研究论文

枯草芽孢杆菌对黄曲霉毒素B1引起羊人工瘤胃异常发酵的改善作用

  • 张照杰 , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • 韩一铭 1, 2, 3 ,
  • 高宇凤 1, 2, 3 ,
  • 任晓丽 2, 3 ,
  • 宋超 2, 3 ,
  • 李志娟 4 ,
  • 李洪政 5 ,
  • 石冬梅 2, 3 ,
  • 贾雨婷 2 ,
  • 姬中豪 2 ,
  • 皇甫和平 , 2, 3, * ,
  • 王金明 , 1, *
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  • 1 山西农业大学动物医学学院,太谷 030801
  • 2 河南牧业经济学院动物医药学院,郑州 450046
  • 3 郑州市动物营养代谢病与中毒病重点实验室,郑州 450046
  • 4 商丘美兰生物工程有限公司,商丘 476299
  • 5 河南国康检测技术有限公司,郑州 450001
*皇甫和平,副教授,E-mail: ;
王金明,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

张照杰(1999—),男,安徽六安人,硕士研究生,研究方向为兽医公共卫生。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2024-07-30

  网络出版日期: 2025-02-16

基金资助

新一轮河南省重点学科(学科名称:兽医;学科序号:312)

河南省科技攻关项目(232102111037)

Improvement Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Abnormal Fermentation in Artificial Rumen Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in Sheep

  • ZHANG Zhaojie , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • HAN Yiming 1, 2, 3 ,
  • GAO Yufeng 1, 2, 3 ,
  • REN Xiaoli 2, 3 ,
  • SONG Chao 2, 3 ,
  • LI Zhijuan 4 ,
  • LI Hongzheng 5 ,
  • SHI Dongmei 2, 3 ,
  • JIA Yuting 2 ,
  • JI Zhonghao 2 ,
  • HUANGFU Heping , 2, 3, * ,
  • WANG Jinming , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
  • 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 3 Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases and Poisoning Diseases, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 4 Shangqiu Meilan Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Shangqiu 476299, China
  • 5 Henan Guokang Detection Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
*HANGFU Heping, associate professor, E-mail: ;
WANG Jinming, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-30

  Online published: 2025-02-16

摘要

本试验旨在探究添加不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)致羊人工瘤胃异常发酵的影响。试验以全混合日粮(TMR)为发酵底物,采用单因素试验设计,分为7个组,包括对照组(NC组)、AFB1组和5个试验组,其中NC组添加1 mL甲醇,AFB1组添加1 mL 10 μg/mL的AFB1,试验组分别同时添加1 mL 10 μg/mL的AFB1和0.01%、0.03%、0.06%、0.12%、0.24%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,每组3个重复。试验当天随机收集3只屠宰羊的新鲜瘤胃液,按照试验设计在39 ℃条件下培养4、8、12、24和48 h,记录pH和产气量,测定氨态氮(NH3-N)、微生物蛋白(MCP)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,并利用荧光定量PCR检测微生物区系。结果表明:1)发酵24 h时,AFB1组产气量与NC组相比显著降低(P<0.05),0.03%组产气量与AFB1组相比极显著升高(P<0.01)。2)发酵24 h时,各组发酵液pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。AFB1组NH3-N和MCP含量低于NC组,但无显著差异(P>0.05);0.03%组NH3-N和MCP含量与AFB1组相比极显著升高(P<0.01)。3)发酵24 h时,AFB1组发酵液各VFA含量在数值上均低于NC组,其中异丁酸含量与NC组相比显著降低(P<0.05);0.03%组乙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)与AFB1组相比极显著提高(P<0.01),丙酸和异丁酸含量与AFB1组相比显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与NC组相比,AFB1组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌(Ruminobacter amylophilus)和原虫相对丰度极显著降低(P<0.01),溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella ruminicola)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。与AFB1组相比,0.03%组白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albus)、黄色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefaciens)、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和产甲烷菌相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫相对丰度极显著提高(P<0.01)。综上所述,AFB1会降低体外发酵瘤胃产气量以及NH3-N、MCP和VFA含量,同时抑制瘤胃微生物活性;饲粮中添加0.03%枯草芽孢杆菌可以有效缓解AFB1致羊人工瘤胃发酵的抑制作用,促进瘤胃发酵。

