动物营养学报 >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 3: 1940 - 1953

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.164

研究论文

发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长、肝脏生化指标、消化吸收和免疫力的影响

  • 郑雨顺 , 1, 2 ,
  • 陈桂琼 3, * ,
  • 黄文庆 3 ,
  • 胡俊茹 1 ,
  • 彭凯 1 ,
  • 黄燕华 3 ,
  • 邹记兴 2 ,
  • 王国霞 , 1, **
展开
  • 1 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,广州 510640
  • 2 华南农业大学海洋学院,广州 510642
  • 3 广州飞禧特生物科技有限公司,广州 510640
**王国霞,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

*同等贡献作者

郑雨顺(2000—),男,广东惠州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2024-08-28

  网络出版日期: 2025-03-13

基金资助

广东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队建设项目(2023KJ115)

广东省饲料产业技术体系(2024CXTD14)

收起

Effects of Fermented Black Soldier Fly on Growth, Liver Biochemical Indices, Digestion and Absorption and Immunity of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

  • ZHENG Yushun , 1, 2 ,
  • CHEN Guiqiong 3 ,
  • HUANG Wenqing 3 ,
  • HU Junru 1 ,
  • PENG Kai 1 ,
  • HUANG Yanhua 3 ,
  • ZOU Jixing 2 ,
  • WANG Guoxia , 1, **
Expand
  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 3 Guangzhou Fishtech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
**professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-08-28

  Online published: 2025-03-13

Fold

摘要

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长、肝脏生化指标、消化吸收和免疫力的影响。在基础饲料中添加0(G0)、2%(G2)、4%(G4)和8%(G8)发酵黑水虻鲜物质(对应发酵黑水虻风干物质添加量分别为0、10.4、20.8和41.6 g/kg)配制4种等氮等脂的试验饲料。选取初始质量(2.75±0.01) g的斑点叉尾鮰480尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,开展56 d的养殖试验。结果显示: 饲料中添加不同水平发酵黑水虻未对斑点叉尾鮰的摄食率(FR)产生显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组(G0组)相比,G2组增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)显著提高(P<0.05);G8组脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)和肠体比(ISI)显著下降(P<0.05);G2组肝脏甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)含量及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著降低(P<0.05);G4组肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著增加(P<0.05);G2组肝脏AKP、ACP活性和补体3(C3)含量显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,G2组肠道胰蛋白酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性以及肠道肌层厚度、绒毛长度和杯状细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中添加发酵黑水虻可以促进其生长,增强消化吸收能力,保护肝脏健康和提高非特异性免疫能力,鲜物质基础下添加量为2%(风干物质基础下添加量为10.4 g/kg)时效果最优。

关键词： 发酵黑水虻; 斑点叉尾鮰; 生长性能; 消化酶; 生化指标; 免疫

本文引用格式

郑雨顺 , 陈桂琼 , 黄文庆 , 胡俊茹 , 彭凯 , 黄燕华 , 邹记兴 , 王国霞 . 发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长、肝脏生化指标、消化吸收和免疫力的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(3) : 1940 -1953 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.164

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding fermented black soldier fly (BSF) to the diet on the growth, liver biochemical indices, digestion and absorption and immunity of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Four diets with 0 (G0), 2% (G2), 4% (G4) and 8% (G8) fermented BSF by fresh matter (the corresponding air-dry matter addition was 0, 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 g/kg, respectively) were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. A total of 480 Ictalurus punctatuss with an initial body weight of (2.75±0.01) g were randomly divided into four groups, with three replicates per group and 40 fish per replicate. A 56-day feeding trial was conducted. The results showed that the feeding rate (FR) of Ictalurus punctatus was not significantly affected by the addition of fermented BSF in the diet (P>0.05). Compared with the control group (G0 group), the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) in the G2 group were significantly improved (P<0.05); the visceral-somatic index (VSI), hepato-somatic index (HSI) and intestinal-somatic index (ISI) in the G8 group were significantly reduced (P<0.05); the contents of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), and the activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver of Ictalurus punctatus in the G2 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in the liver of the G4 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the AKP and ACP activities and complement 3 (C3) content in the G2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the activities of intestinal trypsin and Na+-K+-ATPase in the G2 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Moreover, the muscular thickness, villus length and goblet cell count of intestine showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the addition of fermented BSF, and these parameters were significantly higher in the G2 group than in the control group (P<0.05). In summary, the addition of fermented BSF to the diet of Ictalurus punctatus promotes growth, enhances digestion and absorption ability, protects liver health, and improves non-specific immunity. The effect is the best when the fermented BSF addition is 2% on the basis of fresh matter (equivalent to 10.4 g/kg on the basis of air-dry matter).

Key words： fermented black soldier fly; Ictalurus punctatus; growth performance; digestive enzyme; biochemical indices; immune

黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.),隶属于双翅目水虻科扁角水虻属,广泛分布于全球热带和温带地区[1],其幼虫阶段能有效转化多种有机废物(如厨余废物[2]、禽畜粪便[3]和农副产品[4])为高营养价值的饲料及高附加价值的昆虫产品。黑水虻虫粉富含优质蛋白质、均衡氨基酸以及多种维生素和矿物质[5],在水产饲料中被视为最有应用前景的昆虫之一[6]。除作为优质蛋白质源外,黑水虻还含有甲壳素[7]、抗菌肽[8]和月桂酸[9]等多种生物活性物质,是一种具有良好开发应用前景的功能性饲料原料[10]。根据需求,黑水虻经过干燥或者脱脂等工艺可加工为干虫粉、虫浆及虫油等多种形式,本团队前期研究发现,以黑水虻幼虫粉替代饲料中50%的鱼粉或者使用脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中40%的鱼粉,对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长性能无不利影响,且脱脂黑水虻虫粉能增加花鲈的摄食量、降低血脂及抑制肝脂沉积[11-12];使用黑水虻幼虫粉替代饲料中30%的鱼粉可促进凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长,15%~20%的替代量能增强凡纳滨对虾的抗氧化能力[13],而脱脂黑水虻虫粉可替代饲料中60%的鱼粉,不影响其生长性能、抗氧化酶活性、免疫酶活性以及消化酶活性[14];使用脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中20%的鱼粉,不影响黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼的生长性能和体组成,且能降低腹脂指数、血清甘油三酯及胆固醇含量,增加蛋白酶活性[15];在杂交鳢(Channa argus×C. maculate)饲料中添加黑水虻虫浆,能够促进摄食和生长、降低饲料系数、增加蛋白质沉积率、降低血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量[16-17],并能增强鱼体免疫与抗氧化能力和改善肠道健康[18];饲料中使用黑水虻虫粉或虫浆可提高大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的生长速率和脂质沉积[19]、降低肝体比[20]以及增强抗氧化和免疫能力[21-22];饲料中添加酵解黑水虻虫浆可促进大口黑鲈的摄食与生长、降低肝体比和死亡率、提高抗氧化能力、优化肠道菌群结构并促进氨基酸、能量及核苷酸的代谢[23]。综上所述,黑水虻虫粉或虫浆等在水产动物中应用具有积极的正向效果。
然而,采用微波或热风等干燥方法制备黑水虻干虫或虫粉的成本较高[24]。相比之下,将黑水虻幼虫匀浆及酵解处理,不仅可降低加工成本,而且产物中还富含由黑水虻蛋白转化产生的抗氧化肽[25]及外壳几丁质转化产生的壳聚糖[26]等生理活性物质,理论上发酵黑水虻作用效果更优。然而,目前关于发酵黑水虻的研究较为匮乏,目前仅见于大口黑鲈[23,27]、对虾[28]及杂交鳢[29]饲料中应用的报道。
斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)隶属于鲶形目鮰科,是我国重要水产养殖品种,具有对环境适应性强、食性广、抗病抗逆能力强、肉质紧致、味道鲜美以及几乎没有肌间刺的优点,深受养殖者和消费者青睐。据统计,2022年我国斑点叉尾鮰养殖产量达41.6万t[30]。然而,目前尚未有黑水虻在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中应用的相关研究。因此,本试验旨在探讨发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能、肝脏生化指标、消化吸收及免疫力的影响,为发酵黑水虻作为新型饲料原料在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中的应用提供试验数据和理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用发酵黑水虻是以新鲜黑水虻幼虫为原料,经酶解及发酵等工序加工精制而成,其营养成分含量如下:粗蛋白质13.31%,粗脂肪5.00%,水分48.00%,粗灰分3.50%,总氨基酸13.00%,肽3.86%,酸溶蛋白5.00%。

1.2 试验饲料

以鱼粉、鸡肉粉、豆粕、双低菜籽粕和米糠粕为蛋白质源,以豆油为脂肪源,以高精面粉为碳水化合物源,配制4种等脂等氮的试验饲料,饲料中发酵黑水虻鲜物质的添加量分别为0、2%、4%和8%,对应的发酵黑水虻风干物质基础下的添加量分别为0、10.4、20.8和41.6 g/kg,并分别记为G0、G2、G4和G8。试验饲料组成及营养水平见表1。各原料分别粉碎过80目筛,称重混匀,原料混匀后使用双螺杆挤出机(SLX-80,华南理工大学机械制造厂)挤压成条,再通过制粒机(G-500,华南理工大学科技实业总厂)制成粒径为3 mm的颗粒饲料,55 ℃干燥,自然冷却后密封,-20 ℃保存备用。
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 饲料Diets
G0 G2 G4 G8
原料Ingredients
鱼粉Fish meal 6.00 5.60 5.20 4.40
发酵黑水虻Fermented black soldier fly 1.04 2.08 4.16
豆粕Soybean meal 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
双低菜籽粕Double-low rapeseed meal 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
鸡肉粉Chicken powder 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
米糠粕Rice bran meal 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
高精面粉High-gluten flour 18.76 18.13 17.51 16.21
花生粕Peanut meal 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
豆油Soybean oil 6.80 6.76 6.73 6.70
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine·HCl 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.15
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18
维生素C磷酸酯Vitamin C phosphate 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
胆碱Choline (50%) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
水分Moisture 4.12 3.74 4.73 3.24
粗蛋白质Crude protein 37.43 37.17 36.81 37.21
粗脂肪Crude lipid 9.18 9.18 9.10 9.25
粗灰分Ash 8.13 8.19 8.35 8.28

1)每千克维生素预混料提供Provided the following per kg of vitamin premix:VA 400 000 IU,VD3 200 000 IU,VE 2 g,L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 L-ascorbate-2-phosphate 6.5 g,VB1 0.5 g,VB2 1 g,VB5 40 mg,VB6 0.6 g,VB12 2 mg。

2)每千克矿物质预混料提供 Provided the following per kg of mineral premix: Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 2.4 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 750 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 950 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 4.0 g,Co (as cobalt sulfate) 125 mg。

3)实测值 Measured values。

1.3 试验设计与饲养管理

养殖试验在广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所白云试验基地循环系统玻璃纤维缸(直径80 cm,高70 cm,容积350 L)中进行。斑点叉尾鮰鱼苗购于广州市锦龙渔业有限公司,购回后在渔排网箱(长×宽×深=1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)暂养1周。选取初始质量在(2.75±0.01) g的外观健康、活力强健的斑点叉尾鮰480尾,随机分成4组(G0、G2、G4和G8组,对应饲喂相应编号的饲料),每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,开展56 d的养殖试验。试验期间,每天于08:00和18:00进行表观饱食投喂,每次投喂完毕后1 h用虹吸管将残留的饲料和排出的粪便吸出,残留的饲料单独收集后烘干、称重,用于计算实际采食量。试验期间保持水质,水体溶解氧浓度>5 mg/L,pH 7.7~8.0,温度24.7~29.8 ℃,亚硝酸盐浓度≤0.15 mg/L。动物试验由广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号:2023012。

1.4 样品采集

养殖结束后,禁食24 h,逐缸计数称重,每缸随机取8尾鱼测量体长,称量体重以及内脏团、肠道和肝脏重量,用于计算形体指标;每缸随机取全鱼6尾,于-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于全鱼营养成分测定;每缸随机取7尾鱼于冰上解剖,取全肠和肝脏,-80 ℃冰箱保存,用以检测消化酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性、生化与免疫指标等;每缸随机取2尾鱼,解剖取前肠,于10%福尔马林溶液中固定,用于制备石蜡切片。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 生长性能和形体指标

