1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 59.96 | 61.91 | 56.62 | 58.77 |
| 木薯Cassava | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 3.70 | 3.70 | 3.70 | |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 8.46 | 4.05 | ||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 6.24 | 4.05 | ||
| 葵花籽粕Sunflower seed meal | 9.74 | 4.05 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.98 | 0.99 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| L-赖氨酸L-lysine | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.42 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| L-苏氨酸L-threonine | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| L-色氨酸L-tryptophan | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| L-缬氨酸L-valine | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| L-异亮氨酸L-isoleucine | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
| 二氧化钛TiO2 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 总能Gross energy/(MJ/kg) | 15.75 | 15.62 | 16.05 | 15.94 |
| 消化能Digestible energy/(MJ/kg) | 14.05 | 13.95 | 13.94 | 13.91 |
| 代谢能Metabolizable energy/(MJ/kg) | 13.74 | 13.65 | 13.64 | 13.62 |
| 净能Net energy/(MJ/kg) | 10.50 | 10.50 | 10.50 | 10.50 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 10.68 | 10.53 | 10.62 | 10.37 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract | 2.87 | 2.75 | 3.29 | 2.99 |
| 钙Calcium | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| 总磷Total phosphorus | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID lysine | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID methionine | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID threonine | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID tryptophan | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
| 标准回肠可消化缬氨酸SID valine | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| 标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸SID isoleucine | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.33 |
1) 预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provides the following per kilogram of diets:VA 4 500 IU,VD 2 100 IU,VE 22.5 mg,VK 3.75 mg,VB1 2.25mg,VB2 7.5 mg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 11.25 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.75 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,生物素 biotin 0.08 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 112.5 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 6 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 4.5 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O)60 mg,I (CaI2O6)0.14 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。 2) 粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能为实测值,其他营养水平为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表》(2020年第31版)。Crude protein, ether extract and gross energy are measured values, while other nutrient levels are calculated values, according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020). |
表2 菜籽粕、棉籽粕和葵花籽粕的营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Nutrient levels of rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower seed meal (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 粗灰分 Crude ash | 钙 Ca | 总磷 Total P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 38.6 | 1.4 | 11.8 | 0.65 | 1.02 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 47.0 | 0.5 | 10.2 | 0.25 | 1.10 |
| 葵花籽粕Sunflower seed meal | 36.5 | 1.0 | 10.5 | 0.27 | 1.13 |
数据来源于《中国饲料成分及营养价值表》(2020年第31版)。 | |
Data are sourced from Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition,2020). |
1.2 样品采集
1.3 指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能
1.3.2 营养物质表观消化率
1.3.3 血清炎症因子和免疫球蛋白含量
1.3.4 血清生化指标
1.3.5 结肠内容物短链脂肪酸含量
1.3.6 肠道微生物组成和多样性
1.4 数据分析
2 结果
2.1 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响
表3 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of diets with different protein sources on growth performance of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | ||
| 初重Initial weight/kg | 97.56±0.49 | 97.22±0.44 | 97.16±0.44 | 97.17±0.45 | 0.92 |
| 末重Final weight/kg | 123.09±1.01 | 122.83±1.07 | 126.27±1.22 | 123.54±1.83 | 0.26 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.98±0.04 | 0.99±0.03 | 1.12±0.03 | 1.02±0.06 | 0.09 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 3.39±0.07 | 3.34±0.06 | 3.50±0.11 | 3.37±0.14 | 0.67 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.46±0.08a | 3.40±0.07ab | 3.13±0.08b | 3.34±0.07ab | 0.03 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
表4 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of diets with different protein sources on nutrient apparent digestibility of finishing pigs % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | ||