本文引用格式

张照杰 , 韩一铭 , 高宇凤 , 任晓丽 , 宋超 , 李志娟 , 李洪政 , 石冬梅 , 贾雨婷 , 姬中豪 , 皇甫和平 , 王金明 . 枯草芽孢杆菌对黄曲霉毒素B1引起羊人工瘤胃异常发酵的改善作用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(2) : 1260 -1270 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.109

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on abnormal fermentation in artificial rumen induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in sheep. Using a single factor experimental design and total mixed ration (TMR) as fermentation substrate, the experiment was divided into 7 groups, including control group (NC group), AFB1 group and 5 experimental groups. The NC group was supplemented with 1 mL methanol, the AFB1 group was supplemented with 1 mL 10 μg/mL AFB1, and the experimental groups were supplemented with 1 mL 10 μg/mL AFB1 and Bacillus subtilis preparations of 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12% and 0.24%, respectively, with 3 replicates in each group. On the day of the experiment, the fresh rumen fluid from 3 slaughtered sheep was randomly collected and cultured at 39 ℃ for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h according to the experimental design. pH and gas production were recorded, the contents of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were determined, and the microbiota was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed as follows: 1) At 24 h of fermentation, the gas production in AFB1 group was significantly decreased compared with NC group (P<0.05), and the gas production in 0.03% group was extremely significantly increased compared with AFB1 group (P<0.01). 2) At 24 h of fermentation, there was no significant difference in pH in fermentation broth among all groups (P>0.05). The contents of NH3-N and MCP in AFB1 group were lower than those in NC group, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05); the contents of NH3-N and MCP in 0.03% group were extremely significantly higher than those in AFB1 group (P<0.01). 3) At 24 h of fermentation, the each VFA content in fermentation broth in AFB1 group was numerically lower than that in NC group, and the isobutyrate content was significantly lower than that in NC group (P<0.05); the contents of acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in 0.03% group were extremely significantly increased compared with AFB1 group (P<0.01), and the contents of propionate and isobutyrate were significantly increased compared with AFB1 group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with NC group, the relative abundances of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminobacter amylophilus and protozoa in AFB1 group were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the relative abundances of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Prevotella ruminicola were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with AFB1 group, the relative abundances of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Prevotella ruminicola and methanogens in 0.03% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the relative abundances of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacter amylophilus and protozoa were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, AFB1 can reduce the rumen gas production and contents of NH3-N, MCP and VFA in vitro fermentation, and inhibit rumen microbial activity; dietary supplementation of 0.03% Bacillus subtilis can effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of artificial rumen fermentation induced by AFB1 and promote rumen fermentation.

真菌毒素在农业生产的各个环节中广泛存在,尤其危害食品和饲料安全,并严重威胁人畜健康[1]。据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计,全世界每年因真菌毒素污染畜禽饲料而造成的损失高达数十亿美元,全球约有25%的粮食作物受到不同程度的真菌毒素污染,其中黄曲霉毒素污染最为严重[2]。黄曲霉毒素有20多种,其中黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)以其广泛的分布范围和强烈的致癌性,被世界卫生组织(WHO)明确界定为Ⅰ级致癌物质[3]。研究表明,AFB1会降低瘤胃微生物多样性,且对拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的丰度影响较大[4]。方东辉等[5]研究发现,在瘤胃发酵液中添加不同浓度的AFB1能够降低微生物降解蛋白质的活性,减少总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid,TVFA)的产量,同时抑制纤维分解菌的活性。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是一类具有多种生理功能和生物学特性的益生菌,被广泛应用于畜牧行业,在畜禽饲粮中添加适量的枯草芽孢杆菌可以改善瘤胃内环境,调节肠道菌群,促进畜禽生长[6]。大量研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可以降解AFB1。例如,Huang等[7]从AFB1污染的饲料和土壤中筛选出一株枯草芽孢杆菌,其可以有效降解AFB1,降解率为84.23%;孙向丽等[8]从草食动物粪便中筛选出一株枯草芽孢杆菌,其发酵液对AFB1的降解率达80.84%。
虽然枯草芽孢杆菌可以降解AFB1,但是对于其在瘤胃液中能否缓解AFB1对瘤胃发酵的抑制作用目前尚不清楚。因此,本试验对瘤胃液进行体外发酵,并通过在被AFB1污染的发酵液中添加不同剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对AFB1致羊瘤胃内环境破坏的调控作用,并筛选出合适的添加剂量,以期为枯草芽孢杆菌在反刍动物养殖中的应用提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

