1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 前期(1~21日龄) Early stage (1 to 21 days of age) | 后期(22~42日龄) Late stage (22 to 42 days of age) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 43.20 | 47.00 | |||
| 小麦粉Flour | 10.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 28.00 | 20.00 | |||
| 次粉Wheat middling | 10.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 3.00 | 3.00 | |||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.00 | 5.50 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.50 | 1.50 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.30 | 1.00 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
| 70% L-赖氨酸硫酸盐70%L-Lys H2SO4 | 0.83 | 0.86 | |||
| 98% DL-蛋氨酸98%DL-Met | 0.23 | 0.20 | |||
| 98% L-苏氨酸98%L-Thr | 0.22 | 0.22 | |||
| 多维Multi-vitamins1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
| 多矿Multi-minerals2) | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 50%氯化胆碱50% choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 复合酶Enzyme complex3) | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
| 防霉剂Mildewproof agent4) | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidant5) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| 益生菌Probiotics6) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels7) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.05 | 13.39 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.52 | 17.36 | |||
| 钙Ca | 1.00 | 0.90 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.62 | 0.53 | |||
| 有效磷AP | 0.36 | 0.29 | |||
| 粗纤维CF | 5.18 | 4.77 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.47 | 7.86 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.36 | 1.18 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.50 | 0.44 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.91 | 0.79 | |||
| 色氨酸Try | 0.21 | 0.17 |
1)每千克多维含有 One kilogram of multi-vitamins contained the following: VA 87 000 IU,VB1 50 mg,VB2 22 mg,VB3 140 mg,VB6 80 mg,VB12 450 μg,VD3 2 480 IU,VE 10 IU,VH 2 mg,VK 120 mg,叶酸 folic acid 30 mg。 2)每千克多矿含有 One kilogram of multi-minerals contained the following: Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 110 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 600 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 1 000 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 800 mg,I (KI) 17 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 2.7 mg。 3) 每克复合酶含有 One gram of enzyme complex contained the following: 纤维素酶 cellulase 600 IU,木聚糖酶 xylanase 4 000 IU,蛋白酶 protease 4 000 IU, 植酸酶 phytase 10 000 IU,葡萄糖氧化酶 glucose oxidase 10 000 IU, β-葡聚糖酶 β-glucanase 1 200 IU。 4)每克防霉剂含有 One gram of mildewproof agent contained the following: 丙酸 propionic acid 540 mg,丙酸盐 propionate 120 mg。 5) 每克抗氧化剂含有 One gram of antioxidant contained the following: 乙氧基喹啉 ethoxyquin 250 mg。 6)每克益生菌含有 Per gram of probiotics contained the following:嗜酸乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus 1010 CFU,丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum 1010 CFU,地衣芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis 1010 CFU,枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis 1010 CFU,乳酸菌 Lactobacillus 1010 CFU。 7)代谢能、有效磷和氨基酸为计算值,其余营养水平为实测值。ME, AP, and AAs were calculated values, while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 检测指标
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.3 血清免疫指标
1.4.4 血清代谢组学分析
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 RE对肉鸭生长性能的影响
表2 RE对肉鸭生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of RE on growth performance of meat ducks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | RE | |||
| 初体重Initial BW/g | 52.514 | 52.284 | 0.792 | 0.891 |
| 末体重Final BW/g | 2 752.279b | 2 979.634a | 2.286 | 0.005 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 65.847b | 71.399a | 1.080 | 0.004 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 124.156 | 127.584 | 3.010 | 0.590 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.884 | 1.783 | 0.034 | 0.145 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same row with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant differences (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 RE对肉鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响
表3 RE对肉鸭血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of RE on serum antioxidant indexes of meat ducks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | RE | |||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(ng/mL) | 153.951b | 194.001a | 8.637 | 0.013 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 1.713a | 1.100b | 0.114 | 0.002 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(ng/mL) | 1.274b | 1.674a | 0.072 | 0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(pg/mL) | 2.219 | 2.699 | 0.133 | 0.068 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 31.584b | 47.556a | 2.733 | <0.001 |
