1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
表1 各组氨气浓度设置Table 1 NH3 concentration settings in different groups mg/m3 |
| 项目 Items | 8~28日龄 8 to 28 days of age | 29~42日龄 29 to 42 days of age |
|---|---|---|
| 对照组CON group | 2.8~4.5 | 3.2~5.0 |
| 低浓度组LC group | 13.1~15.3 | 28.5~31.2 |
| 高浓度组HC group | 28.7~30.7 | 57.7~60.6 |
1.3 试验动物的饲养管理
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of ages | 29~42日龄 29 to 42 days of ages | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 57.35 | 62.06 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal (CP 46%) | 32.30 | 30.00 | |||
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein meal (CP 60%) | 3.00 | 3.00 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.56 | 1.55 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.11 | 1.13 | |||
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐 L-Lys·H2SO4 | 0.55 | 0.54 | |||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.35 | 0.22 | |||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.18 | 0.10 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.20 | ||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.56 | 12.14 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 22.00 | 21.00 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | 0.85 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.64 | 0.64 | |||
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.68 | 0.55 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.39 | 1.33 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.98 | 0.88 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 10 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 28 IU,VK3 2.2 mg,VB1 2.5 mg,VB2 3.5 mg,VB6 3.0 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,生物素 biotin 0.25 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 32.0 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 12.0 mg,Fe 90 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 18 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.5 mg。 2)代谢能水平和非植酸磷含量依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版)》进行计算,粗蛋白质、钙、总磷和氨基酸含量分别参照国标GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018和GB/T 18246—2019测定。ME level and NPP content were calculated based on the Chinese Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Tables (34th edition, 2023), while the contents of CP, Ca, TP and amino acids were determined according to the national standards GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018, GB/T 6437—2018 and GB/T 18246—2019, respectively. |
1.4 样品的采集与保存
1.5 测定指标与方法
1.5.1 生长性能指标测定
1.5.2 肠道组织形态观察及指标测定
1.5.3 肠道抗氧化指标测定
1.5.4 肠道炎症因子与免疫球蛋白含量测定
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 氨气暴露对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 不同氨气浓度对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different ammonia concentrations on growth performance of white-feathered broilers (n=40) |
| 时间 Time | 指标 Indexes | 对照组 CON group | 低浓度组 LC group | 高浓度组 HC group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8~28日龄 8 to 28 days of age | 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 138.91±0.70 | 138.64±2.24 | 137.29±0.16 | 0.370 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 67.15±0.70a | 69.95±3.06a | 59.74±2.42b | 0.004 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.06±0.01b | 1.98±0.31c | 2.30±0.48a | <0.001 | |
| 成活率SR/% | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
29~42日龄 29 to 42 days of age | 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 209.43±0.14a | 202.34±3.50b | 191.43±2.21c | <0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 98.97±1.56a | 95.96±4.11a | 89.44±1.26b | 0.011 | |
| 料重比F/G | 2.11±0.03 | 2.11±0.05 | 2.14±0.02 | 0.624 | |
| 成活率SR/% | 100 | 100 | 98 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 氨气暴露对白羽肉鸡肠道组织形态的影响
图2 不同氨气浓度下白羽肉鸡回肠与盲肠组织学观察Fig.2 Histological observation of ileum and caecum of white-feathered broilers under different ammonia concentrations (50×) |
表4 不同氨气浓度对白羽肉鸡回肠与盲肠组织形态的影响Table 4 Effects of different ammonia concentrations on histomorphology of ileum and cecum of white-feathered broilers (n=8) |
| 样品 Samples | 时间 Time | 指标 Indexes | 对照组 CON group | 低浓度组 LC group | 高浓度组 HC group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 回肠 Ileum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 898.47±31.07c | 1 189.78±53.93a | 1 016.65±34.04b | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度CH/μm | 206.06±49.24a | 172.75±27.45a | 153.15±10.63b | 0.043 | ||
| 绒隐比V/C | 4.61±1.34c | 7.09±1.61a | 6.72±0.60b | 0.020 | ||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 1 171.07±166.76b | 1 062.29±26.11b | 1 407.88±34.70a | <0.001 | |
| 隐窝深度CD/μm | 92.04±15.90c | 179.82±54.07a | 153.75±16.39b | 0.004 | ||
| 绒隐比V/C | 13.14±3.42a | 6.39±2.02c | 9.26±3.62b | 0.016 | ||
| 盲肠 Caecum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 346.07±18.47b | 197.98±26.68c | 594.38±37.61a | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度CH/μm | 35.87±3.08b | 40.00±12.88b | 63.08±15.19a | <0.001 | ||
| 绒隐比V/C | 9.73±1.18a | 5.28±1.44b | 8.30±2.77a | <0.001 | ||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 绒毛高度VH/μm | 309.36±13.22b | 331.08±24.20b | 534.39±19.88a | <0.001 | |