瘤胃液来源于3只新屠宰肉羊,采集后置于保温瓶中并尽快带回实验室。全混合日粮(TMR)粉碎后烘干,过40目筛后用作体外发酵的底物,TMR组成见表1。试验所用AFB1是市购产品,纯度≥98%;枯草芽孢杆菌制剂为市购产品,其中活菌数≥3.0×108 CFU/g。
表1 TMR组成(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition of TMR (DM basis) %

原料Ingredients 含量Content
花生秧Peanut seedling 50.00
玉米Corn 29.40
豆粕Soybean meal 9.80
花生叶Peanut leaf 7.35
食盐NaCl 0.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50
小苏打NaHCO3 0.50
维生素预混料Vitamin premix 1.95
合计Total 100.00

每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the vitamin premix contained the following:VA 1 500 000 IU,VD3 200 000 IU,VE 20 000 IU,VK3 500 mg,VB1 1 800 mg,VB2 5 500 mg,VB6 2 600 mg,VB12 16 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 24 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 13 mg,叶酸 folic acid 400 mg,生物素 biotin 200 mg。

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用AFB1的作用浓度为10 μg/mL,参考姜雅慧等[9]的体外发酵试验。试验以TMR为发酵底物,采用单因素试验设计,分为7个组,包括对照组(NC组)、AFB1组和5个试验组,其中NC组添加1 mL甲醇,AFB1组添加1 mL 10 μg/mL的AFB1,试验组分别同时添加1 mL 10 μg/mL和AFB1和0.01%、0.03%、0.06%、0.12%、0.24%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,每组设置3个重复。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 体外培养

AFB1先用甲醇稀释至10 μg/mL,然后准确称取0.5 g TMR于每组发酵瓶中,发酵瓶容积为250 mL,按照试验设计分组添加AFB1和枯草芽孢杆菌。试验当天,采集瘤胃液于保温瓶中,迅速带回实验室,过4层纱布后使用。取75 mL混合培养液(人工唾液∶瘤胃液=2∶1)于每组发酵瓶中,混合后置于39 ℃恒温培养箱中培养4、8、12、24和48 h。人工唾液参考Menke等[10]的方法进行配制。培养结束后,迅速放入冰水浴中终止发酵,测定发酵瓶内压力和发酵液pH,然后过4层纱布,将各组发酵液分装至10 mL离心管中,-20 ℃保存,待测其他指标。

1.3.2 产气量测定

分别在发酵4、8、12、24和48 h时,使用精密数字压力表(YGK-100,陕西美控电子科技有限公司)测定发酵瓶内压力,按照Osmond等[11]的方法计算产气量,计算公式如下:
GPt=V×Pt×0.068。
式中:GPt为样品在t时的产气量(mL);Ptt时读取的发酵瓶内压力(Psi);V为发酵瓶中除去液体部分后气体所占的体积(mL)。

1.3.3 瘤胃发酵参数测定

使用便携式pH计[Testo206-pH,德图仪表(深圳)有限公司]测定发酵液pH。发酵液氨态氮(NH3-N)含量参考冯宗慈等[12]的方法进行测定,将过滤后的发酵液从-20 ℃取出,常温水浴解冻,取2 mL于离心管中,在9 391×g条件下离心20 min,采用比色法测定NH3-N含量;微生物蛋白(microbial protein,MCP)含量采用考马斯亮蓝法[13]进行测定,测定仪器为多功能酶标仪(Synergy HT,美国伯腾仪器有限公司);挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)含量采用福立气相色谱仪(GC-9790 Plus,浙江福立分析仪器有限公司)进行测定,方法为气相色谱内标法[14],内标物为2-乙基丁酸。

1.3.4 瘤胃微生物区系

采用磁珠法粪便基因组DNA抽提试剂盒(B618763-0100)提取发酵液中微生物基因组总DNA,所提取DNA的浓度和吸光度(OD)260/OD280值利用超微量分光光度计(NanoDrop One/One C,Thermo,美国)测定。原虫、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella ruminicola)、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌(Ruminobacter amylophilus)、产甲烷菌、黄色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefaciens)等的相对丰度采用荧光定量PCR仪(ABI 7500-FAST,Thermo,美国)测定,瘤胃微生物引物序列见表2[15-17],所有引物均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
表2 瘤胃微生物特异性引物序列

