1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | |||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||
| 玉米Corn | 76.40 | 69.68 | 64.31 | ||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 15.00 | ||||||
| 玉米DDGS Corn DDGS1) | 15.00 | 15.00 | |||||
| 椰子油Coconut oil | 0.91 | 3.10 | 4.40 | ||||
| 稻米油Rice oil | 0.91 | 3.10 | 4.40 | ||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.19 | 1.52 | 1.61 | ||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.61 | ||||
| 包被单宁酸Coated tannic acid | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.15 | 1.62 | 1.63 | ||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.51 | ||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.66 | ||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.60 | ||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.50 | ||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.57 | ||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.28 | 0.30 | |||||
| 组氨酸His | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.28 | ||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.51 | ||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.16 | ||||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 0.68 | ||||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 0.90 | ||||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.20 | ||||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.15 | ||||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.24 | ||||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.19 | ||||||
| 预混料Premix2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||||||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 10.24 | 10.24 | 10.24 | ||||
| 干物质DM | 94.56 | 94.49 | 94.15 | ||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.46 | 14.09 | 15.80 | ||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.44 | 6.47 | 6.60 | ||||
| 粗纤维CF | 2.43 | 2.38 | 1.90 | ||||
| 钙Ca | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.74 | ||||
| 总磷TP | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.59 | ||||
| 标准全肠道可消化磷STTD P | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.40 | ||||
| 必需氨基酸EAA | |||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.53 | ||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | ||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | ||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.54 | 1.54 | 1.54 | ||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | ||||
| 组氨酸His | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | ||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | ||||
| 非必需氨酸NEAA | |||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.77 | ||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 1.22 | 0.69 | 1.22 | ||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 2.41 | 1.61 | 2.41 | ||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.54 | 0.37 | 0.54 | ||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.92 | ||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.64 | ||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.44 | ||||
1)玉米DDGS营养水平实测值 Measured values of nutrition levels in corn DDGS:干物质 DM 93.20%,粗蛋白质 CP 27.70%,粗脂肪 EE 10.21%,赖氨酸 Lys 1.50%,蛋氨酸 Met 0.16%,苏氨酸 Thr 1.08%,色氨酸 Trp 0.86%。 | |
2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 14 700 IU,VD3 4 200 IU,VE 31.5 IU,VK3 4.2 mg,VB1 4.2 mg,VB2 10.5 mg,VB6 6.3 mg,VB12 0.042 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 42 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 21 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.21 mg,生物素 biotin 0.168 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 0.084 mg,Fe (as ferrous fumarate) 150 mg,Zn (as zinc lactate) 48.75 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 48.75 mg,Cu (as copper citrate) 22.5 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 26.25 mg,Mn (as manganese methionine) 26.25 mg,Se (as selenium yeast) 3 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 3 mg,I (as calcium iodate) 1.5 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.375 mg。 | |
3)干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2022)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值,其他为参照NRC(2012)的计算值。DM (GB/T 6435—2014), CP (GB/T 6432—2018), EE (GB/T 6433—2006), CF (GB/T 6434—2022), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values, while the others were calculated values referred to NRC (2012). |
表2 饲粮氨基酸含量Table 2 Amino acid contents in diets % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | |
| 必需氨基酸EAA | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.26 | 1.73 | 1.72 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.22 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.98 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.15 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.82 | 1.78 | 1.78 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.66 |
| 组氨酸His | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.05 |
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | |||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.90 |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 1.52 | 0.65 | 1.41 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 2.72 | 1.65 | 2.67 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.67 | 0.38 | 0.61 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.70 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 1.03 | 0.84 | 1.00 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.53 |
实测值 Measured values。 |
1.2 检测指标及方法
1.2.1 生长性能
1.2.2 腹泻评分
1.2.3 器官指数
1.2.4 血清生化指标
1.2.5 养分表观消化率
1.2.6 回肠组织形态
1.2.7 回肠氨基酸转运载体mRNA相对表达量
表3 氨基酸转运载体基因引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences of amino acid transporter genes |
| 基因 Genes | 正向引物 Forward primers (5'—3') | 反向引物 Reverse primers (5'—3') |
|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | CTACGCCAACACGGTGCTGTC | CTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCACATCTG |
| 溶质载体家族1成员1 SLC1A1 | GGCCTGTTTCCAGCAGTACA | GTCCCATTCGTCTCTGGCTC |
| 溶质载体家族7成员9 SLC7A9 | GCCTATCAAGGTGCCCATC | AGCGGACGAACAGGAAGTAA |
| 溶质载体家族15成员1 SLC15A1 | TTCCTTCAGGCGCAAAAAGC | CACATAGGTAAACGCGCTGC |
| 溶质载体家族1成员5 SLC1A5 | CAAGATTGTGGAGATGGAGGATGTG | TGCGAGTGAAGAGGAAGTAGATGAG |
| 溶质载体家族7成员7 SLC7A7 | GGGCACCACCATTAAGAAGTCTG | AGTCGGATGAAGGCAAGGAGTC |
| 溶质载体家族6成员19 SLC6A19 | GGACAGGTTCAACAGCGACATC | CTGGATCACGAAGAAGAAGAGGAAG |
1.3 数据处理与分析
2 结果
2.1 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响
