1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 花生秧Peanut vine | 45.00 | 综合净能NEmf/(MJ/kg) | 7.03 | |
| 啤酒糟Brewer's grains | 5.00 | 干物质DM | 89.91 | |
| 玉米Corn | 29.00 | 粗蛋白质CP | 12.45 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 2.00 | 粗脂肪EE | 1.52 | |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 4.50 | 粗纤维CF | 13.42 | |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 11.00 | 粗灰分Ash | 9.89 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.60 | 无氮浸出物NFE | 52.63 | |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.50 | 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 34.14 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.70 | 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 25.53 | |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.70 | 钙Ca | 0.69 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 磷P | 0.30 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 20 000 IU,VD3 30 000 IU,VE 1 500 IU,Cu 500 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 60 mg,Se 50 mg,I 0.5 mg。 2)综合净能和无氮浸出物为计算值,其他为实测值。NEmf and NFE were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 饲粮营养成分测定
1.3 温湿度指数(THI)测定
1.4 样品采集和分析
1.4.1 样品的采集与制备
1.4.2 瘤胃液总菌DNA提取及宏基因组测序与分析
1.4.3 瘤胃液中pH及挥发性脂肪酸含量的检测
1.4.4 瘤胃液代谢组学分析
表2 色谱梯度洗脱程序Table 2 Chromatographic gradient elution program % |
| 时间 Time/min | 流动相A Mobile phase A | 流动相B Mobile phase B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 98 | 2 |
| 1.5 | 98 | 2 |
| 12 | 0 | 100 |
| 14 | 0 | 100 |
| 14.1 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 98 | 2 |
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 西门塔尔肉牛养殖环境热应激强度
表3 牛舍THITable 3 THI of cattle shed |
| 项目 Items | 温度 Temperature/℃ | 相对湿度 Relative humidity/% | 温湿度指数 THI | 热应激强度 Heat stress intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 早晨Morning (08:00) | 32.11±0.82 | 58.11±1.74 | 82.70±1.13 | 中度 |
| 下午Afternoon (14:00) | 34.08±1.43 | 53.71±0.88 | 84.58±1.92 | 重度 |
| 晚上Evening (20:00) | 29.32±1.29 | 72.99±5.98 | 80.97±1.36 | 中度 |
2.2 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表4 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 4 Effects of tea polysaccharides on rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle under heat stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||||
| pH | 6.58±0.06b | 6.78±0.01a | 6.70±0.10a | 6.69±0.08a | |||||
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 65.88±1.17b | 71.75±1.20a | 59.21±4.03b | 55.83±0.79c | |||||
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 15.51±0.45b | 19.45±1.03a | 13.94±2.05b | 14.54±0.66b | |||||
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 9.53±0.72a | 8.12±1.09ab | 8.72±0.14a | 6.19±0.71b | |||||
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.78±0.03 | 0.82±0.06 | 0.78±0.08 | 0.67±0.05 | |||||
| 戊酸Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.07±0.03a | 0.99±0.05a | 0.97±0.06a | 0.86±0.06b | |||||
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.83±0.03 | 0.76±0.03 | 0.83±0.07 | 0.82±0.15 | |||||
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetic acid/propionic acid | 4.31±0.16 | 3.66±0.43 | 4.37±0.43 | 3.85±0.15 | |||||
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 3.13±0.94a | 0.67±0.17b | 4.57±0.60a | 3.58±1.86ab | |||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性的影响
