1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 采购与处理
1.1.2 AP各部分活性成分的测定
1.2 AP对颗粒饲料保护作用的评估
1.2.1 AP养分含量的测定
表1 当归副产物的养分含量(干物质基础)Table 1 Contents of nutrients in Angelica sinensis by-products (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Contents |
|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 92.54±1.34 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.90±0.83 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.58±0.17 |
| 粗纤维CF | 5.15±0.33 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.69±0.40 |
| 无氮浸出物NFE | 56.41±2.33 |
数据以3个重复的平均值±标准差表示。 | |
Values were means±SD of 3 replicates. |
1.2.2 试验饲料的配制
表2 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | AP添加水平Additive levels of AP/% | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 | |||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | ||||||||
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | 17.00 | ||||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 11.80 | 11.50 | 11.00 | 10.00 | ||||||||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | ||||||||
| 面粉Wheat flour | 38.00 | 37.00 | 36.00 | 34.20 | 30.50 | 23.00 | 8.10 | ||||||||
| 当归副产物AP | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 16.00 | 32.00 | |||||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| 二磷酸氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| 鱼油Fish oil | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | ||||||||
| 玉米油Corn oil | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||||||||||||||
| 干物质DM | 92.84 | 93.03 | 92.98 | 92.77 | 93.10 | 92.87 | 92.92 | ||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 34.36 | 34.47 | 34.49 | 34.44 | 34.35 | 34.43 | 34.51 | ||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.33 | 5.27 | 5.37 | 5.38 | 5.42 | 5.45 | 5.43 | ||||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.14 | 6.20 | 5.93 | 5.97 | 6.17 | 6.23 | 6.06 | ||||||||
1)每千克维生素预混料含有 Per kg of vitamin premix contained:VA 0.80 g,VD3 0.48 g,DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯 DL-α-tocopherol acetate 20.00 g,VK3 0.43 g,VB1 0.11 g,核黄素 riboflavin 0.63 g,盐酸吡哆醇 pyridoxine HCl 0.92 g,VB12 0.10 g,抗坏血酸乙酸酯 ascorbyl acetate 7.16 g,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 2.73 g,烟酸 niacin 2.82 g,D-生物素 D-biotin 5.00 g,内消旋肌醇 meso-inositol 52.33 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.52 g。 2)每千克矿物质预混料含有 Per kg of mineral premix contained:FeSO4·7H2O (20% Fe) 69.70 g,CuSO4·5H2O (25% Cu) 1.20 g,ZnSO4·7H2O (23% Zn) 21.64 g,MnSO4·H2O (32% Mn) 4.09 g,Na2SeO3·5H2O (1% Se) 2.50 g,KI (4% I) 2.90 g,CaCO3 897.98 g。 3)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values. |
1.2.3 试验饲料的处理
1.2.4 颗粒饲料水分含量、粉化率、硬度及霉菌生长的测定
1.3 动物试验
1.3.1 试验设计及饲养管理
1.3.2 生长性能的测定
1.3.3 样品采集与处理
1.3.4 缺氧试验
1.3.5 红细胞和鳃中生化指标的测定