Table 2 Rumen microbiota specific primer sequences

微生物
Microbiota
引物序列
Primer sequences (5'—3')
扩增片段大小
Amplified fragment
size/bp
参考文献
References
真细菌
Eubacteria
F:CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
R:ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG
189 [16]
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌
Ruminobacter amylophilus
F:CTGGGGAGCTGCCTGAAT
R:CATCTGAATGCGACTGGTTG
109 [16]
溶纤维丁酸弧菌
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
F:ACCGCATAAGCGCACGGA
R:CGGGTCCATCTTGTACCGATAAAT
100 [16]
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌
Prevotella ruminicola
F:GCGAAAGTCGGATTAATGCTCTATG
R:CCCATCCTATAGCGGTAAACCTTTG
78 [16]
黄色瘤胃球菌
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
F:CGAACGGAGATAATTTGAGTTTACTTAGG
R:CGGTCTCTGTATGTTATGAGGTATTACC
132 [17]
白色瘤胃球菌
Ruminococcus albus
F:CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG
R:CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA
176 [17]
原虫
Protozoa
F:TGACTCAACACGGGGAAACT
R:TCCACCAACTAAGAACGGCC
109 [15]
产甲烷菌
Methanogens
F:GGATTAGATACCCSGGTAGT
R:GTTGARTCCAATTAAACCGCA
192 [15]
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌
Fibrobacter succinogenes
F:GGAGCGTAGGCGGAGATTCA
R:GCCTGCCCCTGAACTATCCA
97 [16]
荧光定量PCR仪参数设置为95 ℃预变性10 min,95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火1 min,40个循环,反应体系见表3。目标微生物的相对丰度采用2-ΔΔCt[16]计算,以真细菌为内参微生物。
表3 荧光定量PCR反应体系

Table 3 Fluorescence quantitative PCR reaction system

组成Composition 体积Volume/μL
DNA模板DNA template 1.0
正向引物Forward primer 0.4
反向引物Reverse primer 0.4
2×SGExcel FastSYBR Mixture 5.0
100×ROX Reference Dye 0.1
ddH2O 3.1
合计Total 10.0

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据先采用Excel 2010归纳整理,然后采用GraphPad Prism 9软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)程序进行统计分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果数据采用“平均值±标准差”形式表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产气量

表4可知,随着发酵时间的延长,各组产气量逐渐上升,其中,发酵4、12和48 h时,各组间产气量均无显著差异(P>0.05);发酵8 h时,AFB1组、0.01%组、0.03%组、0.06%组和0.12%组产气量与NC组相比极显著降低(P<0.01),0.24%组产气量与AFB1组、0.01%组、0.03%组、0.06%组和0.12%组相比极显著升高(P<0.01);发酵24 h时, AFB1组产气量与NC组相比显著降低(P<0.05),0.03%组产气量与AFB1组相比极显著升高(P<0.01)。
表4 瘤胃体外发酵产气量变化

Table 4 Changes of gas production in rumen during in vitro fermentation mL

项目
Items
组别Groups P
P-value
NC AFB1 0.01% 0.03% 0.06% 0.12% 0.24%
4 h 43.51
±0.63
41.59
±1.52
42.88
±2.71
42.45
±2.15
43.42
±0.51
43.39
±0.66
43.60
±0.33
0.63
8 h 62.35
±0.23Aa
59.13
±0.15Bb
58.47
±0.14Bb
57.74
±1.47Bb
56.94
±0.34Bb
56.88
±1.70Bb
63.76
±0.36Aa
<0.01
12 h 82.28
±0.46
77.02
±1.01
79.22
±6.70
75.47
±2.06
78.41
±3.71
77.64
±4.17
77.76
±1.85
0.40
24 h 110.37
±0.36ABa
103.42
±1.56Bb
107.55
±1.67ABab
112.55
±5.47Aa
108.22
±1.40ABab
109.40
±0.92ABab
109.19
±0.91ABab
<0.01
48 h 128.53
±5.29
119.19
±2.05
117.74
±2.25
119.74
±2.90
120.24
±5.32
126.04
±6.23
124.17
±12.49
0.33

