琅琊鸡剩余采食量与生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性研究

宋策; 刘杰; 王杰; 雷秋霞; 周艳; 孙艳; 李福伟; 韩海霞; 刘玮; 李大鹏; 郝丹; 王述柏; 曹顶国

doi:10.12418/CJAN2025.151

动物营养学报 >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 3: 1784 - 1793

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.151

研究论文

琅琊鸡剩余采食量与生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性研究

宋策 ^,¹ ,
刘杰 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
王杰 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
雷秋霞 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
周艳 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
孙艳 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
李福伟 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
韩海霞 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
刘玮 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
李大鹏 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
郝丹 ²^,³^,⁴ ,
王述柏 ^,¹^,^* ,
曹顶国 ^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*

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¹ 青岛农业大学动物科技学院,青岛 266109
² 山东省农业科学院家禽研究所,济南 250100
³ 山东省主要畜禽育种重点实验室,济南 250100
⁴ 济南市家禽种质创新与健康养殖重点实验室,济南 250100

*王述柏,教授,博士生导师,E-mail: wshubai@163.com;

曹顶国,研究员,E-mail: jqsyzs@163.com

宋策(1999—),男,河北衡水人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物饲养与饲料。E-mail: 764245854@qq.com

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2024-08-09

网络出版日期: 2025-03-13

基金资助

山东省重点研发计划资助(2023LZGC018)

青岛市科技惠民示范专项(23-2-8-xdny-16-nsh)

山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2023C05)

国家肉鸡产业技术体系(CARS-41)

收起

A Study on Correlation between Residual Feed Intake and Growth and Feed Efficiency Traits, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Langya Chickens

SONG Ce ^,¹ ,
LIU Jie ²^,³^,⁴ ,
WANG Jie ²^,³^,⁴ ,
LEI Qiuxia ²^,³^,⁴ ,
ZHOU Yan ²^,³^,⁴ ,
SUN Yan ²^,³^,⁴ ,
LI Fuwei ²^,³^,⁴ ,
HAN Haixia ²^,³^,⁴ ,
LIU Wei ²^,³^,⁴ ,
LI Dapeng ²^,³^,⁴ ,
HAO Dan ²^,³^,⁴ ,
WANG Shubai ^,¹^,^* ,
CAO Dingguo ^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
² Poultry Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China
³ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ji’nan 250100, China
⁴ Ji’nan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Ji’nan 250100, China

*WANG Shubai, professor, E-mail: wshubai@163.com;

CAO Dingguo, professor, E-mail: jqsyzs@163.com

Received date: 2024-08-09

Online published: 2025-03-13

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摘要

本试验旨在探究上市日龄前琅琊鸡剩余采食量(RFI)与生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性。选用478只体重相近且有系谱记录的健康琅琊鸡,在相同饲养环境中进行单笼饲养,试验期自96日龄时开始至133日龄结束,共37 d。试验开始前、结束后均停料12 h后称个体重量(空腹),获得每个个体96日龄体重(BW96)、133日龄体重(BW133)、总采食量(FI),计算96~133日龄RFI、平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、饲料转化率(FCR),并进行遗传参数估计。根据RFI和全同胞家系信息,挑选出高、低RFI极端个体各22只,试验结束后进行屠宰性能和肉品质测定;对2组试验鸡的生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质性状进行分析。结果显示: 基于个体动物模型,ADFI和RFI属于中等遗传力,其中ADFI的遗传力最高,为0.25,RFI次之,为0.24。高RFI组琅琊鸡的ADFI和FCR均极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01),高、低RFI组琅琊鸡的ADG无显著差异(P>0.05)。琅琊鸡的RFI与ADFI、FCR呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。低RFI组琅琊鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率极显著高于高RFI组(P<0.01);高RFI组琅琊鸡的腹脂率极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01)。琅琊鸡的RFI与屠宰率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与全净膛率、胸肌率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与腹脂率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。高RFI组琅琊鸡的胸肌pH、腿肌pH极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01);低RFI组琅琊鸡的胸肌肉色亮度(L^*)值显著高于高RFI组(P<0.05);高RFI组琅琊鸡的胸肌肉色红度(a^*)值极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01)。琅琊鸡的RFI与胸肌pH、腿肌pH、胸肌肉色a^*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胸肌肉色L^*值呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。综上可知,琅琊鸡96~133日龄RFI为中等遗传力,以低RFI为选育指标可以提高上市日龄前期琅琊鸡的饲料利用效率且不影响生长性能;对低RFI的选择可提高琅琊鸡的屠宰性能,减少脂肪沉积,并在一定程度上改善肉品质。