存活率(SR,%)=100×终末尾数/初始尾数;
增重率(WGR,%)=100×(终末体重-初始体重)/初始体重;
特定生长率(SGR,%/d)=100×(ln终末体重-ln初始体重)/饲养天数;
饲料系数(FCR)=摄食饲料干重/(终末体重-初始体重);
摄食率(FR,g/尾)=总摄食量/[(初始尾数+终末尾数)/2];
蛋白质效率(PER,%)=100×(终末体重-初始体重)/(饲料干物质重×饲料粗蛋白质含量);
肥满度(CF,g/cm3)=100×体重/体长3;
脏体比(VSI,%)=100×内脏团质量/体重;
肝体比(HSI,%)=100×肝脏质量/体重;
肠体比(ISI,%)=100×肠道质量/体重。

1.5.2 饲料及全鱼营养成分检测

饲料及全鱼营养成分采用国标法测定:105 ℃烘箱干燥法(GB/T 6435—2014)测定水分含量;马弗炉550 ℃灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)测定粗灰分含量;乙醚抽提法(GB/T 6433—2006)测定粗脂肪含量;凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)测定粗蛋白质含量。

1.5.3 肝脏生化指标检测

将肝脏样品匀浆并在4 ℃下以624.35×g的离心力离心15 min,收集上清液,使用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)测定肝脏总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性。

1.5.4 消化酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性检测

将肠道样品匀浆并在4 ℃下以624.35×g的离心力离心15 min,收集上清液。取制备的肠道上清液和1.5.3中制备的肝脏上清液,使用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)测定肠道和肝脏α淀粉酶(AMS)、胰蛋白酶(TRY)、脂肪酶(LPS)以及肠道Na+-K+-ATP酶活性。

1.5.5 肝脏免疫指标检测

取1.5.3中制备的肝脏上清液,使用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)检测肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性和补体3(C3)含量。

1.5.6 肠道组织切片制作及测量

将10%福尔马林溶液中固定的前肠取出,制备石蜡组织切片,经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后用PANNORAMIC全景切片扫描仪扫描,观察绒毛形态与结构,使用CaseViewer 2.2软件测量肌层厚度、绒毛长度和绒毛宽度;100倍视野下,分别计数每张切片中5根肠绒毛上杯状细胞数量,取平均值。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据结果中形体指标采用“平均值±标准差”表示,其余均采用“平均值±标准误”表示,采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法分析组间差异显著性,P<0.05为差异显著标准。

2 结果

2.1 生长性能和形体指标

由表2可知,与G0组相比,G2组WGR和SGR显著提高(P<0.05);G2组SR、WGR和SGR显著大于G8组(P<0.05);G4组PER显著大于且FCR显著小于G8组(P<0.05);各组间FR无显著差异(P>0.05);G2和G4组CF显著大于其余2组(P<0.05);G8组VSI、HSI和ISI显著小于G0组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和形体指标的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary supplemented with fermented black soldier fly on growth performance (n=3) and body parameters (n=24) of channel catfish

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
初均重IBW/g 2.75±0.01 2.75±0.01 2.75±0.01 2.75±0.01
末均重FBW/g 11.46±0.53b 14.22±0.29a 13.73±1.24ab 11.10±0.82b
存活率SR/% 85.83±3.00ab 94.17±4.64a 88.33±2.20ab 81.67±3.00b
摄食率FR/(g/尾) 11.13±0.63 12.20±0.81 11.89±0.56 10.36±0.22
增重率WGR/% 316.75±19.25b 417.07±10.28a 399.18±44.98ab 303.08±30.01b
特定生长率SGR/(%/d) 2.04±0.06b 2.35±0.03a 2.29±0.13ab 1.98±0.11b
饲料系数FCR 1.32±0.03ab 1.15±0.09ab 1.12±0.07b 1.38±0.07a
蛋白质效率PER/% 202.39±4.12ab 236.76±17.06ab 243.79±15.46a 196.85±11.07b
肥满度CF/(g/cm3) 1.33±0.16b 1.46±0.14a 1.43±0.15a 1.33±0.12b
脏体比VSI/% 7.33±1.98a 7.57±1.20a 6.94±1.11ab 6.37±1.40b
肝体比HSI/% 1.54±0.28a 1.41±0.22ab 1.44±0.25ab 1.38±0.21b
肠体比ISI/% 1.60±0.49a 1.52±0.27ab 1.49±0.28ab 1.37±0.28b

同行数据肩标相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 体成分

由表3可知,饲料中添加不同水平发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰体成分的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation of fermented black soldier fly on body composition of channel catfish (n=3) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
粗蛋白质Crude protein 13.10±0.36 12.53±0.77 13.17±0.41 14.29±0.86
粗脂肪Crude lipid 7.93±0.41 7.58±0.67 8.21±0.27 8.85±0.75
粗灰分Ash 3.15±0.09 2.92±0.20 3.19±0.14 3.45±0.32
水分Moisture 74.26±0.29 76.03±1.88 74.53±0.72 71.75±2.12

2.3 肝脏生化指标

由表4可知,整体上,肝脏TG、TC含量随发酵黑水虻添加量的增加出现先降低后升高的趋势,G2、G4组肝脏TG、TC含量较G0组显著降低(P<0.05);饲料中添加不同水平发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏GLU含量无显著影响(P>0.05);G2和G8组肝脏GPT和GOT活性显著小于G0组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary supplemented with fermented black soldier fly on liver biochemical indices of channel catfish (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/g prot) 0.20±0.02a 0.12±0.00b 0.14±0.01b 0.19±0.01a
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/g prot) 0.08±0.01a 0.04±0.00b 0.04±0.00b 0.07±0.01a
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/g prot) 192.28±4.50 182.39±6.22 186.71±13.29 159.37±19.32
谷丙转氨酶GPT/(U/g prot) 23.68±2.14a 18.50±0.87c 22.99±0.88ab 19.15±0.74bc
谷草转氨酶GOT/(U/g prot) 16.84±1.62a 11.52±1.27b 12.78±1.35ab 10.03±1.48b