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 发酵参数

表5可知,发酵24 h时,各组发酵液pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。AFB1组NH3-N含量在数值上低于NC组,但无显著差异(P>0.05);0.03%组NH3-N含量与AFB1组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),与0.01%组相比显著升高(P<0.05)。随着枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂量的提高,MCP含量呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,其中AFB1组MCP含量在数值上低于NC组,但无显著差异(P>0.05);0.03%组MCP含量与AFB1组相比极显著升高(P<0.01)。
表5 体外发酵24 h各组瘤胃发酵参数

Table 5 Rumen fermentation parameters in each group after 24 h in vitro fermentation

项目
Items
组别Groups P
P-value
NC AFB1 0.01% 0.03% 0.06% 0.12% 0.24%
pH 6.91
±0.01
6.94
±0.02
6.92
±0.02
6.93
±0.01
6.94
±0.03
6.93
±0.02
6.94
±0.02
0.58
氨态氮
NH3-N/(mg/dL)
35.27
±1.11ABab
33.79
±0.44Bb
34.50
±1.03ABb
38.77
±2.51Aa
35.98
±0.47ABab
36.06
±1.30ABab
36.01
±0.68ABab
<0.01
微生物蛋白
MCP/(mg/dL)
1.93
±0.16ABb
1.88
±0.07Bb
2.05
±0.12ABab
2.26
±0.01Aa
2.15
±0.12ABab
2.14
±0.02ABab
2.00
±0.08ABab
<0.01

2.3 VFA含量

表6可知,发酵24 h时,AFB1组发酵液各VFA含量在数值上均低于NC组,其中异丁酸含量与NC组相比显著降低(P<0.05),其他VFA含量与NC组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂量的提高,各组乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸和TVFA含量总体上呈现先升高再降低的变化趋势,其中0.03%组各VFA含量均高于其他组。具体而言,0.03%组乙酸含量显著高于NC组和0.12%组(P<0.05),极显著高于AFB1组和0.24%组(P<0.01);0.03%组丙酸和异丁酸含量显著高于AFB1组(P<0.05),丁酸含量极显著高于AFB1组和0.24%组(P<0.01),且丁酸含量显著高于0.12%组(P<0.05);0.03%组异戊酸和戊酸含量在数值上高于AFB1组,但是2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);0.03%组TVFA含量极显著高于AFB1组和0.24%组(P<0.01)。
表6 体外发酵24 h各组瘤胃VFA含量

Table 6 Rumen VFA content in each group after 24 h in vitro fermentation mmol/L

项目
Items
组别Groups P
P-value
NC AFB1 0.01% 0.03% 0.06% 0.12% 0.24%
乙酸
Acetate
54.03
±2.46ABCbc
51.64
±0.27Cc
55.78
±0.89ABab
57.74
±1.12Aa
55.89
±0.57ABab
54.25
±0.42ABCbc
52.75
±0.76BCbc
<0.01
丙酸
Propionate
18.26
±1.01ab
17.28
±0.33b
18.55
±0.43ab
18.81
±0.27a
18.36
±0.18ab
18.03
±0.03ab
17.73
±0.36ab
0.02
异丁酸
Isobutyrate
1.48
±0.14a
1.23
±0.06b
1.43
±0.08ab
1.49
±0.08a
1.48
±0.05a
1.44
±0.07ab
1.29
±0.03ab
0.01
丁酸
Butyrate
8.54
±0.57ABab
8.04
±0.10Bb
8.49
±0.17ABab
9.06
±0.08Aa
8.44
±0.06ABab
8.34
±0.08ABb
8.02
±0.01Bb
<0.01
异戊酸
Isovalerate
2.07
±0.20
1.94
±0.02
1.97
±0.05
2.14
±0.05
1.97
±0.03
1.98
±0.06
1.94
±0.06
0.10
戊酸
Valerate
1.32
±0.11
1.25
±0.01
1.30
±0.03
1.36
±0.05
1.32
±0.00
1.29
±0.03
1.27
±0.05
0.27
总挥发性脂肪酸
TVFA
85.71
±4.39ABabc
81.37
±0.72Bc
87.52
±1.43ABab
90.60
±1.56Aa
87.46
±0.78ABab
85.33
±0.39ABabc
82.99
±0.98Bbc
<0.01