| 隐窝深度CH/μm | 27.26±13.49b | 33.61±12.08b | 37.79±15.50a | <0.001 | ||
| 绒隐比V/C | 14.41±8.38 | 10.80±3.36 | 10.45±2.13 | 0.457 |
图3 不同氨气浓度下白羽肉鸡回肠与盲肠杯状细胞观察黑色箭头指示杯状细胞。 Fig.3 Goblet cells observation of ileum and caecum of white-feathered broilers under different ammonia concentrations (100×) The black arrows indicate goblet cells. |
表5 不同氨气浓度对白羽肉鸡回肠与盲肠杯状细胞数量的影响Table 5 Effects of different ammonia concentrations on number of goblet cells in ileum and cecum of white-feathered broilers (n=8) 个/mm |
| 样品 Samples | 时间 Time | 对照组 CON group | 低浓度组 LC group | 高浓度组 HC group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 回肠Ileum | 28日龄28 days of age | 100.00±7.68c | 200.80±9.23a | 188.40±9.89b | <0.001 |
| 42日龄42 days of age | 136.00±12.12c | 183.00±7.93a | 176.00±7.54b | 0.020 | |
盲肠Caecum | 28日龄28 days of age | 12.00±2.24b | 14.80±1.92b | 47.00±4.30a | <0.001 |
| 42日龄42 days of age | 12.30±3.00c | 15.67±2.52b | 38.00±3.60a | <0.001 |
2.3 氨气暴露对白羽肉鸡肠道抗氧化指标的影响
表6 不同氨气浓度对白羽肉鸡回肠与盲肠抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of different ammonia concentrations on antioxidant indexes in ileum and caecum of white-feathered broilers (n=8) |
| 样品 Samples | 时间 Time | 指标 Indexes | 对照组 CON group | 低浓度组 LC group | 高浓度组 HC group | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回肠 Ileum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 361.63±7.32 | 334.69±103.32 | 301.24±19.56 | 0.515 | |||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 17.27±0.68a | 18.10±1.31a | 4.82±2.92b | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.17±0.03a | 0.15±0.01a | 0.14±0.01b | 0.049 | |||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.18±0.25 | 0.32±0.22 | 0.18±0.36 | 0.357 | |||||||||
42日龄 42 days of age | 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 459.66±2.66 | 390.87±64.89 | 367.24±70.41 | 0.185 | ||||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 11.45±0.90a | 4.52±1.21b | 6.38±2.08b | 0.003 | |||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.29±0.09 | 0.20±0.01 | 0.23±0.02 | 0.181 | |||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.10±0.02 | 0.19±0.76 | 0.10±0.31 | 0.123 | |||||||||
| 盲肠 Caecum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 286.46±0.95 | 240.53±67.29 | 332.32±61.39 | 0.183 | |||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 20.36±1.86a | 8.57±0.55b | 24.01±3.96a | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.24±0.06 | 0.19±0.69 | 0.22±0.59 | 0.647 | |||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.48±0.05 | 0.55±0.35 | 0.51±0.23 | 0.934 | |||||||||
42日龄 42 days of age | 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 290.90±2.50 | 250.82±59.61 | 311.56±34.71 | 0.120 | ||||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 11.60±1.21a | 4.94±0.92b | 4.52±1.56b | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.26±0.05 | 0.22±0.02 | 0.24±0.04 | 0.340 | |||||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.10±0.02b | 0.39±0.19a | 0.36±0.35a | 0.039 |
2.4 氨气暴露对白羽肉鸡肠道炎性因子和免疫球蛋白含量的影响
表7 不同氨气浓度对肉鸡回肠与盲肠炎症因子和免疫球蛋白含量的影响Table 7 Effects of different ammonia concentrations on inflammatory factor and immunoglobulin contents in ileum and caecum of white-feathered broilers (n=8) |
| 样品 Sample | 日龄 Days of age | 指标 Indexes | 对照组 CON group | 低浓度组 LC group | 高浓度组 HC group | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 回肠 Ileum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 239.90±13.12b | 290.11±23.47a | 309.45±19.43a | 0.012 | |||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 112.38±9.01c | 143.25±8.26b | 188.46±7.80a | 0.046 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mg prot) | 5.04±0.15 | 3.09±1.78 | 7.14±2.71 | 0.099 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mg prot) | 311.64±9.17 | 247.03±7.70 | 419.49±226.51 | 0.333 | |||||||||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 178.21±14.89b | 279.44±20.40a | 300.01±11.39a | 0.008 | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 109.22±7.22b | 148.21±10.99a | 163.56±3.26a | 0.020 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mg prot) | 3.67±0.18 | 2.85±0.74 | 3.57±1.31 | 0.492 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mg prot) | 221.30±12.89 | 226.61±13.66 | 280.80±93.99 | 0.403 | |||||||||
| 盲肠 Caecum | 28日龄 28 days of age | 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 190.21±2.77c | 246.33±17.98b | 288.08±14.91a | 0.022 | |||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 99.10±3.40c | 119.46±8.87b | 166.67±9.55a | 0.048 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mg prot) | 4.31±0.25 | 5.55±0.93 | 5.02±0.66 | 0.157 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mg prot) | 273.23±1.62b | 854.28±39.68a | 264.51±11.00b | 0.042 | |||||||||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g prot) | 146.00±10.76b | 271.23±21.25a | 257.98±13.78a | 0.003 | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/g prot) | 116.55±9.29b | 178.70±4.37a | 200.12±9.50a | 0.040 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mg prot) | 5.40±0.76a | 3.36±0.11b | 3.75±1.09b | 0.017 | |||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mg prot) | 310.93±1.22 | 320.17±60.05 | 367.65±17.67 | 0.794 |

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