2.3 RE对肉鸭血清免疫指标的影响
表4 RE对肉鸭血清免疫指标的影响Table 4 Effects of RE on serum immune indexes of meat ducks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | RE | |||
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 32.140b | 42.623a | 2.246 | 0.012 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 111.397 | 115.901 | 4.313 | 0.621 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 357.697b | 426.571a | 14.536 | 0.011 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 40.506b | 55.100a | 2.504 | <0.001 |
2.4 RE对肉鸭血清代谢组学的影响
2.4.1 偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)
2.4.2 差异代谢物鉴定
表5 CON和RE组肉鸭血清显著差异代谢物Table 5 Significant differential metabolites in serum of meat ducks between CON and RE groups |
| 代谢物 Metabolites | 变量投射 重要性 VIP | 差异倍数 FC | P值 P-value | 变化趋势 Change trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-羟基丁酸3-hydroxybutanoic acid | 2.116 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 下调 |
| α-茄碱α-solanine | 2.723 | 0.307 | <0.001 | 下调 |
| 氯氮卓Chlordiazepoxide | 2.235 | 0.319 | 0.004 | 下调 |
| 大黄酸Rhein | 2.019 | 0.336 | 0.020 | 下调 |
| 巴西苏木素Brazilin | 1.962 | 0.357 | 0.033 | 下调 |
| 5-氨基戊酸甜菜碱5-aminovaleric acid betaine | 2.430 | 0.394 | 0.002 | 下调 |
| 羟基缬草酸Hydroxyvalerenic acid | 2.886 | 0.397 | <0.001 | 下调 |
| 丙二酸盐Malonate | 1.873 | 0.413 | 0.032 | 下调 |
| 法莫替丁Famotidine | 2.471 | 0.422 | 0.001 | 下调 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid | 2.116 | 0.512 | 0.009 | 下调 |
| 拉莫三嗪Lamotrigine | 1.737 | 1.544 | 0.042 | 上调 |
| 异枞油烯醇Isoabienol | 1.828 | 1.761 | 0.039 | 上调 |
| 去氢木香内酯Dehydrocostus lactone | 2.070 | 1.850 | 0.011 | 上调 |
| 白术内酯Ⅰ Atractylenolide Ⅰ | 2.648 | 2.032 | <0.001 | 上调 |
| N2, N2-二甲基鸟苷N2, N2-dimethylguanosine | 1.737 | 2.182 | 0.037 | 上调 |
| 谷氨酰胺Glutamine | 2.326 | 2.519 | 0.004 | 上调 |
| 环肽素Cyclopeptine | 2.089 | 2.664 | 0.016 | 上调 |
| 鹅去氧胆酸Chenodiol | 1.873 | 2.738 | 0.035 | 上调 |
| 醋磺胺甲噁唑Acetylsulfamethoxazole | 2.454 | 2.904 | 0.003 | 上调 |
| 1,4-屈萘酮1,4-chrysenequinone | 2.397 | 3.097 | 0.003 | 上调 |
| 拉帕醇Lapachol | 2.174 | 3.099 | 0.010 | 上调 |
| 吲哚-3-乙醛Indole-3-acetaldehyde | 1.861 | 4.080 | 0.032 | 上调 |
| 奥美拉唑Omeprazole | 1.785 | 5.433 | 0.038 | 上调 |
| 乳清酸Oratic acid | 2.549 | 5.874 | <0.001 | 上调 |
| L-酵母氨酸L-saccharopine | 1.850 | 79.246 | 0.028 | 上调 |
2.4.3 代谢通路分析
图2 CON和RE组肉鸭血清显著差异代谢物通路分析A:KEGG通路富集分析。气泡大小代表通路影响率;气泡的颜色代表显著程度,红色代表显著程度高,黄色代表显著程度低KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The bubble size was proportional to the impact of each pathway; the bubble color represents the degree of significant, that red stood for the highest and yellow stood for the lowest;B:富集通路相关代谢物相对含量 Relative content of metabolites associated with the enriched pathway。 Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Pathway impact:通路影响;Glutamine:谷氨酰胺;L-saccharopine:L-酵母氨酸;Indole-3-acetaldehyde:吲哚-3-乙醛。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01。 Fig. 2 Pathway analysis of significant differential metabolites in serum of meat ducks between CON and RE groups |
2.4.4 血清代谢物与抗氧化及免疫相关指标关联分析
图3 显著差异代谢物与免疫及抗氧化相关指标关联分析仅显示有意义的相关性(r>0.5或r<-0.5,且P<0.05)。气泡大小表示P值对数,红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关。Only the significant correlations were showed (r>0.5 or r<-0.5, P<0.05). The bubble size represented the log10(P-value), red color represented positive correlation and blue color represented negative correlation. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid: 3-羟基丁酸;Rhein: 大黄酸;Orotic acid: 乳清酸;1,4-chrysenequinone: 1,4-屈萘酮;Omeprazole: 奥美拉唑;N2,N2-dimethylguanosine: N2,N2-二甲基鸟苷;Malonate: 丙二酸盐;Lapachol: 拉帕醇;Lamotrigine: 拉莫三嗪;L-saccharophine: L-酵母氨酸;Isobutyric acid: 异丁酸;Isoabienol: 异枞油烯醇;Indole-3-acetaldehyde: 吲哚-3-乙醛;Hydroxyvalerenic acid: 羟基缬草酸;Glutamine: 谷氨酰胺;5-aminovaleric acid betaine: 5-氨基戊酸甜菜碱;Famotidine: 法莫替丁;Dehydrocostu lacone: 去氢木香烃内酯;Cyclopeptine: 环肽素;Chlordiazepoxide: 氯氮卓;Chenodiol: 鹅去氧胆酸;Brazilin: 巴西苏木素;Atractylenolide Ⅰ: 白术内酯Ⅰ;α-solanine: α-茄碱;Acetylsulfamethoxazole: 醋磺胺甲噁唑;CAT: 过氧化氢酶 catalase;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathion peroxidase;IgA: 免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A;IgG: 免疫球蛋白G immunoglobulin G;IgM: 免疫球蛋白M immunoglobulin M;IL-2: 白细胞介素-2 interleukin-2;MDA: 丙二醛 malonaldehyde;SOD: 超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;T-AOC: 总抗氧化能力 total antioxidant capacity。 Fig.3 Correlation analysis between significantly differential metabolites and immune and antioxidant-related indexes |

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