2.4 微生物区系

表7可知,AFB1组发酵液各微生物相对丰度在数值上均低于NC组,其中AFB1组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫相对丰度极显著低于NC组(P<0.01),溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌相对丰度显著低于NC组(P<0.05)。0.03%组各微生物相对丰度在数值上均高于AFB1组,其中0.03%组白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albus)、黄色瘤胃球菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和产甲烷菌相对丰度显著高于AFB1组(P<0.05),溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫相对丰度极显著高于AFB1组(P<0.01)。随着枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂量的提高,各组栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、白色瘤胃球菌、产甲烷菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫相对丰度均呈现先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势,其中,0.24%组白色瘤胃球菌、产甲烷菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和溶纤维丁酸弧菌相对丰度显著高于AFB1组(P<0.05),产琥珀酸丝状杆菌相对丰度极显著高于AFB1组(P<0.01)。
表7 体外发酵24 h各组瘤胃微生物区系

Table 7 Rumen microbiota in each group after 24 h in vitro fermentation

项目
Items
组别Groups P
P-value
NC AFB1 0.01% 0.03% 0.06% 0.12% 0.24%
原虫
Protozoa
1.41
±0.05Aa
1.00
±0.07BCbc
0.91
±0.04Cc
1.39
±0.05Aa
1.14
±0.06Bb
0.93
±0.01Cc
0.94
±0.06Cc
<0.01
白色瘤胃球菌
Ruminococcus
albus
1.17
±0.08abc
0.98
±0.02c
1.07
±0.20abc
1.29
±0.07ab
1.13
±0.13abc
1.01
±0.11bc
1.32
±0.04a
0.01
黄色瘤胃球菌
Ruminococcus
flavefaciens
1.09
±0.08ab
1.00
±0.02b
0.99
±0.04b
1.19
±0.08a
1.05
±0.03ab
0.99
±0.06b
0.96
±0.10b
0.01
溶纤维丁酸弧菌
Butyrivibrio
fibrisolvens
1.96
±0.05ABab
1.24
±0.39Bc
1.61
±0.22ABbc
2.34
±0.27Aa
2.06
±0.15ABab
1.64
±0.32ABbc
1.92
±0.13ABab
<0.01
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌
Prevotella
ruminicola
1.22
±0.06a
0.99
±0.02b
1.07
±0.01ab
1.18
±0.02a
1.14
±0.04ab
1.14
±0.15ab
1.18
±0.03a
0.01
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌
Fibrobacter
succinogenes
1.25
±0.04Aa
1.00
±0.09Bb
0.97
±0.03Bb
1.10
±0.05ABab
1.00
±0.03Bb
1.10
±0.12ABab
1.27
±0.03Aa
<0.01
产甲烷菌
Methanogens
1.13
±0.07ab
0.98
±0.07b
1.10
±0.01ab
1.19
±0.02a
0.99
±0.10b
0.97
±0.02b
1.18
±0.10a
0.01
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌
Ruminobacter
amylophilus
2.08
±0.13ABab
1.00
±0.06Dd
1.70
±0.31BCbc
2.38
±0.16Aa
1.73
±0.13BCbc
1.05
±0.08Dd
1.38
±0.24CDcd
<0.01