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 AP活性成分含量
表3 当归副产物中头身、粗尾、细尾和须以及全当归的获得率及其活性成分的含量Table 3 Yield rate and contents of active ingredients of head and body, coarse tail, slender tail and beard in AP and Angelica sinensis % |
| 项目 Items | 获得率 Yield rate | 藁本内酯 Ligustilide | 阿魏酸 Ferulic acid | 儿茶素 Catechin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 头身Head and body | 5.27 | 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.42 |
| 粗尾Coarse tail | 18.18 | 2.63 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| 细尾Slender tail | 57.04 | 2.29 | 0.19 | 0.26 |
| 须Beard | 8.95 | 2.04 | 0.16 | 0.24 |
| 合计Total | 89.45 | 2.01 | 0.17 | 0.24 |
| 全当归Angelica sinensis | 98.47 | 2.49 | 0.20 | 0.41 |
| AP占全当归的百分率Percentage of AP in Angelica sinensis | 90.84 | 80.73 | 85.70 | 58.70 |
表中数据重复测定3次,结果相同。 | |
The data in the table has been measured three times with the same results. |
2.2 AP颗粒饲料的水分含量、硬度和粉化率
表4 添加不同水平AP颗粒饲料的水分含量、硬度和粉化率Table 4 Moisture content, hardness and powder rate of pelleted feed containing graded levels of Angelica sinensis by-products (n=3) |
| 组别Groups | 水分Moisture/% | 硬度Hardness/kg | 粉化率Powder rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 6.25±0.50a | 2.14±0.08b | 1.66±0.12d |
| 1.0%AP | 6.50±1.00a | 2.11±0.15b | 1.10±0.12bc |
| 2.0% AP | 6.75±0.50a | 2.08±0.13ab | 0.92±0.08b |
| 4.0% AP | 7.25±0.50ab | 1.90±0.09a | 0.64±0.08a |
| 8.0% AP | 7.25±0.50ab | 1.92±0.07a | 1.20±0.16c |
| 16.0% AP | 8.00±0.00b | 1.93±0.20a | 1.28±0.16cd |
| 32.0% AP | 7.25±0.50ab | 2.04±0.11ab | 1.50±0.12d |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 AP颗粒饲料的霉菌生长情况
图2 添加不同水平AP颗粒饲料的霉菌生长图片“+++++”表示霉菌布满了整个平板,“++++”表示霉菌分布于大部分平板,“+++”表示霉菌分布于约1/2的平板,“++”表示霉菌分布于平板的一小部分,“+”表示平板内仅有零星的霉菌生长,“O”表示平板内无霉菌的生长。 Fig.2 Pictures of mildew growth in pellet feed containing graded levels of Angelica sinensis by-products “+++++” represents that mildew covers the whole plate, “++++” represents that mildew covers the most of the plate, “+++” represents that mildew covers about the half of the plate, “++” represents that mildew covers a small portion of the plate, “+” represents only sporadic growth of mildew in the plate, “O” represents no the growth of mildew in the plate. |
表5 添加不同水平AP颗粒饲料的霉菌生长情况Table 5 Growth of mildew in pelleted feed containing graded levels of Angelica sinensis by-products |
| 组别 Groups | 霉菌生长面积 Growth area of mold | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 3.33±0.58d | ||
| 1.0%AP | 4.00±0.00e | ||
| 2.0% AP | 3.33±0.58d | ||
| 4.0% AP | 3.33±0.58d | ||
| 8.0% AP | 2.00±0.00c | ||
| 16.0% AP | 1.00±0.00b | ||
| 32.0% AP | 0.00±0.00a |
霉菌生长面积以“+”的个数表示。 | |
The growth area of mold was represented by the number of “+”. |
2.4 添加不同水平的AP对鲫生长性能的影响