关键词： 琅琊鸡; 剩余采集量; 生长及饲料效率性状; 屠宰性能; 肉品质

本文引用格式

宋策 , 刘杰 , 王杰 , 雷秋霞 , 周艳 , 孙艳 , 李福伟 , 韩海霞 , 刘玮 , 李大鹏 , 郝丹 , 王述柏 , 曹顶国 . 琅琊鸡剩余采食量与生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(3) : 1784 -1793 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.151

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the correlation between residual feed intake (RFI) and the growth and feed efficiency traits, slaughter performance, and meat quality of Langya chickens before market age. A total of 478 healthy Langya chickens with similar body weight and documented pedigree were individually housed under identical conditions. The birds were individually weighed at the beginning (96 days of age, BW96) and end of the test (133 days of age, BW133) and were fed ad libitum with daily measurement of feed intake (FI) for the intervening 37 days. The RFI, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 90 to 133 days of age were calculated, followed by genetic parameter were estimated. Based on RFI and whole sibling family information, 22 chickens with high RFI (HRFI) and 22 with low RFI (LRFI) were selected for slaughter performance measurements as well as assessments related to meat quality. The growth and feed efficiency traits, slaughter performance, and meat quality traits of these two groups were analyzed. The results showed that, based on individual animal model, ADFI and RFI had moderate heritability, with ADFI having the highest heritability of 0.25, followed by RFI at 0.24. The HRFI group had extremely significantly higher ADFI and FCR than the LRFI group (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference in ADG between the two groups (P>0.05). RFI was extremely significantly positively correlated with ADFI and FCR (P<0.01). The LRFI group had extremely significantly higher dressing percentage and eviscerated yield rate than the HRFI group (P<0.01), while the HRFI group had extremely significantly higher abdominal fat rate than the LRFI group (P<0.01). RFI was extremely significantly negatively correlated with the dressing percentage (P<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with the eviscerated yield rate and breast muscle rate (P<0.05), while extremely significantly positively correlated with the abdominal fat rate (P<0.01). The pH of the breast muscle and leg muscle in the HRFI group was extremely significantly higher than that in the LRFI group (P<0.01), and the lightness (L^*) value of the breast muscle in the LRFI group was significantly higher than that in the HRFI group (P<0.05). The redness (a^*) value of the breast muscle in the HRFI group was extremely significantly higher than that in the LRFI group (P<0.01). RFI was extremely significantly positively correlated with the pH of the breast muscle, leg muscle, and the a^* value of the breast muscle (P<0.01), while extremely significantly negatively correlated with the L^* value of the breast muscle (P<0.01). The results indicate that RFI of Langya chickens at 96 to 133 days has moderate heritability, and selecting low RFI as breeding index can improve feed efficiency of Langya chickens before market age without affecting growth performance, and the selection of low RFI can increase slaughter performance, reduce fat deposition, and improve meat quality to some extent.

Key words： Langya chickens; residual feed intake; growth and feed efficiency traits; slaughter performance; meat quality

在家禽生产中,饲料成本占产品总成本的70%以上。饲料效率是动物养殖中最重要的经济性状之一。饲料转化率(feed conversion ratio,FCR)和剩余采食量(residual feed intake,RFI)是衡量肉鸡饲料效率的常用指标。经典育种指标FCR没有真实的平均值或方差,难以反映饲料利用的真实效率^[1]。RFI指实际采食量与根据生长和维持需求所预测的采食量的差值^[2],反映的是动物本身由遗传背景决定的代谢差异,能较好地反映肉鸡生长维持所需的能量水平,是衡量家禽饲粮利用率的关键指标^[3]。RFI还是一个中高等遗传力性状,不同家禽品种中,RFI的遗传力在0.25~0.45^[4-5],因此,RFI可以作为家禽饲料效率的选育指标。