3 讨论

发酵产气量不仅可以评价饲粮的营养价值和发酵情况,还可以反映瘤胃内微生物的活跃程度[18]。本试验中,与NC组相比,AFB1组在发酵液中添加10 μg/mL的AFB1后,发酵8 和24 h时产气量都显著降低,说明AFB1会抑制瘤胃的发酵,这与查满千等[19]的研究结果一致。发酵24 h时,0.03%组产气量较AFB1组极显著升高,表明在饲粮中添加0.03%的枯草芽孢杆菌可以有效缓解AFB1对瘤胃产气的抑制作用。这一方面可能是由于枯草芽孢杆菌分泌的蛋白酶、淀粉酶等加速了对底物的分解[20],释放出更多的气体;另一方面可能是枯草芽孢杆菌在发酵过程中降解了一部分的AFB1,降低了AFB1对瘤胃发酵的抑制作用,从而提高了产气量。
瘤胃液pH可以反映瘤胃的综合发酵水平,其正常变化范围在5.5~7.5[21]。本试验中,各组pH均在正常范围内,且发酵24 h时各组间发酵液pH无显著差异,说明AFB1及不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌对羊人工瘤胃内pH无显著影响。
NH3-N含量可以反映瘤胃内微生物对氨的摄取情况以及分解含氮物质产氨的速度,同时NH3-N也是瘤胃合成MCP的原料[22]。瘤胃正常NH3-N含量为5.0~30.0 mg/dL[23]。本试验中,各组NH3-N含量为35.27~38.77 mg/dL,超出正常范围。王满红等[24]研究表明,瘤胃NH3-N含量会随着饲粮精料水平的提高而提高。经调查,本试验待宰羊当天食用了过多的精料,所以推测瘤胃NH3-N含量过高的原因是精料食用过多。MCP含量可以反映瘤胃微生物对氮的利用效率以及瘤胃微生物群落的数量[25]。VFA是牛、羊等反刍动物最主要的能量来源,其中乙酸、丙酸及丁酸在反刍动物能量获取、乳脂合成及脂肪代谢维持的过程中扮演着至关重要的角色,这些有机酸不仅是能量供应体系中的重要组成部分,还影响着乳脂的合成效率和体内脂肪的动态平衡[26]
本试验中,与NC组比较,AFB1组发酵液NH3-N、MCP和各VFA含量在数值上均有所降低,其中AFB1组异丁酸含量较NC组显著降低,说明在饲粮中添加AFB1影响了瘤胃的正常发酵,这也进一步验证了李子谦[27]的研究结果。枯草芽孢杆菌可以提高瘤胃NH3-N和MCP含量,改变瘤胃发酵向TVFA的转化,提高丙酸、戊酸、异丁酸和异戊酸的摩尔比例,从而促进瘤胃发酵[28]。Watanakij等[29]在发酵谷物制品中分离出一株枯草芽孢杆菌BCC42005,其胞外部分具有潜在的AFB1降解能力。本研究中,0.03%组NH3-N、MCP和TVFA含量较AFB1组均显著升高,说明在饲粮中添加0.03%枯草芽孢杆菌可以改善羊人工AFB1中毒瘤胃内环境,促进瘤胃发酵。其原因可能是枯草芽孢杆菌的胞外部分多糖物质具有良好的吸附性[30],可以捕捉并结合黄曲霉毒素,降低其生物活性。
瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官之一,堪称一个自然形成的生物发酵反应器,其内部生态环境复杂且活跃,栖居着种类繁多的微生物群落,这些微生物涵盖了原虫、细菌以及真菌等多个类别[31]。瘤胃原虫可以消耗并清除瘤胃内部的氧气,积极营造出一个有利于厌氧微生物生存的环境[32]。栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌是重要的瘤胃淀粉降解菌,瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌是瘤胃内主要的纤维降解菌,这些细菌在瘤胃淀粉和纤维的降解上属于优势菌群[33]。Lin等[34]研究表明,AFB1暴露后瘤胃微生物区系组成发生了变化,普雷沃氏菌属、瘤胃球菌属和琥珀酸菌属的相对丰度显著降低,影响了瘤胃的正常发酵。本试验中,与NC组相比,AFB1组溶纤维丁酸弧菌、原虫、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌的相对丰度显著或极显著降低,与上述研究结果一致。宋淑珍等[35]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌短期饲喂湖羊可调节瘤胃微生态平衡,提高与纤维降解有关的细菌相对丰度。研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可以产生淀粉酶和纤维素酶[36]。本试验中,0.03%组栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、产甲烷菌相对丰度显著或极显著高于AFB1组。对其原因进行分析,可能是枯草芽孢杆菌分泌的多种纤维素酶和淀粉酶有利于粗纤维和淀粉的分解,提高了瘤胃内营养物质的可利用性,从而促进了上述微生物的生长。Sun等[37]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌饲喂奶牛会降低瘤胃原虫的数量。本研究中,添加不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌后,原虫相对丰度在数值上均低于NC组,与上述研究结果一致;不过,0.03%组原虫相对丰度较AFB1组显著提高,推测可能是0.03%组的枯草芽孢杆菌活性较强,降解了部分AFB1,并降低了AFB1对原虫的毒性影响,从而提高了原虫的存活率。

4 结论

① AFB1会降低体外发酵瘤胃产气量以及NH3-N、MCP和VFA含量,同时抑制瘤胃微生物活性。
② 饲粮中添加0.03%枯草芽孢杆菌可以有效缓解羊人工AFB1中毒对瘤胃发酵的抑制作用,提高产气量以及NH3-N、MCP和VFA含量,增强瘤胃微生物活性,从而促进瘤胃发酵。
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