表6 添加不同水平的AP对鲫生长性能的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary different levels of AP on growth performance of crucian carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 初重 IBW/(g/尾) | 末重 FBW/(g/尾) | 增重率 WGR/% | 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 摄食量 FI/(g/尾) | 饲料效率 FE/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 5.68±0.08a | 30.37±1.03b | 434.99±25.75b | 2.79±0.08b | 44.49±1.23bc | 55.48±1.05ab |
| 1.0%AP | 5.67±0.09a | 31.46±1.14bc | 454.78±14.49bc | 2.86±0.04bc | 45.18±1.35bc | 57.16±3.91abc |
| 2.0% AP | 5.68±0.07a | 33.53±1.21cd | 490.56±17.97cd | 2.96±0.05cd | 46.22±1.11c | 60.25±1.89bcd |
| 4.0% AP | 5.66±0.07a | 34.38±1.99d | 507.41±32.40d | 3.01±0.09cd | 46.71±1.01c | 61.45±2.90bcd |
| 8.0% AP | 5.65±0.08a | 35.63±1.64d | 530.08±21.26d | 3.07±0.06d | 44.95±1.38bc | 66.66±1.52d |
| 16.0% AP | 5.65±0.09a | 33.13±1.93bcd | 486.40±42.80bcd | 2.95±0.12bcd | 43.51±1.31b | 63.10±3.15cd |
| 32.0% AP | 5.67±0.07a | 27.05±1.57a | 376.90±30.03a | 2.60±0.10a | 40.95±2.05a | 52.27±4.20a |
2.5 添加不同水平的AP对鲫耐缺氧能力的影响
表7 添加不同水平的AP对鲫耐缺氧能力的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary different levels of AP on hypoxia tolerance of crucian carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 体重 BW/(g/尾) | 水体积 WV/(L/瓶) | 初溶氧 IDO/(mg/L) | 持续时间 DT/h | 末溶氧 FDO/(mg/L) | 氧消耗率 OCR/[mg/(g·h)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 91.17±6.75a | 4.08±0.28a | 8.47±0.03a | 2.70±0.20a | 0.29±0.08a | 0.14±0.01c |
| 1.0%AP | 89.00±4.36a | 3.98±0.17a | 8.47±0.03a | 2.83±0.32ab | 0.34±0.07a | 0.13±0.01bc |
| 2.0% AP | 88.33±7.97a | 3.95±0.33a | 8.47±0.03a | 3.01±0.17abc | 0.30±0.10a | 0.12±0.01abc |
| 4.0% AP | 90.50±8.32a | 4.05±0.35a | 8.47±0.03a | 3.05±0.27abc | 0.33±0.02a | 0.12±0.01abc |
| 8.0% AP | 92.33±8.55a | 4.13±0.36a | 8.47±0.03a | 3.20±0.09bc | 0.25±0.06a | 0.12±0.00ab |
| 16.0% AP | 93.00±7.21a | 4.16±0.30a | 8.47±0.03a | 3.25±0.24bc | 0.31±0.05a | 0.11±0.01ab |
| 32.0% AP | 90.33±6.79a | 4.04±0.28a | 8.47±0.03a | 3.33±0.25c | 0.25±0.03a | 0.11±0.01a |
2.6 添加不同水平的AP对鲫血液指标的影响
表8 添加不同水平的AP对鲫血液指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary different levels of AP on blood indicators of crucian carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 红细胞比容 Hct/% | 红细胞数量 RBC/(×1012个/L) | 血红蛋 白含量 HbC/(g/L) | 平均红细 胞体积 MCV/(fl/cell) | 平均红细胞 血红蛋白含量 MCH/(pg/cell) | 平均红细胞 血红蛋白浓度 MCHC/(g/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 38.03±1.23a | 2.00±0.10a | 81.38±1.06a | 190.24±10.11c | 40.71±1.64a | 214.13±5.56ab |
| 1.0%AP | 39.11±2.70ab | 2.25±0.10ab | 87.64±2.03b | 174.10±6.86ab | 39.10±2.51a | 224.98±20.13ab |
| 2.0% AP | 39.44±1.26ab | 2.37±0.12bc | 88.86±4.25b | 166.46±7.91ab | 37.57±3.60a | 225.65±17.37ab |
| 4.0% AP | 41.43±1.33ab | 2.61±0.19c | 98.91±3.82c | 159.06±8.85a | 37.97±2.23a | 238.94±13.08b |
| 8.0% AP | 42.52±1.68b | 2.57±0.19c | 98.42±2.50c | 165.45±6.34ab | 38.32±1.90a | 231.59±5.17ab |