2.4 消化酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性

由表5可知,在肝脏中,G4和G8组α淀粉酶活性显著低于G0组(P<0.05);在肠道中,G2组α淀粉酶活性显著高于G4组(P<0.05),胰蛋白酶活性显著高于G0组(P<0.05),Na+-K+-ATP酶活性显著高于G0和G8组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰消化酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary supplementation of fermented black soldier fly on digestive enzymes and Na+-K+-ATPase activities of channel catfish (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
肝脏Liver
α淀粉酶AMS/(U/mg prot) 0.48±0.02a 0.41±0.04ab 0.32±0.03b 0.38±0.02b
胰蛋白酶TRY/(U/mg prot) 6 451.79±465.18 5 323.07±433.16 6 035.05±183.49 6 299.90±705.46
脂肪酶LPS/(U/g prot) 59.86±4.83 51.47±2.69 51.36±3.65 56.93±5.78
肠道Intestine
α淀粉酶AMS/(U/mg prot) 0.25±0.01ab 0.29±0.02a 0.22±0.02b 0.24±0.03ab
胰蛋白酶TRY/(U/mg prot) 4 755.80±123.21b 6 023.21±438.72a 5 034.27±127.96ab 5 009.29±411.25ab
脂肪酶LPS/(U/g prot) 26.21±1.89 23.43±0.77 26.00±1.46 21.65±1.85
Na+-K+-ATP酶Na+-K+-ATPase/(U/mg prot) 0.85±0.03bc 1.21±0.05a 1.00±0.11ab 0.71±0.01c

2.5 肠道组织形态

由表6可知,肠道肌层厚度、绒毛长度、绒毛宽度和杯状细胞数均随发酵黑水虻添加水平出现先上升后下降的趋势,且均在G2组出现最大值;相较于G0组,G2组肠道肌层厚度、绒毛长度和杯状细胞数显著升高(P<0.05)。从图1可知,与G0组相比,G2组的肠绒毛几乎填满了整个肠道,具有更复杂的立体褶皱面积和更大的区域。
表6 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肠道组织形态的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary supplemented with fermented black soldier fly on intestinal morphology of channel catfish (n=6)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
肌层厚度Muscular thickness/μm 19.66±1.93b 40.93±3.02a 28.92±3.45b 20.48±1.50b
绒毛长度Villus length/μm 461.98±27.81b 652.47±66.52a 523.41±41.77ab 510.33±36.08ab
绒毛宽度Villus width/μm 133.20±4.70ab 139.97±5.92a 119.87±2.63ab 110.91±11.29b
杯状细胞数Goblet cell count/(个/绒毛) 18.56±0.78bc 23.61±0.45a 19.67±0.51b 17.39±0.81c
图1 各组斑点叉尾鮰肠道形态显微结构(HE染色)

G0:G0组 G0 group;G2:G2组 G2 group;G4:G4组 G4 group;G8:G8组 G8 group。

Fig.1 Microscopic structure of intestinal morphology of channel catfish in each group (HE staining)

2.6 肝脏免疫指标

由表7可知,整体上,斑点叉尾鮰肝脏AKP和ACP活性随发酵黑水虻添加量的增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,G2和G4组肝脏AKP和ACP活性显著高于G0和G8组(P<0.05);肝脏LZM活性不受饲料中发酵黑水虻添加量的显著影响(P>0.05);G2组肝脏C3含量显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏免疫指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary supplemented with fermented black soldier fly on liver immune indices of channel catfish (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
G0 G2 G4 G8
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(金氏单位/g prot) 4.68±0.01b 5.44±0.14a 5.77±0.09a 4.69±0.15b
酸性磷酸酶ACP/(金氏单位/g prot) 8.96±0.29c 10.90±0.07b 11.48±0.13a 8.80±0.10c
溶菌酶LZM/(μg/g prot) 54.19±3.44 52.15±9.75 51.32±4.28 53.58±3.07
补体3 C3/(mg/g prot) 0.86±0.02b 1.08±0.04a 0.96±0.03b 0.90±0.04b

3 讨论

3.1 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能的影响

水产动物的生长效率可用WGR和SGR作为评价指标。本研究中,斑点叉尾鮰在G2组获得最大生长效率,PER和FCR呈现与生长效率相一致的变化趋势;此外,添加2%的发酵黑水虻显著促进了斑点叉尾鮰肠道发育,肠道绒毛结构完整布满肠腔,并且增强了消化与吸收相关酶活性,保证了肠道高效执行其消化与吸收功能,进而促进其生长。类似地,Xu等[23]的研究指出,在大口黑鲈饲料中添加1%的发酵黑水虻能显著提高其WGR和SGR;朱喜锋等[29]在杂交鳢饲料中添加2%发酵黑水虻后,WGR和SGR也同样显著升高。
在饲料中添加2%与4%的发酵黑水虻显著提高了斑点叉尾鮰对饲料的利用率,并促进了鱼体的生长。这与2%~4%发酵黑水虻促进肠道发育,提高消化与吸收相关酶活性的结论一致。研究显示,饲料中添加抗菌肽能够增加吉富罗非鱼肠道皱襞高度、调节肠道菌群并提高生长性能[31];饲喂含较高月桂酸水平的黑水虻饲料,能提高尼罗罗非鱼鱼体线粒体酶活性,增强肝脏三羧酸循环,进而促进ATP和NADH合成,最终促进合成代谢和生长[32],黑水虻幼虫中富含的抗菌肽和月桂酸成分,结合上述文献报道可知这些成分对提高饲料利用率有积极影响。值得注意的是,此前的研究指出,使用过量的黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉导致凡纳滨对虾生长抑制和肠道损伤等多方面的负面效应,且均归因于甲壳素含量增多[14]。本试验所用黑水虻经发酵后仍残存有0.9%的甲壳素,当发酵黑水虻的添加量为8%时,甲壳素含量累积,导致与2%添加量相比鱼体重增长减缓和SR下降。
形体指标是鱼体健康状况的衡量标准之一,CF能反映鱼体营养状况[33]并体现其可食用部分比例[34]。随着人们消费水平的提高,可食用占比高的鱼体更受青睐。饲料中添加2%或4%的发酵黑水虻均能促进营养物质在鱼体中贮存,增加了其可食用部分比例,使CF显著升高。然而,当发酵黑水虻添加量达到8%时,试验鱼的VSI、HSI和ISI均显著降低,这与黄文庆等[27]在大口黑鲈饲料中添加8%~10%发酵黑水虻时鱼体HSI显著降低的结论相类似。鱼体健康状态下,各脏器与体重的比值通常保持相对稳定,然而鱼体处于染病或不健康的状态时,受损脏器重量可能发生变化,进而导致脏器系数改变。在本试验的对照组(G0组)中,肝脏并未出现液泡变性和炎症细胞浸润等病理变化,而G8组的脏器系数降低,表明脏器发生萎缩或其他退行性改变,即8%的发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏和肠道发育及其正常功能的行使产生了负面影响,进而影响鱼体生长。

