1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 69.37 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 20.00 | ||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 5.00 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.03 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.96 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.52 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.29 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.02 | ||
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.01 | ||
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.02 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | ||
| 微量元素预混料Trace mineral premix1) | 0.20 | ||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) | 0.03 | ||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.18 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.00 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.55 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.42 | ||
| 有效磷AP | 0.22 |
1)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Trace mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Mn 60 mg,I 0.35 mg,Fe 25 mg,Cu 8 mg,Zn 50 mg。 2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 4 000 IU,VD3 1 600 IU,VK3 1.5 mg,VB1 1.0 mg,VB2 3.0 mg,VB6 3.0 mg,VB12 0.005 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8.0 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 20 mg。 3)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,参照NY/T 3645—2020;粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018。ME and AP were calculated values, referred to NY/T 3645—2020; CP, Ca and TP were measured values, referred to GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively. |
1.4 样品采集及处理
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 生长性能检测
1.5.2 直肠温度检测
1.5.3 血清生化和免疫指标
1.5.4 血清和肝脏抗氧化指标检测
1.5.5 肠道形态
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary betaine and vitamin E on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HS | Bet+VE | P1 | P2 | ||
| 初始体重IBW/g | 1 341.19±124.55 | 1 247.64±106.83 | 1 255.92±123.37 | 0.68 | 0.88 | |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 2 271.44±133.30 | 1 909.80±167.53# | 2 065.55±108.42* | <0.01 | 0.03 | |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 66.45±4.79 | 47.76±7.87# | 56.55±8.14* | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 167.92±13.05 | 132.59±15.83# | 144.69±16.16 | <0.01 | 0.05 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.42±0.10 | 2.80±0.28# | 2.58±0.32 | 0.04 | 0.12 | |
| 死淘率Mortality/% | 0 | 13.33 | 0 | |||
#表示与CON组相比差异显著(P<0.05),*表示与HS组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。P1表示CON组vs HS组,P2表示HS组vs Bet+VE组。下表同。 | |
# represented significant difference compared with the CON group (P<0.05), and * represented significant difference compared with the HS group (P<0.05). P1 represented CON group vs HS group, P2 represented HS group vs Bet+VE group. The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡直肠温度的影响
2.3 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡血清生化和免疫指标的影响
表3 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary betaine and vitamin E on serum biochemical indices of yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HS | Bet+VE | P1 | P2 | ||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 13.48±1.34 | 13.50±1.05 | 13.31±0.58 | 0.45 | 0.76 | |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 13.79±0.85 | 13.75±0.96 | 14.53±0.77 | 0.41 | 1.00 | |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 332.33±54.67 | 296.36±65.86 | 313.25±71.71 | 0.98 | 0.70 | |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.95±0.30 | 1.35±0.06# | 1.50±0.28 | 0.02 | 0.19 | |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.98±0.33 | 2.94±0.48 | 2.97±0.42 | 0.92 | 0.84 | |
| 高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) | 1.74±0.18 | 1.78±0.13 | 1.69±0.31 | 0.79 | 0.54 | |
| 低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) | 1.17±0.20 | 1.14±0.25 | 1.17±0.40 | 0.85 | 0.81 | |
| 钾K/(mmol/L) | 3.63±0.29 | 3.19±0.67# | 3.17±0.54 | 0.02 | 0.96 | |
| 钠Na/(mmol/L) | 146.40±1.06 | 145.51±1.71 | 145.39±0.78 | 0.73 | 0.83 | |
| 氯Cl/(mmol/L) | 103.35±1.26 | 103.55±0.97 | 102.66±0.60* | 0.46 | 0.03 | |
| 钙Ca/(mmol/L) | 1.28±0.04 | 1.28±0.03 | 1.29±0.06 | 0.82 | 0.82 | |
表4 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary betaine and vitamin E on serum immune indices of yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress ng/mL |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HS | Bet+VE | P1 | P2 | ||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 2 769.95±445.62 | 1 386.77±439.93# | 1 959.23±434.29* | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 12.98±0.75 | 10.35±0.45# | 16.31±0.32* | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 13.79±0.65 | 14.93±0.74 | 13.26±1.08 | 0.67 | 0.19 | |
2.4 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响
表5 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary betaine and vitamin E on serum and liver antioxidant indices of yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HS | Bet+VE | P1 | P2 | ||||||||
| 血清Serum | ||||||||||||
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 4.23±0.90 | 6.16±3.28 | 5.82±2.06 | 0.09 | 0.81 | |||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/L) | 1 459.48±87.70 | 1 521.78±361.81 | 1 613.99±374.62 | 0.67 | 0.59 | |||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 45.46±7.99 | 47.50±13.32 | 45.99±11.34 | 0.67 | 0.80 | |||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 1.86±0.57 | 1.66±0.44 | 1.92±0.46 | 0.35 | 0.21 | |||||||
| 肝脏Liver | ||||||||||||
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 1.23±0.19 | 1.26±0.32 | 1.53±0.17 | 0.82 | 0.07 | |||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 10.29±2.63 | 10.38±1.44 | 10.73±2.71 | 0.92 | 0.71 | |||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 23.88±4.07 | 23.95±4.64 | 25.78±5.97 | 0.97 | 0.45 | |||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.50±0.12 | 0.44±0.14a | 0.53±0.14 | 0.27 | 0.17 | |||||||
2.5 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡肠道形态的影响
表6 饲粮中添加甜菜碱和维生素E对热应激黄羽肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary betaine and vitamin E on intestinal morphology of yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HS | Bet+VE | P1 | P2 | |||
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 2 027.58±321.22 | 1 616.16±204.66# | 1 989.83±298.63* | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| 隐窝深度CD/μm | 127.35±28.43 | 265.58±43.44# | 179.08±42.59* | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 18.05±3.33 | 6.87±1.06# | 13.38±4.22* | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| 空肠 Jejunum | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 1 803.73±173.34 | 1 236.13±159.43# | 1 499.90±296.00 | 0.01 | 0.55 | |
| 隐窝深度CD/μm | 120.54±23.44 | 205.41±32.84# | 166.45±83.06 | <0.01 | 0.29 | ||
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 16.06±2.43 | 6.20±0.94# | 10.29±2.22* | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| 回肠 Ileum | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 1 040.61±102.99 | 929.38±168.37 | 929.66±209.08 | 0.35 | 0.57 | |
| 隐窝深度CD/μm | 82.48±43.41 | 177.82±27.34# | 92.02±21.38* | 0.04 | <0.01 | ||
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 15.26±4.02 | 5.27±0.62# | 12.49±4.87* | 0.04 | 0.03 | ||

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