 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 23.15 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 14.81 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 7.92 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | ||
| 磷P | 0.38 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of premix contained: VA 804 000 IU,VD3 188 800 IU,Cu 590 mg,Zn 1 730 mg,Mn 500 mg,Se 150 mg,Co 90 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 800 mg。 2)泌乳净能参照NRC(2001)计算,其他营养水平均为实测值。NEL was calculated according to NRC (2001), while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验方法
1.4 指标检测与方法
1.4.1 GP及产气动力学参数
1.4.2 常规养分及干物质消失率(IVDMD)
1.4.3 发酵产物与气体成分分析
1.5 瘤胃微生物区系的测定
1.5.1 DNA的提取与质控
1.5.2 测序序列的质控与分析
1.6 数据统计
2 结果
2.1 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵48 h GP及甲烷排放量的影响
表2 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵产气量及动力学参数的影响Table 2 Effects of different yeast cultures on in vitro rumen fermentation gas production and kinetic parameters of dairy cows |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 h累积产气量48 h Cumulative GP/(mL/g DM) | 150.89a | 128.51b | 141.51a | 150.75a | 2.69 | <0.01 |
| A/(mL/g DM) | 172.37ab | 144.83b | 162.53c | 181.85a | 3.61 | <0.01 |
| B | 1.11bc | 1.27a | 1.18b | 1.04c | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| C/h | 8.41 | 9.40 | 9.65 | 10.72 | 0.30 | 0.05 |
| TRmaxS/h | 1.16c | 3.27a | 2.27b | 0.48c | 0.27 | <0.01 |
| RmaxS/h-1 | 0.10a | 0.08b | 0.08b | 0.09b | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| TRmaxG/h | 0.60c | 1.72a | 1.18b | 0.24c | 0.14 | <0.01 |
| RmaxG/(mL/h) | 15.78a | 10.12b | 11.92b | 15.00a | 0.59 | <0.01 |
A:理论最大产气量theoretical maximum gas production;B:曲线拐点参数point of inflexion on curve parameter;C:产气量达到总产气量1/2时所用的时间the time at which half of total gas production is reached;TRmaxS:达到底物最大降解率所需的时间the time at which maximumrate of substrate digestion is reached;RmaxS:底物的最大降解率 maximum substrate digestion rate;TRmaxG:达到最大产气速率所需的时间the time at which maximumrate of substrate digestion is reached;RmaxG:为最大产气速率the maximum gas production rate。 同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
表3 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵气体成分的影响Table 3 Effects of different yeast cultures on in vitro rumen fermentation gas component of dairy cows mmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 氢气H2 | 0.78a | 0.66ab | 0.34b | 0.52ab | 0.05 | <0.01 |
| 氧气O2 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.59 |
| 甲烷CH4 | 24.97a | 23.81ab | 12.86b | 20.52ab | 1.22 | 0.01 |
| 二氧化碳CO2 | 73.21a | 74.53a | 62.69b | 67.44ab | 1.11 | <0.01 |
2.2 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及IVDMD的影响
表4 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及IVDMD的影响Table 4 Effects of different yeast cultures on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and IVDMD of dairy cows |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.39 | 6.39 | 6.35 | 6.37 | 0.11 | 0.21 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/L) | 223.60a | 216.24a | 153.70b | 238.54a | 0.65 | <0.01 |
| 乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) | 47.57a | 44.12b | 43.52b | 46.81a | 0.46 | <0.01 |
| 丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) | 28.23ab | 28.93a | 27.12b | 27.15b | 0.24 | <0.01 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) | 1.68a | 1.19b | 1.20b | 1.77a | 0.07 | <0.01 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 16.69b | 15.57c | 14.93c | 17.63a | 0.25 | <0.01 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) | 2.72a | 1.96b | 2.00b | 2.94ab | 0.11 | <0.01 |
| 戊酸Valerate/(mmol/L) | 3.04a | 2.55b | 2.51b | 3.26a | 0.08 | <0.01 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸Total VFA/(mmol/L) | 99.87a | 94.31b | 91.26b | 99.56a | 0.91 | <0.01 |
| 乙丙比A/P | 1.69ab | 1.53b | 1.61b | 1.73a | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| 干物质消失率IVDMD/% | 76.52 | 77.94 | 75.93 | 75.27 | 0.01 | 0.72 |