3.2 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏生化指标的影响

肝脏作为鱼体内脂肪合成与代谢中心,其TG和TC的含量是衡量鱼体脂肪代谢状态的关键指标[35]。本研究结果显示,在饲料中添加2%或4%的发酵黑水虻,斑点叉尾鮰肝脏TG和TC含量均显著高于未添加组(G0组)及高添加量组(G8组),可能与黑水虻中几丁质成分经发酵分解产生的壳聚糖有关。既往研究指出,黑水虻外壳中的几丁质能被几丁质酶水解为小分子壳聚糖[36],壳聚糖经肠道上皮细胞吸收后,通过调节血液和肝脏中酶和受体活性,能有效降低血清和肝脏TG及TC含量,展现出显著的降脂效果[37-38],改善脂质代谢状况[39]以及增强肝脏功能[40-41]。在鱼类中,脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)负责水解血浆脂蛋白中的TG,激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)在脂肪组织中是分解TG的关键酶,二者均为脂肪分解的关键酶。Wang等[11]在花鲈的研究中发现,饲料中添加脱脂黑水虻虫粉可上调海鲈肝脏中LPL和HSL mRNA的表达水平,推测是壳聚糖在促进脂蛋白和TG水解方面发挥着重要作用。另外,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1(ACC1)作为脂肪酸合成途径中的关键中间代谢物,其表达水平的变化影响脂肪酸的合成速率。Peng等[19]在大口黑鲈饲料中添加黑水虻虫浆的研究显示,随着饲料中黑水虻虫浆比例的增加,肝脏ACC1 mRNA表达水平上调,同时LPL mRNA的表达水平下调,表明黑水虻虫浆促进了大口黑鲈肝脏中脂质沉积。然而,本研究中斑点叉尾鮰肝脏TG和TC含量随发酵黑水虻添加量的变化趋势与上述海鲈、大口黑鲈的研究结果略有差异,这可能归因于黑水虻是否经过发酵以及不同鱼类间消化生理特性的差异。本研究中,随发酵黑水虻添加量的增加,斑点叉尾鮰肝脏TG和TC含量先上升再下降,这可能与LPL、HSL和ACC1基因表达水平的变化有关。
GOT和GPT是通过氨基酸转氨基进入三羧酸循环前体介导氨基酸分解代谢的关键酶[42]。有研究报道,肝脏GOT和GPT的活性与蛋白质效率呈负相关[43]。Dai等[44]和张翩[45]的研究中均得出肝脏GOT和GPT活性的降低促进了机体生长的结论。本研究中,相较于对照组,获得最大生长的G2组其肝脏GOT和GPT活性均显著降低,这可能与发酵黑水虻富含更易消化的小分子肽等低分子质量蛋白质酶解物有关。

3.3 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰消化吸收能力和肠道结构的影响

鱼体消化吸收能力可通过测定淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶等指标评估,测定鱼体消化器官内消化酶活性,可反映试验鱼对饲料的消化状态。本研究中,随发酵黑水虻添加量的增加,斑点叉尾鮰肝脏和肠道中α淀粉酶活性整体呈下降趋势,可能是由于发酵饲料中糖类转化为乳酸和丙酸等短链有机酸,进而通过降低pH抑制α淀粉酶的活性[46];肝脏和肠道的脂肪酶活性均不受饲料中发酵黑水虻添加量的影响;与对照组相比,G2组肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著升高。本研究中脂肪酶与蛋白酶的变化与Ardra等[47]在低眼巨鲶(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)饲料中添加有机酸发酵黑水虻的试验结果一致。
肠道是鱼类主要的营养消化吸收器官,其发育状况是影响鱼体生长性能主要的原因之一。肠道肌层通过收缩推动食物,使食物与消化液在肠道内充分混匀,提高消化吸收效率;肠道绒毛作为肠黏膜层的重要组成部分,对肠道吸收能力至关重要[49]。本研究中,饲料中添加2%的发酵黑水虻显著增加了斑点叉尾鮰肠道肌层厚度、绒毛长度、绒毛宽度和杯状细胞数。有研究指出,发酵饲料产生的生物活性肽有助于斑点叉尾鮰肠道发育[50];此外,发酵黑水虻富含的月桂酸等有机酸对肠道绒毛长度和肌层厚度有显著的促进作用[51]。Salazar等[52]指出,有机酸在肠上皮能减少病原菌的数量,通过降低肠道培养基的pH,阻止细菌黏附于黏膜,减少上皮损伤,从而保持肠道的完整性。Sheikh等[53]则提到,短链脂肪酸可促进血浆和肠道胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)和葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)的表达,这些均可能参与介导肠道上皮细胞增殖。本研究中,G2组肠道绒毛明显长于对照组,结构更完整,具有更复杂的立体褶皱面积和更大的区域,几乎填满了整个肠道;G2组在生长上也表现出最大增长,这表明2%的发酵黑水虻对肠道发育有促进作用,增强了肠道消化吸收能力,进而促进生长。
Na+-K+-ATP酶位于细胞膜内,通过分解ATP获得能量,促进鱼体对小分子营养物质的吸收,其活性可作为评估肠道吸收能力的一个指标。本研究中,G2组肠道Na+-K+-ATP酶活性最高,表明斑点叉尾鮰吸收能力得到增强。宣雄智等[48]的研究表明,抗菌肽对Na+-K+-ATP酶活性有促进作用,而黑水虻富含抗菌肽,这可能是G2组肠道Na+-K+-ATP酶活性增加的原因之一。因此,可以推测饲料中添加2%发酵黑水虻能够促进斑点叉尾鮰肠道发育,提高肠道胰蛋白酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性,进而增强肠道消化吸收功能,以此获得最大WGR和SGR。