表5 瘤胃菌群α多样性指数Table 5 Rumen flora α diversity indices |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 29 902.22±322.81 | 29 226.42±158.59 | 29 186.29±365.82 | 29 626.85±329.31 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 29 606.25±302.88 | 28 950.15±154.21 | 28 939.44±401.68 | 29 379.57±343.62 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 9.35±0.24 | 9.02±0.18 | 9.36±0.28 | 9.61±0.16 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.984±0.003 | 0.980±0.003 | 0.983±0.003 | 0.987±0.001 |
2.4 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃微生物门、属水平相对丰度的影响
图2 瘤胃菌群门水平相对丰度Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Bacteria_noname:未命名的细菌;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Eukaryota_noname:未命名的真核菌;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Others:其他;Unclassified:未分类。 Fig.2 Rumen flora relative abundances at phylum level |
表6 瘤胃菌群门水平相对丰度(前15)Table 6 Rumen flora relative abundances at phylum level (top 15) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 61.30±2.73b | 64.39±2.48a | 60.69±4.72ab | 56.63±1.80b |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 20.00±1.63a | 15.89±0.39b | 19.00±2.88ab | 22.21±0.70a |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 3.60±0.19 | 6.29±1.99 | 5.64±0.96 | 4.74±0.38 |
| 未命名的细菌Bacteria_noname | 2.34±0.09 | 2.02±0.10 | 2.33±0.30 | 2.39±0.11 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 1.42±0.06a | 1.11±0.05b | 1.33±0.24a | 1.40±0.10a |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetes | 1.14±0.31 | 0.91±0.16 | 1.13±0.36 | 1.20±0.21 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 1.05±0.15 | 1.41±0.28 | 0.61±0.06 | 1.13±0.35 |
| 未命名的真核菌Eukaryota_noname | 0.67±0.04 | 0.57±0.17 | 0.55±0.12 | 0.68±0.15 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 0.29±0.03 | 0.32±0.03 | 0.29±0.07 | 0.50±0.15 |
| 广古菌门Euryarchaeota | 0.31±0.03 | 0.27±0.02 | 0.30±0.04 | 0.38±0.06 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 0.32±0.03 | 0.24±0.02 | 0.32±0.06 | 0.31±0.06 |
| 黏胶球形菌门Lentisphaerae | 0.31±0.05 | 0.21±0.02 | 0.31±0.07 | 0.30±0.08 |
| 子囊菌门Ascomycota | 0.27±0.01 | 0.23±0.03 | 0.24±0.01 | 0.27±0.04 |
| 浮霉菌门Planctomycetes | 0.24±0.01a | 0.18±0.01b | 0.25±0.04a | 0.24±0.04a |
| 黑水仙菌门Candidatus_Melainabacteria | 0.12±0.04 | 0.22±0.09 | 0.21±0.05 | 0.32±0.16 |
表7 瘤胃菌群属水平相对丰度(前15)Table 7 Rumen flora relative abundances at genus level (top 15) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 37.99±2.43b | 46.67±0.98a | 39.51±5.12ab | 35.60±1.52b |
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 4.40±0.21 | 3.96±0.07 | 3.90±0.08 | 4.22±0.12 |
| 丁酸弧菌属Butyrivibrio | 2.95±0.53 | 2.13±0.21 | 2.47±0.51 | 3.03±0.34 |
| 未命名的细菌Bacteria_noname | 2.33±0.09 | 2.01±0.10 | 2.32±0.30 | 2.37±0.11 |
| 未命名的普雷沃氏菌科 Prevotellaceae_noname | 1.59±0.12 | 1.72±0.11 | 1.80±0.27 | 1.43±0.06 |
| 未命名的毛螺菌科 Lachnospiraceae_noname | 1.58±0.02a | 1.25±0.03b | 1.74±0.23ab | 1.83±0.10a |
| 未命名的梭菌目 Clostridiales_noname | 1.61±0.21a | 1.17±0.17b | 1.38±0.42ab | 1.66±0.04a |
| 未命名的拟杆菌目 Bacteroidales_noname | 1.64±0.20 | 1.26±0.09 | 1.38±0.28 | 1.44±0.05 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 1.25±0.14 | 1.17±0.20 | 1.20±0.10 | 1.48±0.18 |
| 瘤胃杆菌属Ruminobacter | 0.38±0.08b | 2.15±0.94a | 1.35±0.35a | 0.82±0.16a |
| 纤维杆菌属Fibrobacter | 1.04±0.15a | 1.40±0.28a | 0.60±0.06b | 1.11±0.35a |
| 另枝菌属Alistipes | 1.07±0.15 | 0.81±0.07 | 0.94±0.21 | 0.97±0.04 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 0.86±0.06ab | 0.73±0.02b | 1.01±0.28ab | 1.17±0.15a |
| 密螺旋体属Treponema | 0.90±0.27 | 0.70±0.13 | 0.88±0.31 | 0.90±0.20 |
| 未命名的拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes_noname | 0.71±0.05 | 0.72±0.05 | 0.90±0.12 | 0.89±0.10 |