琅琊鸡是我国优良的地方品种,其优势主要有肌内脂肪含量高、耐粗饲、抗病力强、肉质风味好,然而,其仍然存在一些不足之处,比如生长速度缓慢、饲料利用率和产肉率较低。琅琊鸡上市日龄前期采食量逐渐变大,需要提高饲料利用率,降低生产成本,而对RFI与琅琊鸡上市日龄前期生长及饲料效率、屠宰性能和肉品质等的相关研究较少。为了更好的评估RFI在琅琊鸡育种中应用的效果,本研究测定了琅琊鸡上市日龄前1个月的RFI,探究了琅琊鸡RFI的遗传力,研究不同RFI条件下琅琊鸡在生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质方面的差异以及RFI与各个性状的相关性,旨在以RFI为选育指标下琅琊鸡饲料效率和肉用性能的选育提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物及管理

478只健康琅琊鸡由青岛禽之宝琅琊鸡育种有限公司提供,体重相近且有系谱记录,所有鸡均在相同饲养环境中单笼饲养,试验阶段的饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期自96日龄时开始至133日龄结束,共37 d。试验琅琊鸡按青岛禽之宝琅琊鸡育种有限公司免疫程序进行免疫。试验开始前、结束后均停料12 h后称个体体重,获得每个个体96日龄体重(BW96)、133日龄体重(BW133)、96~133日龄总采食量(FI),计算96~133日龄RFI。以RFI的表型值为基础,每个全同胞家系随机选取1只代表个体,共挑选出44只(高RFI组:22只,低RFI组:22只),2组琅琊鸡的RFI水平见表2。以此为基础,对高、低RFI组琅琊鸡在生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能及肉品质方面的差异进行研究,并探讨RFI与各项性状的相关性。本研究中试验鸡的所有处理和试验程序均符合山东省农业科学院家禽研究所伦理委员会的相关规定和程序(伦理批准文号:2024-04)。

表1 试验阶段的饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the diet during experimental stage (air-dry basis) %

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	65.5
豆粕Soybean meal	22.0
小麦麸Wheat bran	5.0
豆油Soybean oil	0.5
石粉Limestone	2.0
预混料Premix¹⁾	5.0
合计Total	100.0
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	11.55
粗蛋白质CP	15.68
钙Ca	0.80
总磷TP	0.39
赖氨酸Lys	0.78
蛋氨酸Met	0.26
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.54

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 13 000 IU,VD₃ 50 000 IU,VE 200 mg,VB₁₂ 180 μg,生物素 biotin 3 000 μg,叶酸 folic acid 10 μg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 400 μg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 400 mg,Cu 100 mg,Zn 75 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 100 mg,Se 0.15 mg,I 12 mg,DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 1.5 g。

2)代谢能为计算值,粗蛋白质、钙、总磷和氨基酸为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while CP, Ca, TP and amino acids were measured values.

表2 2组琅琊鸡的RFI水平

Table 2 RFI levels of Langya chickens in two groups g

项目Item	高RFI组High-RFI group	低RFI组Low-RFI group
剩余采食量RFI	533.93±203.81	-417.89±120.12

1.2 测定指标及方法

1.2.1 饲粮及原料营养成分测定

参照GB/T 6432—2018方法测定粗蛋白质含量,参照GB/T 6436—2018方法测定钙含量,参照GB/T 6437—2018方法测定总磷含量,参照GB/T 18246—2019方法测定氨基酸含量,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算代谢能。

1.2.2 生长及饲料效率性状测定

分别在试验第1天和第37天凌晨,停饲12 h后对每只琅琊鸡进行称重,试验期间记录个体的加料量,对FI、平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、FCR和RFI进行计算,计算方法如下:

FI=试验期间加料量-试验结束剩料量;

ADG=(BW133-BW96)/试验天数;

ADFI=FI/试验天数;

FCR=ADFI/ADG;

RFI=FI-(b₀+b₁BW^0.75+b₂GW)。

式中:FI为试验全期采食量;BW^0.75为试验开始时的代谢体重;GW为试验期内增重;b₀为回归方程的截距;b₁、b₂为偏回归系数。

1.2.3 遗传参数估计

在本试验中,基于系谱数据的个体动物模型用于遗传参数的估计^[6]。基于系谱的个体动物模型:y=1μ+Za+e。式中:y为表型值(BW133、ADG、ADFI、RFI);μ为群体均值(本模型不存在固定效应,所以用1表示固定效应矩阵);a为加性效应,e为随机效应;Z为a的关联矩阵,

v a r (a) = A σ a 2

,其中A是基于系谱数据的亲缘关系矩阵。本试验中方差分量的计算基于ASReml-R进行^[7]。

1.2.4 屠宰性能测定

试验结束时对高、低RFI组琅琊鸡全部屠宰,对宰前活重、屠体重、全净膛重、半净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、腹脂重、头重、脚重和翅膀重进行测定,参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)计算屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率,以头重、2只脚重和两侧翅膀重占全净膛重的百分率分别作为头比率、脚比率和翅膀率。