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 71.91±0.74ab | 70.04±1.71ab | 75.78±2.07a | 65.61±1.72b | <0.01 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract | 85.75±0.49a | 80.91±1.57ab | 84.04±2.00ab | 79.16±1.85b | <0.01 |
| 总能Gross energy | 85.29±0.47a | 83.44±0.86ab | 85.05±0.53a | 81.95±0.85b | <0.01 |
2.2 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪血清炎症因子和免疫球蛋白含量的影响
表5 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪血清炎症因子和免疫球蛋白含量的影响Table 5 Effects of diets with different protein sources on contents of inflammatory factors and immunoglobulins in serum of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | ||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 27.76±0.54 | 25.67±1.18 | 29.80±1.61 | 29.00±0.84 | 0.08 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L) | 477.38±39.32 | 507.07±37.88 | 598.87±104.57 | 498.63±36.69 | 0.53 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(ng/L) | 305.61±22.78 | 286.50±19.40 | 358.59±59.45 | 320.48±5.29 | 0.49 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L) | 85.54±7.08 | 90.89±6.82 | 107.41±18.83 | 89.37±6.61 | 0.53 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 180.85±4.47 | 201.57±13.00 | 272.61±42.73 | 205.60±11.36 | 0.06 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 28.08±1.88 | 25.11±0.82 | 35.16±6.52 | 29.14±0.96 | 0.25 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 315.09±17.08 | 350.56±35.44 | 387.40±39.88 | 319.23±24.99 | 0.34 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 34.46±1.39 | 32.33±1.08 | 37.08±4.33 | 31.53±0.70 | 0.37 |
2.3 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响
表6 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of diets with different protein sources on serum biochemical indices of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 48.96±3.22 | 54.66±3.69 | 51.24±4.62 | 50.19±4.54 | 0.78 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 61.29±4.75 | 68.46±0.53 | 68.11±1.88 | 69.93±2.06 | 0.16 |
| 肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) | 145.10±7.90b | 155.41±3.03ab | 149.98±2.21ab | 167.66±6.24a | 0.04 |
| 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST/(U/L) | 40.07±5.32 | 44.12±2.80 | 38.39±1.86 | 36.15±4.64 | 0.54 |
| 丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALP/(U/L) | 108.78±6.49 | 132.22±15.53 | 111.03±3.61 | 110.94±11.47 | 0.36 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 37.55±2.28 | 40.45±1.50 | 38.16±2.32 | 40.52±2.46 | 0.69 |
| 尿素Urea/(mmol/L) | 2.51±0.21 | 2.76±0.43 | 2.41±0.21 | 2.89±0.34 | 0.68 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 2.77±0.11 | 2.82±0.08 | 2.83±0.17 | 3.02±0.14 | 0.55 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.50±0.06b | 0.62±0.03ab | 0.54±0.06b | 0.80±0.05a | <0.01 |
| 胆固醇CHO/(mmol/L) | 10.81±0.39 | 10.67±0.41 | 11.00±0.51 | 10.48±0.45 | 0.86 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.94±0.04 | 1.05±0.01 | 1.14±0.08 | 1.08±0.07 | 0.12 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.73±0.04b | 1.93±0.13b | 2.41±0.16a | 2.10±0.11ab | <0.01 |
| 总胆红素TBIL/(μmol/L) | 6.99±0.43b | 6.89±0.73b | 6.36±0.26b | 11.36±1.00a | <0.01 |
2.4 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪结肠内容物短链脂肪酸含量的影响
表7 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪结肠内容物短链脂肪酸含量的影响Table 7 Effects of diets with different protein sources on contents of short chain fatty acids in colon content of finishing pigs nmol/g |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR | CSC | CSS | CMM | ||
| 乙酸Acetic acid | 16.15±1.89 | 19.13±1.79 | 25.87±6.10 | 17.67±1.79 | 0.23 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid | 12.13±1.24 | 15.11±1.44 | 15.29±1.62 | 13.62±1.56 | 0.41 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid | 6.77±0.74 | 7.94±0.73 | 7.90±1.14 | 7.43±0.57 | 0.72 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid | 1.37±0.08 | 1.67±0.27 | 1.83±0.41 | 1.65±0.39 | 0.78 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid | 3.07±0.26 | 2.98±0.25 | 4.44±0.78 | 2.73±0.60 | 0.13 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid | 4.01±0.30 | 3.94±0.45 | 4.96±0.71 | 3.42±0.86 | 0.38 |
2.5 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪肠道微生物组成和多样性的影响
图2 不同蛋白质来源饲粮对育肥猪结肠微生物α多样性的影响数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of diets with different protein sources on colonic microbiota α diversity of finishing pigs Value columns with the same small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |

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