1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | 22~38日龄22 to 38 days of age | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 57.84 | 61.44 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 35.82 | 30.65 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.77 | 4.65 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.44 | 1.56 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.21 | 0.80 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (99%) | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| L-赖氨酸L-Lys (98%) | 0.12 | 0.13 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 矿物元素预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (70%) | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.34 | 12.97 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.90 | 19.30 |
| 钙Ca | 1.00 | 0.90 |
| 总磷TP | 0.74 | 0.62 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.40 | 0.30 |
| 可消化赖氨酸D-Lys | 1.10 | 1.00 |
| 可消化蛋氨酸D-Met | 0.45 | 0.40 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.50 mg,VB1 2.00 mg,VB2 8.00 mg,VB6 3.50 mg,VB12 10.00 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35.00 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10.00 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg。 2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe 80.00 mg,Cu 8.00 mg,Mn 100.00 mg,I 0.70 mg,Se 0.30 mg。 3)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,代谢能、有效磷和可消化氨基酸为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, ME, AP and digestible amino acids were calculated values. |
1.4 检测指标与方法
1.4.1 饲粮营养成分
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 免疫器官指数
1.4.4 粪便含水量
1.4.5 屠宰性能
1.4.6 血清生化指标
1.4.7 血清和空肠黏膜抗氧化指标
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 day of age | ||||||
| 21日龄体重BW at 21 day of age/g | 1 162.45a | 1 115.42a | 1 059.77b | 1 156.90a | 11.677 | 0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 53.16a | 50.92a | 48.27b | 52.90a | 0.557 | 0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 66.99a | 64.89ab | 62.73b | 67.14a | 0.509 | 0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.26b | 1.28ab | 1.30a | 1.27b | 0.006 | 0.037 |
| 22~38日龄22 to 38 day of age | ||||||
| 38日龄体重BW at 38 day of age/g | 2 933.57ab | 2 886.71ab | 2 776.67b | 2 966.29a | 22.620 | 0.014 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 110.70 | 111.93 | 109.38 | 113.08 | 1.140 | 0.714 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 175.29 | 172.99 | 168.80 | 176.55 | 1.820 | 0.474 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.59 | 1.58 | 1.58 | 1.56 | 0.009 | 0.826 |
| 1~38日龄1 to 38 day of age | ||||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 78.04ab | 76.78ab | 73.80b | 78.92a | 0.610 | 0.014 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 120.40a | 117.50a | 112.24b | 121.25a | 1.063 | 0.008 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.55 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.54 | 0.008 | 0.932 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表3 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 3 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on immune organ indexes of broilers g/kg |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||||
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 1.11ab | 1.10ab | 1.25a | 0.94b | 0.035 | 0.018 |
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 2.41 | 2.17 | 1.99 | 2.40 | 0.087 | 0.266 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 1.67 | 1.44 | 1.92 | 1.35 | 0.103 | 0.208 |
| 38日龄38 days of age | ||||||
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 1.18 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 0.046 | 0.084 |
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 2.76 | 2.49 | 2.68 | 2.21 | 0.114 | 0.355 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.31 | 1.07 | 0.078 | 0.664 |
2.3 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡粪便含水量的影响
表4 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡粪便含水量的影响Table 4 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on fecal moisture content of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||||
| 粪便含水量Fecal moisture content | 78.46a | 76.51b | 77.39ab | 77.57ab | 0.228 | 0.025 |
| 38日龄38 days of age | ||||||
| 粪便含水量Fecal moisture content | 78.99 | 78.29 | 78.94 | 77.97 | 0.201 | 0.203 |
2.4 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表5 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 5 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on slaughter performance of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 屠宰率Dressing percentage | 92.13 | 92.16 | 92.15 | 92.67 | 0.177 | 0.735 |
| 半净膛率Semi-eviscerated percentage | 82.12b | 83.36ab | 83.80ab | 84.88a | 0.334 | 0.032 |
| 全净膛率Eviscerated percentage | 71.13 | 72.16 | 73.08 | 73.89 | 0.372 | 0.053 |
| 腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage | 1.52b | 1.32b | 2.24a | 1.29b | 0.094 | <0.001 |
| 胸肌率Breast muscle percentage | 29.05 | 29.47 | 29.99 | 29.49 | 0.579 | 0.962 |
| 腿肌率Leg muscle percentage | 20.80 | 19.88 | 20.47 | 19.13 | 0.384 | 0.457 |
2.5 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对21日龄肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on serum biochemical indexes of broilers at 21 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 4.00 | 2.43 | 3.67 | 3.00 | 0.248 | 0.099 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 359.57a | 198.57b | 167.29b | 179.29b | 27.227 | 0.032 |