1.2.5 肉品质测定

取上述屠宰后的琅琊鸡左侧胸肌和腿肌测定肉品质,主要检测pH和肉色。

pH测定:屠宰后45 min,使用便携式pH计(TESTO-205,德图仪表有限公司)测定胸肌和腿肌的pH。每份胸肌或腿肌选取相同的3个位点进行测定,每份肉样的pH为3次测定的平均值。

肉色测定:屠宰后45 min将胸肌和腿肌表面的筋膜去除后,利用全自动色差仪(DS-700D,杭州彩谱科技有限公司)测定亮度(L^*)值、红度(a^*)值、黄度(b^*)值3个指标。每份肉样测定3次,取3次测定的平均值。

1.3 数据统计分析

所得数据利用Excel 2019软件进行处理。利用高、低RFI组琅琊鸡群体(n=44),对生长及饲料效率性状、屠宰性能和肉品质性状开展基于独立样本t检验的差异性分析,对屠宰性能和肉品质性状开展基于Pearson法的相关性分析。利用饲养试验鸡群体(n=478),采用Pearson法开展生长及饲料效率性状的相关性分析。以上分析基于SPSS 22.0软件实现。

2 结果与分析

2.1 琅琊鸡生长及饲料效率性状遗传力

本试验应用个体动物模型估计了琅琊鸡体重及饲料效率性状的遗传力,具体结果见表3。由表3可知,基于个体动物模型,ADFI和RFI属于中等遗传力,其中ADFI的遗传力最高,为0.25,RFI次之,为0.24。

表3 琅琊鸡生长及饲料效率性状遗传力

Table 3 Heritability for growth and feed efficiency traits of Langya chickens

项目Items	遗传方差Vg	环境效应方差Ve	遗传力Heritability (h²)
133日龄体重BW133	3 233.74±2 494.73	23 005.40±2 709.71	0.12±0.09
平均日采食量ADFI	56.14±23.54	167.45±22.97	0.25±0.10
平均日增重ADG	1.28±1.08	10.40±1.19	0.11±0.09
饲料转化率FCR	1.31±1.38	15.12±1.61	0.08±0.08
剩余采食量RFI	19 515.78±21 315.58	157 497.42±21 042.45	0.24±0.10

2.2 不同RFI琅琊鸡的生长及饲料效率性状差异分析

表4为不同RFI琅琊鸡的生长及饲料效率性状差异分析,结果显示:高RFI组琅琊鸡的ADFI和FCR均极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01);低RFI组琅琊鸡的BW96和BW133均显著高于高RFI组(P<0.05);2组琅琊鸡的ADG无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表4 不同RFI琅琊鸡的生长及饲料效率性状差异分析

Table 4 Difference analysis of growth and feed efficiency traits of Langya chickens with different RFI

项目Items	高RFI组High-RFI group	低RFI组Low-RFI group	P值P-value
平均日采食量ADFI/g	104.82±6.57	80.83±5.00	<0.010
平均日增重ADG/g	11.05±1.20	11.17±1.19	0.747
饲料转化率FCR	9.60±0.90	7.30±0.65	<0.010
96日龄体重BW96/g	1 195.13±58.04	1 253.59±93.83	0.018
133日龄体重BW133/g	1 604.05±79.26	1 666.82±108.96	0.035

	P>0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。下表同。
	P>0.05 indicates no significant difference, P<0.05 indicates significant difference, and P<0.01 indicates extremely significant difference. The same as below.

2.3 琅琊鸡RFI与生长及饲料效率性状的相关性分析

图1为琅琊鸡RFI与生长及饲料效率性状的相关性分析,结果显示:RFI与ADFI、FCR呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.83、0.52;FCR与ADG呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.78。

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图1 琅琊鸡RFI与生长及饲料效率性状的相关性分析

“*”表示相关性显著(P<0.05),“**”表示相关性极显著(P<0.01)。下图同。

Fig.1 Correlation analysis between RFI and growth and feed efficiency traits of Langya chickens

“*” indicates significant correlation (P<0.05), and “**” indicates extremely significantly correlation (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.4 不同RFI琅琊鸡的屠宰性能性状差异分析