3.4 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对斑点叉尾鮰免疫力的影响

AKP是一种对底物专一性要求较低的磷酸单脂水解酶,能有效水解促炎性细菌成分和内源性分子的磷酸盐共轭物[54],作为重要的解毒系统,能够清除外源微生物。ACP可激活单核巨噬细胞,在动物模型中作为巨噬细胞活化的标志物[55]。AKP和ACP参与非特异性免疫反应,在免疫系统中起着重要作用。补体系统是先天性和适应性免疫系统的重要构成部分。本试验中,饲料中添加2%~4%的发酵黑水虻显著提高了斑点叉尾鮰肝脏中AKP和ACP活性,增强了其非特异性免疫功能。类似地,在金鲳(Trachinotus ovatus)饲料中添加3%黑水虻虫浆得出相同的结论[56];投喂黑水虻幼虫于锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)的试验结果也与此相吻合[57]。此外,在饲料中添加2%或4%的发酵黑水虻显著提高了斑点叉尾鮰肝脏中C3含量,表明发酵黑水虻能够调控斑点叉尾鮰补体途径以增强免疫应答,这一发现与黑水虻虫粉促进尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)补体表达的报道[58]一致。黑水虻幼虫脂质成分一般以月桂酸为主[59-60],并且是已知具有较多抗菌肽基因的物种之一,已有研究从黑水虻基因中筛选出编码50种抗菌肽的基因[61]。本研究中,斑点叉尾鮰免疫指标的变化及其与SR变化趋势的一致性可能与发酵黑水虻中含有的抗菌肽及月桂酸等抗菌物质有关[62]。

4 结论

在饲料中添加发酵黑水虻可促进斑点叉尾鮰生长和肠道发育,增强肠道消化吸收能力以及提高鱼体非特异性免疫能力。综合生长、肠道发育及其消化吸收能力和肝脏生化与免疫指标等,斑点叉尾鮰饲料中添加2%发酵黑水虻鲜物质(即10.4 g/kg发酵黑水虻风干物质)时效果最优。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序
[1]
SINGH A, KUMARI K C. An inclusive approach for organic waste treatment and valorisation using black soldier fly larvae:a review[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 251:109569.

[2]
NGUYEN T T X, TOMBERLIN J K, VANLAERHOVEN S. Ability of black soldier fly (Diptera:Stratiomyidae) larvae to recycle food waste[J]. Environmental Entomology, 2015, 44(2):406-410.

[3]
ZHOU F, TOMBERLIN J K, ZHENG L Y, et al. Developmental and waste reduction plasticity of three black soldier fly strains (Diptera:Stratiomyidae) raised on different livestock manures[J]. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2013, 50(6):1224-1230.

[4]
AMATA I A. The use of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) for livestock feeding in the tropics:a review[J]. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2015, 5(5):7-15.

[5]
LILAND N S, ARAUJO P, XU X X, et al. A meta-analysis on the nutritional value of insects in aquafeeds[J]. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2021, 7(5):743-759.

[6]
VAN HUIS A, VAN ITTERBEECK J, KLUNDER H, et al. Edible insects:future prospects for food and feed security[M]. Rome: FAO, 2013.

[7]
ELKADAOUI S, AZZI M, DESBRIERES J, et al. Valorization of Hermetia illucens breeding rejects by chitins and chitosans production.Influence of processes and life cycle on their physicochemical characteristics[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 266(Pt 2):131314.

[8]
ZHANG Z L, MENG Y Q, LI J J, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides from dietary Hermetia illucens larvae on the growth,immunity,gene expression,intestinal microbiota and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2024, 147:109437.

[9]
HURTADO-RIBEIRA R, SILVAN J M, FORNARI T, et al. Modulation of the lipolysis and subsequent antibacterial activity of the fat from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) by the combined selection of slaughtering,drying and defatting methods of the larvae[J]. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2023, 90:103510.

[10]
GASCO L, JÓZEFIAK A, HENRY M. Beyond the protein concept:health aspects of using edible insects on animals[J]. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2021, 7(5):715-741.

[11]
WANG G X, PENG K, HU J R, et al. Evaluation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as an alternative protein ingredient for juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) diets[J]. Aquaculture, 2019, 507:144-154.

[12]
胡俊茹, 王国霞, 莫文艳, 等. 黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血浆生化指标和组织结构的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2018, 30(2):613-623.

HU J R, WANG G X, MO W Y, et al. Effects of fish meal replacement by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance,body composition,plasma biochemical indexes and tissue structure of juvenile Lateolabrax japonicas[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(2):613-623. (in Chinese)

[13]
胡俊茹, 王国霞, 黄文庆, 等. 黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(11):5293-5301.

HU J R, WANG G X, HUANG W Q, et al. Effects of fish meal replacement by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance,body composition,serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant ability of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(11):5293-5301. (in Chinese)

[14]
WANG G X, PENG K, HU J R, et al. Evaluation of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal for Litopenaeus vannamei:effects on growth performance,nutrition retention,antioxidant and immune response,digestive enzyme activity and hepatic morphology[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2021, 27(4):986-997.

[15]
王国霞, 陈冰, 孙育平, 等. 脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响[J]. 水产学报, 2020, 44(6):987-998.

WANG G X, CHEN B, SUN Y P, et al. Effects of replacing fish meal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance,nutrient retention,serum biochemical parameters and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2020, 44(6):987-998. (in Chinese)

[16]
王国霞, 莫文艳, 范怡杰, 等. 黑水虻对杂交鳢生长 、肌肉组成和血清指标的影响[J]. 水产科学, 2019, 38(5):603-609.