表4 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on growth performance of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | ||
| 体重BW/kg | ||||
| 第1天Day 1 | 6.92±0.21 | 6.69±0.17 | 6.75±0.18 | 0.688 |
| 第15天Day 15 | 10.17±0.46a | 8.72±0.19b | 10.17±0.15a | 0.012 |
| 第29天Day 29 | 16.42±0.46a | 11.69±0.75b | 15.36±0.31a | <0.001 |
| 第1~14天Days 1 to 14 | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 234.41±22.71a | 107.38±20.41b | 218.10±18.65a | 0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 299.07±12.77b | 287.24±20.86b | 351.68±11.05a | 0.002 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.15±0.09c | 2.24±0.08a | 1.62±0.10b | <0.001 |
| 第15~28天Days 15 to 28 | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 446.55±20.42a | 227.74±38.57b | 370.72±17.15a | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 805.05±40.40 | 734.77±64.26 | 842.87±25.70 | 0.312 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.77±0.11b | 3.68±0.47a | 2.39±0.14b | 0.010 |
| 第1~28天Days 1 to 28 | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 340.48±13.62a | 153.93±14.58b | 299.71±15.13a | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 552.06±23.61ab | 511.00±35.90b | 621.55±20.54a | 0.037 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.50±0.10c | 3.16±0.26a | 2.22±0.17b | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪腹泻评分的影响
表5 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪腹泻评分的影响Table 5 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on diarrhea score of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | ||
| 第1~14天Days 1 to 14 | 0.07±0.01a | 0.03±0.01b | 0.03±0.01b | 0.031 |
| 第15~28天Days 15 to 28 | 0.02±0.01a | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | 0.009 |
| 第1~28天Days 1 to 28 | 0.05±0.01a | 0.02±0.01b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.010 |
2.3 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪器官指数的影响
表6 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪器官指数的影响Table 6 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on organ indices of weaned piglets g/kg |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | ||
| 心脏Heart | 5.44±0.19 | 5.12±0.18 | 4.93±0.09 | 0.121 |
| 肝脏Liver | 28.53±0.74 | 26.79±0.65 | 29.58±1.05 | 0.088 |
| 脾脏Spleen | 1.76±0.09 | 1.85±0.08 | 1.64±0.09 | 0.254 |
| 肺脏Lung | 10.31±0.47 | 11.60±0.24 | 10.65±0.27 | 0.067 |
| 肾脏Kidney | 4.87±0.19 | 4.98±0.15 | 4.90±0.08 | 0.859 |
2.4 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响
表7 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on serum biochemical indices of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 53.53±0.71 | 54.20±1.47 | 54.92±0.70 | 0.672 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 29.25±0.71ab | 27.84±0.35b | 30.34±0.61a | 0.043 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 24.52±0.60b | 48.90±6.46a | 37.84±3.23a | 0.002 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 40.50±1.96 | 47.60±1.60 | 40.67±5.02 | 0.298 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 319.14±37.74 | 310.00±21.80 | 300.17±22.22 | 0.902 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 1.23±0.29a | 0.44±0.05b | 0.44±0.02b | 0.014 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.40±0.05 | 0.50±0.03 | 0.56±0.06 | 0.069 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 6.98±0.27 | 6.34±0.20 | 7.12±0.12 | 0.066 |
| 胆固醇CHOL/(mmol/L) | 2.17±0.09b | 2.54±0.11a | 2.36±0.06ab | 0.038 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.11±0.08 | 1.19±0.05 | 1.26±0.08 | 0.391 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.97±0.05b | 1.18±0.05a | 1.16±0.02a | 0.005 |
| 氨NH3/(mmol/L) | 97.27±4.71 | 109.05±18.60 | 98.43±1.54 | 0.842 |
2.5 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响
表8 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响Table 8 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on nutrient apparent digestibility of weaned piglets % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | |||||||
| 总能GE | 81.35±0.90 | 78.70±0.98 | 80.32±1.07 | 0.189 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 74.52±0.93a | 66.27±1.38b | 70.68±1.51a | 0.002 | |||||
| 必需氨基酸EAA | |||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 80.23±1.15b | 88.37±0.67a | 87.69±0.87a | <0.001 | |||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 89.31±0.83a | 89.53±1.07a | 83.95±1.57b | 0.008 | |||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 82.68±0.69 | 83.47±0.86 | 79.98±1.22 | 0.052 | |||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 77.18±0.89 | 77.12±1.27 | 76.51±1.85 | 0.931 | |||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 79.64±0.86 | 79.54±1.12 | 79.53±1.45 | 0.997 | |||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 80.04±0.65 | 77.95±1.25 | 76.50±1.69 | 0.174 | |||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 87.45±0.42a | 83.12±1.06b | 81.32±1.42b | 0.002 | |||||
| 组氨酸His | 90.27±0.37a | 88.03±0.67b | 88.08±0.81b | 0.034 | |||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 81.40±0.69 | 81.11±1.22 | 81.28±1.16 | 0.979 | |||||
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | |||||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 64.87±1.24 | 59.73±1.94 | 66.04±2.04 | 0.051 | |||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 74.79±1.05a | 47.26±2.86b | 72.41±2.13a | <0.001 | |||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 80.63±0.72a | 65.90±1.94b | 77.85±1.29a | <0.001 | |||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 65.41±1.38a | 48.16±3.05b | 67.29±1.97a | <0.001 | |||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 79.91±0.66a | 71.97±1.31c | 76.08±1.09b | <0.001 | |||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 79.35±1.06a | 63.94±1.59c | 72.83±1.85b | <0.001 | |||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 76.83±1.06a | 61.12±3.97b | 73.01±1.61a | 0.001 | |||||
2.6 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪回肠组织形态的影响
表9 玉米DDGS和豆粕蛋白质源对断奶仔猪回肠组织形态的影响Table 9 Effects of corn DDGS and soybean meal protein sources on histological morphology of ileum of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DDGS | DDGS+NE | ||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 433.04±15.76ab | 382.72±4.45b | 488.07±40.18a | 0.024 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 219.21±11.10 | 201.31±8.99 | 238.63±10.87 | 0.085 |
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度Villus height/crypt depth | 2.10±0.09 | 1.97±0.08 | 1.95±0.23 | 0.720 |

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