| 16.0% AP | 41.48±2.80ab | 2.42±0.11bc | 90.58±2.45b | 171.39±10.83ab | 37.48±2.65a | 219.07±17.17ab |
| 32.0% AP | 39.34±1.64ab | 2.18±0.12ab | 81.63±3.84a | 180.89±6.75bc | 37.56±2.46a | 207.52±5.74a |
2.7 添加不同水平的AP对鲫红细胞生化指标的影响
表9 添加不同水平的AP对鲫红细胞生化指标的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary different levels of AP on biochemical indicators in red blood cells of crucian carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 超氧阴离子 /(U/g prot) | 过氧化氢 H2O2/ (μmol/g prot) | 高铁血 红蛋白 Met-Hb/(g/L) | 超氧化 物歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 过氧化氢酶 CAT/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型 谷胱甘肽 GSH/ (μmol/g prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 30.16±1.67b | 52.84±2.44b | 15.09±0.86c | 91.01±5.08a | 5.92±0.36a | 4.33±0.37a |
| 1.0% AP | 30.22±1.23b | 48.34±3.60ab | 14.73±0.84bc | 100.80±7.46ab | 6.18±0.47ab | 5.04±0.33a |
| 2.0% AP | 28.65±1.69ab | 48.45±4.36ab | 13.33±0.86ab | 99.64±7.76ab | 7.04±0.47bc | 4.91±0.33a |
| 4.0% AP | 28.71±2.10ab | 46.53±1.48a | 12.63±1.21a | 101.14±6.25ab | 6.92±0.44bc | 5.73±0.30b |
| 8.0% AP | 26.34±1.33a | 46.63±2.35a | 12.93±0.84a | 105.76±8.86b | 7.90±0.72c | 6.65±0.30c |
| 16.0% AP | 28.92±1.67ab | 49.63±4.08ab | 12.33±0.70a | 110.31±7.46b | 7.41±0.65c | 5.96±0.46bc |
| 32.0% AP | 29.97±1.77b | 53.31±2.94b | 11.98±0.72a | 109.38±7.22b | 7.37±0.39c | 6.02±0.28bc |
2.8 添加不同水平的AP对鲫鳃生化指标的影响
表10 添加不同水平的AP对鲫鳃生化指标的影响Table 10 Effects of dietary different levels of AP on biochemical indicators in gills of crucian carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 超氧 阴离子 / (U/g prot) | 羟基 自由基 ·OH/ (U/mg prot) | 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 超氧化 物歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 谷胱甘肽 过氧化物酶 GPx/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型谷 胱甘肽 GSH/ (mg/g prot) | 谷胱甘肽 还原酶 GR/ (U/g prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照) | 22.19±1.20b | 19.32±1.53b | 10.09±0.58b | 18.07±0.99a | 96.53±7.19a | 8.47±0.59a | 12.50±0.65a |
| 1.0% AP | 21.82±1.30b | 18.30±1.57ab | 9.47±0.67b | 19.82±1.11abc | 101.44±6.75a | 9.69±0.47b | 14.21±0.59ab |
| 2.0% AP | 20.14±0.87ab | 16.92±1.19a | 9.54±0.65b | 20.41±0.85bc | 99.75±8.12a | 10.43±0.73bc | 14.46±1.19bc |
| 4.0% AP | 19.17±1.51a | 17.09±1.12a | 8.18±0.43a | 20.34±1.15bc | 108.25±5.81ab | 10.54±0.72bc | 14.89±1.22bcd |
| 8.0% AP | 19.26±1.06a | 16.42±1.08a | 7.84±0.61a | 21.74±1.08c | 116.45±6.40b | 11.58±0.51c | 15.67±1.19bcd |
| 16.0% AP | 18.94±0.82a | 16.53±0.71a | 7.24±0.36a | 18.91±1.23ab | 105.75±8.66ab | 10.86±0.71bc | 16.53±0.82d |
| 32.0% AP | 20.19±1.27ab | 16.67±0.86a | 7.62±0.45a | 19.07±1.24ab | 106.80±3.91ab | 10.74±0.79bc | 16.28±0.97cd |

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