| 谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶AST/ALT | 98.67a | 74.36ab | 44.54b | 58.83b | 6.670 | 0.012 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 31.07 | 30.01 | 32.07 | 32.70 | 0.585 | 0.394 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 12.61 | 12.16 | 12.69 | 13.23 | 0.230 | 0.453 |
| 球蛋白GLO/(g/L) | 18.46 | 17.86 | 18.98 | 19.47 | 0.389 | 0.506 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 13.65a | 10.62b | 13.75a | 13.20b | 0.409 | 0.009 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.023 | 0.737 |
| 总胆固醇T-CHO/(mmol/L) | 3.04 | 3.22 | 3.14 | 3.17 | 0.047 | 0.643 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.86b | 0.39c | 1.23a | 0.39c | 0.087 | <0.001 |
| 高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) | 1.82c | 2.16a | 1.91bc | 2.09ab | 0.043 | 0.014 |
| 低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.013 | 0.461 |
| 钾离子K+/(mmol/L) | 6.25 | 8.11 | 8.05 | 7.28 | 0.344 | 0.189 |
| 钠离子Na+/(mmol/L) | 144.87 | 142.49 | 144.68 | 144.33 | 0.529 | 0.377 |
| 氯离子Cl-/(mmol/L) | 102.66 | 102.57 | 103.52 | 104.41 | 0.404 | 0.333 |
| 钙离子Ca2+/(mmol/L) | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 0.023 | 0.590 |
表7 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对38日龄肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on serum biochemical indexes of broilers at 38 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 3.71 | 3.29 | 3.71 | 3.43 | 0.096 | 0.302 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 300.50ab | 384.50a | 298.29ab | 256.50b | 16.370 | 0.039 |
| 谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶AST/ALT | 95.69 | 131.21 | 80.65 | 88.26 | 7.399 | 0.067 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 29.55 | 29.93 | 29.73 | 31.81 | 0.561 | 0.458 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 11.47 | 11.50 | 11.67 | 12.27 | 0.223 | 0.577 |
| 球蛋白GLO/(g/L) | 17.65 | 18.43 | 17.93 | 19.54 | 0.390 | 0.337 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 12.06 | 11.14 | 12.49 | 11.91 | 0.201 | 0.100 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.020 | 0.295 |
| 总胆固醇T-CHO/(mmol/L) | 2.73 | 2.33 | 2.59 | 2.78 | 0.075 | 0.185 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.028 | 0.568 |
| 高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) | 1.76 | 1.55 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 0.037 | 0.264 |
| 低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.027 | 0.407 |
| 钾离子K+/(mmol/L) | 3.38 | 3.47 | 3.69 | 3.91 | 0.121 | 0.422 |
| 钠离子Na+/(mmol/L) | 148.90 | 150.36 | 150.48 | 149.43 | 0.434 | 0.536 |
| 氯离子Cl-/(mmol/L) | 101.90 | 103.60 | 103.78 | 103.15 | 0.428 | 0.384 |
| 钙离子Ca2+/(mmol/L) | 2.66 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 2.76 | 0.016 | 0.083 |
2.6 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡血清和空肠黏膜抗氧化指标的影响
表8 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on serum antioxidant indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.030 | 0.965 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 170.43 | 143.77 | 166.80 | 199.36 | 13.359 | 0.565 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 146.50 | 945.22 | 1 049.11 | 982.29 | 57.103 | 0.639 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 4.31 | 3.09 | 4.31 | 4.95 | 0.511 | 0.697 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.94 | 4.26 | 4.09 | 4.33 | 0.169 | 0.864 |
| 38日龄38 days of age | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.018 | 0.453 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 114.15b | 114.51b | 134.83b | 259.47a | 21.778 | 0.026 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 471.86 | 1 452.04 | 1 565.68 | 1 649.26 | 57.509 | 0.630 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.067 | 0.658 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.85 | 4.39 | 3.90 | 4.50 | 0.305 | 0.853 |
表9 单宁酸、鞣花酸和没食子酸对肉鸡空肠黏膜抗氧化指标的影响Table 9 Effects of tannic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid on jejunum mucosa antioxidant indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TA | EA | GA | |||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/g prot) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.005 | 0.440 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 123.38 | 131.49 | 134.24 | 146.64 | 4.932 | 0.486 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/g prot) | 3.07 | 3.94 | 3.62 | 5.58 | 0.585 | 0.440 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/g prot) | 1.53 | 1.45 | 1.75 | 1.61 | 0.133 | 0.892 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.006 | 0.458 |
| 38日龄38 days of age | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/g prot) | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.031 | 0.187 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 157.69 | 148.40 | 188.89 | 112.53 | 22.610 | 0.733 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/g prot) | 38.57 | 16.90 | 25.16 | 14.83 | 5.953 | 0.527 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/g prot) | 1.20b | 1.72ab | 2.13a | 1.34b | 0.126 | 0.031 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.19 | 0.094 | 0.352 |

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