2.3 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 不同酵母培养物对瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性的影响
表5 不同酵母培养物对奶牛体外瘤胃微生物alpha多样性指数的影响Table 5 Effects of different yeast cultures on microbial alpha diversity indexes of rumen in vitro of dairy cows |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 8 299.34a | 8 367.86a | 7 800.71ab | 6 108.14b | 222.35 | <0.01 |
| 观测物种指数Observed_species index | 6 453.27a | 6 507.14a | 6 171.77ab | 5 057.60b | 154.80 | <0.01 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 10.25ab | 10.29a | 10.26ab | 10.06b | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.16 |
| 覆盖率Goods_coverage | 0.96b | 0.96b | 0.96ab | 0.97a | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 系统发育多样性PD | 348.35 | 353.44 | 341.64 | 317.66 | 5.13 | 0.06 |
| 皮尔洛均匀度指数Pielou_e index | 0.81b | 0.82ab | 0.82a | 0.82a | 0.00 | <0.01 |
2.3.2 不同酵母培养物对瘤胃微生物Beta多样性的影响
表6 瘤胃微生物PERMANOVA分析Table 6 PERMANOVA analyse of rumen microbes |
| 项目 Items | 样本大小 Sample size/个 | 置换次数 Permutations/次 | 伪F值 Pseudo-F-value | P值 P-value | q值 q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组和Myc组Control group vs. Myc group | 18 | 999 | 3.922 | 0.086 | 0.096 |
| 对照组和Act组Control group vs. Ac group | 18 | 999 | 1.493 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| 对照组和XP组Control group vs. XP group | 18 | 999 | 3.568 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
2.3.3 不同酵母培养物对瘤胃微生物群落组成的影响
表7 不同酵母培养物对奶牛瘤胃优势菌群门水平相对丰度的影响(前10位)Table 7 Effects of different yeast cultures on relative abundance of dominant rumen bacteria at phylum level of dairy cows (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 49.26 | 48.97 | 50.50 | 48.15 | 0.01 | 0.43 |
| 厚壁菌门Bacillota | 33.30b | 31.42b | 31.35b | 40.19a | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| 变形菌门Pseudomonadota | 7.00a | 7.43a | 6.73a | 4.26b | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 螺旋体菌门Spirochaetota | 3.35b | 4.62ab | 4.42a | 3.05b | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| 圣诞岛菌门Kiritimatiellota | 3.97a | 2.88b | 1.96bc | 1.20c | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacterota | 1.44b | 2.85a | 3.19a | 1.17b | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 支原体菌门Mycoplasmatota | 0.45b | 0.55ab | 0.61a | 0.67a | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 髌骨细菌门Patescibacteria | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.99 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 0.23b | 0.28ab | 0.28ab | 0.37a | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 黏胶球形菌门Lentisphaerota | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
表8 不同酵母培养物对奶牛瘤胃优势菌群属水平相对丰度的影响(前10位)Table 8 Effects of different yeast cultures on relative abundance of dominant rumen bacteria at genus level of dairy cows (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Myc组 Myc group | Act组 Act group | XP组 XP group | SE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 普雷沃菌属1 Prevotella_1 | 26.01 | 27.31 | 29.18 | 25.42 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| F082 | 9.18a | 8.96a | 9.05a | 7.67b | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 8.88 | 8.04 | 7.49 | 7.06 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 7.16a | 6.51ab | 5.7bc | 5.57c | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 密螺旋体属2 Treponema_2 | 3.10b | 4.28ab | 4.13a | 2.89b | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| 琥珀酸弧菌属Succinivibrio | 3.59a | 3.59a | 3.78a | 2.40b | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 瘤胃球菌科NK4A214群 Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group | 2.27b | 1.87b | 2.20b | 3.72a | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 1.98c | 2.21bc | 2.41b | 3.11a | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| WCHB1-41 | 3.97a | 2.88ab | 1.96bc | 1.20c | 0.00 | <0.01 |
| 纤维杆菌属Fibrobacter | 1.44b | 2.85a | 3.19a | 1.17b | 0.02 | <0.01 |

京公网安备 11010802041926号