表5为不同RFI琅琊鸡的屠宰性能性状差异分析,结果显示:低RFI组的屠宰率、全净膛率分别极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于高RFI组;高RFI组的腹脂率极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01);2组的半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、头比率、脚比率和翅膀率无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表5 不同RFI琅琊鸡的屠宰性能性状差异分析

Table 5 Difference analysis of slaughter performance traits of Langya chickens with different RFI %

项目Items	高RFI组High-RFI group	低RFI组Low-RFI group	P值P-value
屠宰率Dressing percentage	87.44±1.24	89.25±1.96	0.001
半净膛率Half-eviscerated yield percentage	80.60±1.70	81.39±2.06	0.172
全净膛率Eviscerated yield percentage	66.27±1.55	67.63±1.59	0.006
胸肌率Breast muscle percentage	14.71±1.41	15.69±1.96	0.065
腿肌率Leg muscle percentage	25.85±1.66	26.81±2.61	0.154
腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage	1.33±1.09	0.47±0.47	0.002
头比率Head percentage	5.72±0.72	6.13±0.91	0.113
脚比率Foot percentage	11.51±0.79	11.31±1.01	0.449
翅膀率Wing percentage	12.37±0.62	12.03±0.91	0.149

2.5 琅琊鸡RFI与屠宰性能性状的相关性分析

图2为琅琊鸡RFI与屠宰性能性状的相关性分析,结果显示:RFI与屠宰率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.39,同时与全净膛率、胸肌率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为-0.36、-0.30,此外,RFI与腹脂率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.43;屠宰率与半净膛率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并且与全净膛率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.51、0.33;半净膛率与全净膛率及头比率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.81、0.43;全净膛率与翅膀率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.36;胸肌率与头比率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.33;腿肌率与腹脂率、翅膀率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.43、-0.48;腹脂率与头比率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.30;脚比率与翅膀率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.52。

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图2 琅琊鸡RFI与屠宰性能性状的相关性分析

Fig.2 Correlation analysis between RFI and slaughter performance traits of Langya chickens

2.6 不同RFI琅琊鸡的肉品质性状差异分析

表6为不同RFI琅琊鸡的肉品质性状差异分析,结果显示:琅琊鸡的胸肌pH、腿肌pH和胸肌肉色a^*值均表现为高RFI组极显著高于低RFI组(P<0.01);低RFI组的胸肌肉色L^*值显著高于高RFI组(P<0.05);其他肉品质性状2组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表6 不同RFI琅琊鸡的肉品质性状差异分析

Table 6 Difference analysis of meat quality traits of Langya chickens with different RFI

项目 Items		高RFI组 High-RFI group	低RFI组 Low-RFI group	P值 P-value
胸肌Breast muscle	pH	6.24±0.24	6.01±0.15	0.001
	亮度L^*	48.24±3.63	50.53±2.78	0.024
	红度a^*	3.38±1.26	2.13±1.43	0.004
	黄度b^*	13.82±1.81	13.39±1.93	0.450
腿肌Leg muscle	pH	6.53±0.22	6.21±0.14	<0.010
	亮度L^*	42.39±3.78	41.60±3.29	0.461
	红度a^*	12.30±1.88	12.29±1.35	0.976
	黄度b^*	14.32±2.29	14.28±2.01	0.951

2.7 琅琊鸡RFI与肉品质性状的相关性分析

图3为琅琊鸡RFI与肉品质性状的相关性分析,结果显示:RFI与胸肌pH、腿肌pH和胸肌肉色a^*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.58、0.73、0.45;RFI与胸肌肉色L^*值则呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.42;胸肌肉色a^*值与胸肌pH呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胸肌肉色L^*值则呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.39、-0.37;胸肌肉色b^*值与a^*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.53;腿肌肉色a^*值与L^*值呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.38;腿肌肉色b^*值与L^*值、a^*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.52、0.42。

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图3 琅琊鸡RFI与肉品质性状的相关性分析

Fig.3 Correlation analysis between RFI and meat quality traits of Langya chickens