WANG G X, MO W Y, FAN Y J, et al. Effect of black soldier fly larvae on growth performance,muscular composition and serum indices of hybrid snakehead Channa argus×C.maculata[J]. Fisheries Science, 2019, 38(5):603-609. (in Chinese)

[17]
谢雨桐, 李诗洋, 彭凯, 等. 黑水虻虫浆对杂交鳢生长性能、营养物质沉积率和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(6):3878-3887.

DOI

XIE Y T, LI S Y, PENG K, et al. Effects of black soldier fly larvae pulp on growth performance,nutrient deposition rates and serum biochemical indices of hybrid snakehead[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(6):3878-3887. (in Chinese)

[18]
谢雨桐, 朱喜锋, 李诗洋, 等. 黑水虻虫浆对杂交鳢血清免疫、抗氧化指标和肠道形态、菌群及抗病力的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(8):5297-5308.

DOI

XIE Y T, ZHU X F, LI S Y, et al. Effects of black soldier fly larvae pulp on serum immune and antioxidant indices,intestinal morphology,and disease resistance of hybrid snakehead[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(8):5297-5308. (in Chinese)

[19]
PENG K, MO W Y, XIAO H F, et al. Effects of black soldier fly pulp on growth performance,histomorphology and lipid metabolism gene expression of Micropterus salmoides[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2021, 20:100737.

[20]
彭凯, 萧鸿发, 莫文艳, 等. 黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对加州鲈生长性能、形体指标、体成分及营养物质沉积率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(11):6340-6348.

DOI

PENG K, XIAO H F, MO W Y, et al. Effects of replacing fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal on growth performance,physical indexes,body composition and nutrient retention rates of Micropterus salmoides[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(11):6340-6348. (in Chinese)

[21]
彭凯, 萧鸿发, 莫文艳, 等. 饲料中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对加州鲈血清代谢物、抗氧化与免疫指标及肠道组织结构的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(12):6964-6972.

DOI

PENG K, XIAO H F, MO W Y, et al. Effects of dietary black soldier fly larvae meal on serum metabolites,antioxidant and immune indexes and intestinal histological appearance of Micropterus salmoides[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(12):6964-6972. (in Chinese)

[22]
PENG K, MO W, XIAO H, et al. Dietary black soldier fly pulp affects growth,antioxidant and immune capacity of Micropterus salmoides[J]. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2021, 8(11):1197-1203.

[23]
XU F M, HOU S W, WANG G X, et al. Effects of zymolytic black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pulp as dietary supplementation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2021, 21:100823.

[24]
王斌, 邹仕庚, 彭运智, 等. 黑水虻在畜禽饲料中的应用研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(6):8-15.

WANG B, ZOU S G, PENG Y Z, et al. Research progress on application of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in animal feed[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(6):8-15. (in Chinese)

[25]
ZHU D, HUANG X W, TU F, et al. Preparation,antioxidant activity evaluation,and identification of antioxidant peptide from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae[J]. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44(5):e13186.

[26]
KACZMAREK M B, STRUSZCZYK-SWITA K, LI X K, et al. Enzymatic modifications of chitin,chitosan,and chitooligosaccharides[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2019, 7:243.

[27]
黄文庆, 王梦华, 李国立, 等. 发酵黑水虻对大口黑鲈生长性能、体成分、抗氧化指标以及肠道组织结构的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2024, 45(12):20-28.

HUANG W Q, WANG M H, LI G L, et al. Effects of fermented black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) on growth performance,body composition,antioxidant indexes and intestinal structure of Micropterus salmoides[J]. Feed Industry, 2024, 45(12):20-28. (in Chinese)

[28]
王梦华, 周萌, 黄文庆, 等. 饲料中添加发酵黑水虻对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分和消化性能的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2024, 45(12):28-37.

WANG M H, ZHOU M, HUANG W Q, et al. Effects of adding fermented Hermetia illucens L.in diets on growth performance,body composition and digestive performance of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Feed Industry, 2024, 45(12):28-37. (in Chinese)

[29]
朱喜锋, 黄文庆, 李国立, 等. 发酵黑水虻对杂交鳢生长性能、体成分及抗氧化和免疫能力的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(9):3807-3816.

DOI

ZHU X F, HUANG W Q, LI G L, et al. Effects of fermented black solider fly (Hermetia illucens L.) on growth performance,body composition,antioxidant and immune ability of hybrid snakehead[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(9):3807-3816. (in Chinese)

[30]
农业农村部渔业渔政管理局, 全国水产技术推广总站, 中国水产学会. 2023中国渔业统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2023.

Fishery and Fishery Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Aquaculture Technology Promotion Station, Chinese Fisheries Society. 2023 China fishery statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2023. (in Chinese)

[31]
翟少伟, 史庆超, 陈学豪. 饲料中添加抗菌肽Surfactin对吉富罗非鱼肠道健康的影响[J]. 水生生物学报, 2016, 40(4):823-829.

ZHAI S W, SHI Q C, CHEN X H. Effect of dietary antimicrobial peptides-surfactin supplementation on parameters of intestinal health indices of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2016, 40(4):823-829. (in Chinese)

[32]
GODA A M A, EL-HAROUN E, NAZMI H, et al. Black soldier fly oil-based diets enriched in lauric acid enhance growth,hematological indices,and fatty acid profiles of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus fry[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2024, 37:102269.

[33]
CHATZIFOTIS S, PANAGIOTIDOU M, PAPAIOANNOU N, et al. Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth,feed utilization,body composition and serum metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles[J]. Aquaculture, 2010, 307(1/2):65-70.

[34]
向枭, 周兴华, 陈建, 等. 饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2013, 25(8):1805-1816.

DOI

XIANG X, ZHOU X H, CHEN J, et al. Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance,body composition and serum biochemical indices of juvenile Onychostoma sima[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2013, 25(8):1805-1816. (in Chinese)

[35]
BARROSO F G, DE HARO C, SÁNCHEZ-MUROS M J, et al. The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish[J]. Aquaculture, 2014, 422/423:193-201.

[36]
HAHN T, TAFI E, PAUL A, et al. Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2020, 95(11):2775-2795.

[37]
XIA W S, LIU P, ZHANG J L, et al. Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2011, 25(2):170-179.

[38]
LIAO F H, SHIEH M J, CHANG N C, et al. Chitosan supplementation lowers serum lipids and maintains normal calcium,magnesium,and iron status in hyperlipidemic patients[J]. Nutrition Research, 2007, 27(3):146-151.

[39]
XU G F, HUANG X D, QIU A N, et al. Mechanism study of chitosan on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007,16 (Suppl.1):313-317.

[40]
CHEN Y, ZHU X, YANG Y, et al. Effect of dietary chitosan on growth performance,haematology,immune response,intestine morphology,intestine microbiota and disease resistance in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014, 20(5):532-546.

[41]
KHOUSHAB F, YAMABHAI M. Chitin research revisited[J]. Marine Drugs, 2010, 8(7):1988-2012.

DOI PMID

[42]
BIBIANO MELO J F, LUNDSTEDT L M, METÓN I, et al. Effects of dietary levels of protein on nitrogenous metabolism of Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei:Pimelodidae)[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2006, 145(2):181-187.

[43]
贺勇, 宋昊岚, 李贵星, 等. 氨甲酰磷酸合成酶-Ⅰ和鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶与肝性脑病的关系[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2010, 18(9):699-702.

HE Y, SONG H L, LI G X, et al. The relationship of CPS-Ⅰ,OCT and hepatic encephalopathy[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2010, 18(9):699-702. (in Chinese)

[44]
DAI M, LI S L, FU C F, et al. The potential role of marine protein hydrolyzates in elevating nutritive values of diets for largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020, 7:197.

[45]
张翩. 大豆磷脂对条石鲷稚鱼存活、生长性能和肝脏代谢的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 舟山: 浙江海洋大学, 2023.

ZHANG P. Effects of soybean lecthin on survival rate,growth performance,and liver tissue metabolism in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciantus) larvae[D].Master’s Thesis. Zhoushan: Zhejiang Ocean University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[46]
ÖSTMAN E, NILSSON M, ELMSTÅHL H, et al. On the effect of lactic acid on blood glucose and insulin responses to cereal products:mechanistic studies in healthy subjects and in vitro[J]. Journal of Cereal Science, 2002, 36(3):339-346.

[47]
ARDRA M, PRADHAN C, DAS S, et al. The effect of fishmeal replacement with organic acid fermented black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth,nutrient utilization,metabolic enzyme activity,antioxidant status and immunity in pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)[J]. Aquaculture, 2024, 591:741114.

[48]
SONG X H, ZHAO J, BO Y X, et al. Aeromonas hydrophila induces intestinal inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella):an experimental model[J]. Aquaculture, 2014, 434:171-178.

[49]
XUQUAN X, WEILAN Z, RUIXUE D, et al. Study of enzyme-hydrolyzed soybean replacing fish meal and/or chicken meal on the growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2022, 27:101344.

[50]
李嘉欣, 范泽, 王连生, 等. 酸化剂调控水产动物肠道健康的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(10):6172-6180.

DOI

LI J X, FAN Z, WANG L S, et al. Research progress of acidifiers regulating intestinal health in aquatic animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(10):6172-6180. (in Chinese)

DOI

[51]
SALAZAR P C R, ALBUQUERQUE R, TAKEARA P, et al. Effect of lactic and butiric acids,isolated and associated,on performance and intestinal morfometric in broilers[J]. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 2008, 45(6):463-471.

[52]
ADIL S, BANDAY T, BHAT G A, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance,intestinal histomorphology,and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken[J]. Veterinary Medicine International, 2010, 2010:479485.

[53]
宣雄智, 赵宇凡, 朱文婷, 等. 抗菌肽对大口黑鲈生长代谢的影响研究[J]. 中国饲料, 2024(1):119-124.

XUAN X Z, ZHAO Y F, ZHU W T, et al. Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth and metabolism of Micropterus salmoides[J]. China Feed, 2024(1):119-124. (in Chinese)

[54]
LALLÈS J P. Biology,environmental and nutritional modulation of skin mucus alkaline phosphatase in fish:a review[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019, 89:179-186.

[55]
LI J, WU Z B, ZHANG Z, et al. Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus velezensis K2 on growth,immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂×E.fuscoguttatus ♀)[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019, 93:1047-1055.

[56]
LI Z Z, HAN C Z, WANG Z Z, et al. Black soldier fly pulp in the diet of golden pompano:effect on growth performance,liver antioxidant and intestinal health[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2023, 142:109156.

[57]
石洪玥, 陈雨浠, 孙学亮, 等. 黑水虻幼虫替代饲料直接投喂对锦鲤生长消化、肝胰脏抗氧化酶和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2019, 42(6):17-22.

SHI H Y, CHEN Y X, SUN X L, et al. Effect of direct feeding of black soldier fly larvae on the growth,digestion,hepatopancreas antioxidant enzymes and serum nonspecific immune index of koi carp[J]. Feed Research, 2019, 42(6):17-22. (in Chinese)

[58]
CHAKLADER M R, SIDDIK M A B, FOTEDAR R, et al. Insect larvae,Hermetia illucens in poultry by-product meal for barramundi,Lates calcarifer modulates histomorphology,immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1):16703.

[59]
LILAND N S, BIANCAROSA I, ARAUJO P, et al. Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(8):e0183188.

[60]
RAMOS-BUENO R P, GONZÁLEZ-FERNÁNDEZ M J, SÁNCHEZ-MUROS-LOZANO M J, et al. Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of seven insect species assessed by several extraction systems[J]. European Food Research and Technology, 2016, 242(9):1471-1477.

[61]
ZHAN S, FANG G Q, CAI M M, et al. Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens,a natural waste recycler[J]. Cell Research, 2020, 30(1):50-60.

[62]
KOUTSOS E, MODICA B, FREEL T. Immunomodulatory potential of black soldier fly larvae:applications beyond nutrition in animal feeding programs[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2022, 6(3):txac084.

Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2