3 讨论

3.1 RFI对琅琊鸡生长及饲料效率性状的影响

在本研究中,低RFI组琅琊鸡的FCR、ADFI极显著低于高RFI组,BW96和BW133均显著高于高RFI组,但ADG无显著差异。这与杨宝龙等^[8]在小体型肉鸭上的试验结果一致,即低RFI个体的饲料效率更高且对增重无影响。李晶^[9]研究同样表明,在白羽肉鸡选育中将RFI作为评估饲料效率的指标,可以在不影响增重的同时减少饲料摄入量。Liu等^[10]研究发现,低RFI肉鸡的十二指肠消化吸收较好,有助于提高饲料利用效率。相关性分析结果显示琅琊鸡RFI与ADFI和FCR呈极显著正相关,这与齐平平等^[11]在皖南黄兔上的研究结果一致,皖南黄兔RFI与ADFI极显著正相关,而与ADG的相关性不显著。李琴等^[12]在渝州白鹅上的研究也显示,RFI与ADFI和FCR存在正相关,但与ADG基本无相关性。以上结果表明,以RFI为选育指标可以在不影响增重的条件下降低动物的采食量,进而提高饲料利用效率。

3.2 RFI对琅琊鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能对肉用品种选育有指导意义,屠宰性能主要以屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率等指标衡量。研究发现,对RFI的选择可能会引起屠宰性能的改变。刘杰等^[13]对北京油鸡的研究显示,选择低RFI的北京油鸡可以促进胸肌和腿肌的积累,并减少腹部脂肪的堆积。Zhuo等^[14]研究发现,与高RFI肉鸡相比,低RFI肉鸡具有更高的胸肌率和更低的腹脂率。在小体型肉鸭的研究上也证实,低RFI肉鸭屠宰性能更高,腹脂率更低^[8]。刘本帅等^[15]研究发现,低RFI的北京鸭皮脂率更低、胸肌发达程度更高。另外,在生猪^[16]和绵羊^[17]的研究中也证实,对RFI的选择会影响机体脂肪的沉积。本研究结果与前人研究结果相似,表现为低RFI组琅琊鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率极显著高于高RFI组,高RFI组琅琊鸡的腹脂率极显著高于低RFI组。相关性分析结果显示,琅琊鸡RFI与屠宰率呈极显著负相关,与全净膛率和胸肌率呈显著负相关性,但与腹脂率呈极显著正相关。综上所述,选择低RFI个体可以促进肌肉沉积,减少脂肪堆积,因此,可以通过对RFI的选择,在提高饲料利用效率的同时改善畜禽的屠宰性能,这为肉用畜禽的选育提供了新的思路。

3.3 RFI对琅琊鸡肉品质的影响

在肉品质的评估中,肌肉的颜色被视为一个关键的感官参数,这主要取决于肌肉组织内肌红蛋白与肌白蛋白的比例^[18]。pH则能够用来反映肌肉酸碱程度,当肌肉被酵解时,pH会显著下调,而45~60 min后的肌肉pH可以作为判断正常肌肉和异常肌肉的关键参考^[19]。pH适度降低可以改善肉品质。本研究发现,低RFI组琅琊鸡的胸肌肉色L^*值显著高于高RFI组,高RFI组琅琊鸡的胸肌肉色a^*值极显著高于低RFI组;琅琊鸡RFI与胸肌pH、腿肌pH、胸肌肉色a^*值呈极显著正相关,与胸肌肉色L^*值呈极显著负相关。Drouilhet等^[20]的研究结果与本研究结果相似,该研究结果显示低RFI半番鸭肉色L^*值显著高于高RFI半番鸭。杨宝龙等^[8]在小体型肉鸭上的研究显示,RFI与肉色L^*值呈显著负相关,但与pH呈正相关。另外,Faure等^[21]在不同RFI猪的肉品质研究中发现,低RFI品系猪比高RFI品系猪肉色更浅。Lefaucheur等^[22]研究发现,与高RFI组猪相比,低RFI组猪的pH_{24 h}更低。尽管如此,Nascimento等^[23]研究发现,RFI对牛背最长肌pH、L^*值、a^*值和b^*值的影响均不显著,而Hakimeh等^[24]的研究发现,鸡的RFI与胸肌pH_{24 h}之间存在显著的负相关。因此,RFI与肉色和pH等肉品质形状的关系可能与物种、品种、采样部位、地区及饲养条件等因素相关,其相关关系有待进一步研究。

4 结论

本试验条件下,琅琊鸡96~133日龄RFI为中等遗传力,以低RFI为选育指标可以提高上市日龄前期琅琊鸡的饲料利用效率且不影响生长性能;对低RFI的选择可提高琅琊鸡的屠宰性能,减少脂肪沉积,并在一定程度上改善肉品质。

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