2.5 瘤胃微生物功能预测
图3 瘤胃微生物功能分析图Metabolism:新陈代谢;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Cellular processes:细胞进程;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Human diseases:人类疾病;Organismal systems:有机系统。Metabolic pathways:代谢途径;Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites:次生代谢产物生物合成;Microbial metabolism in diverse environments:不同环境下微生物代谢;Biosynthesis of amino acids:氨基酸生物合成;Carbon metabolism:碳素代谢;Two-component system:双组分系统;Starch and sucrose metabolism:淀粉和蔗糖代谢;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Quorum sensing:群感效应;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;ABC transporters:ABC转运蛋白;Ribosome:核糖体;Homologous recombination:同源重组;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢。 Fig.3 Functional analysis chart of rumen microbiota |
2.6 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃代谢物的影响
表8 负离子模式下组间瘤胃差异代谢物对比分析(前10)Table 8 Comparative analysis of rumen differential metabolites among groups in negative ion mode (top 10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| N-乙酰基-L-苯丙氨酸N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine | 1.00±0.36a | 0.13±0.05b | 0.66±0.32a | 1.58±0.36a |
| 苯乙醛Phenylacetaldehyde | 1.00±0.15a | 0.33±0.07b | 0.73±0.26a | 1.17±0.10a |
| D(+)-苯乙酸D(+)-phenyllactic acid | 1.00±0.19a | 0.29±0.07b | 0.72±0.33a | 1.02±0.05a |
| 4-乙基苯酚4-ethylphenol | 1.00±0.14a | 0.32±0.12b | 0.66±0.26a | 1.06±0.05a |
| L-苯丙氨酸L-phenylalanine | 1.00±0.38a | 0.14±0.04b | 0.63±0.28a | 1.55±0.33a |
| 2,3-二羟基苯甲酸2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 1.00±0.20a | 0.20±0.06b | 0.81±0.35a | 0.96±0.37ab |
| 溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶2) Lysophosphatidylcholine (18∶2) | 1.00±0.17a | 0.48±0.12a | 0.46±0.03b | 1.52±0.60a |
| (±)9-六溴二苯醚(±) 9-hexabromodiphenyl ether | 1.00±0.04c | 0.68±0.05b | 1.50±0.10a | 1.29±0.15c |
| 对苯二酚Hydroquinone | 1.00±0.13a | 0.20±0.08b | 0.29±0.10b | 0.83±0.38ab |
| L-肾上腺素L-adrenaline | 1.00±0.33a | 0.24±0.04b | 0.66±0.25a | 1.49±0.29a |
表9 正离子模式下组间瘤胃差异代谢物对比分析(前10)Table 9 Comparative analysis of rumen differential metabolites among groups in positive ion mode (top 10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| 油酸酰胺Oleamide | 1.00±0.03a | 0.84±0.04b | 1.04±0.03a | 0.85±0.05b |
| 十六碳酰胺Hexadecanamide | 1.00±0.06a | 0.80±0.03b | 1.00±0.05a | 0.88±0.10a |
| 硬脂酰胺Stearamide | 1.00±0.12ab | 0.81±0.05b | 1.16±0.10a | 1.44±0.41a |
| 胸腺嘧啶Thymine | 1.00±0.03b | 3.28±0.95a | 3.11±0.08a | 2.09±0.70ab |
| 5,6-二甲基-4-氧代-4氢-吡喃-2-羧酸 5,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid | 1.00±0.11a | 0.51±0.13b | 0.45±0.13b | 0.69±0.32a |
| 3-(2-羟乙基)吲哚3-(2-hydroxyethyl) indole | 1.00±0.06a | 0.92±0.16a | 0.38±0.08b | 0.63±0.22a |
| 4-乙基苯甲醛4-ethylbenzaldehyde | 1.00±0.11ab | 1.17±0.04b | 0.90±0.04a | 1.03±0.17a |
| 胸腺嘧啶核苷Thymidine | 1.00±0.22b | 3.90±1.07a | 3.66±0.17a | 2.04±0.59ab |
| C8 1-磷酸神经酰胺C8 1-phosphate ceramide | 1.00±0.08a | 0.42±0.12b | 0.27±0.07b | 0.44±0.05b |
| 吡哆醇Pyridoxine | 1.00±0.10b | 1.05±0.08b | 1.00±0.04b | 1.43±0.12a |
2.7 茶多糖对热应激肉牛瘤胃代谢通路的影响
图4 正、负离子模式下代谢物MSEA显著通路富集图A:负离子模式;B:正离子模式。横坐标是富集倍数,表示代谢通路中观测代谢数量/理论代谢物数量。不同颜色表示P值大小。A: negative ion mode; B: positive ion mode. The horizontal coordinate is the enrichment factor, representing the observed metabolic quantity/theoretical metabolite quantity in the metabolic pathway. Use different colors to represent the P-value size. Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Caffeine metabolism:咖啡因代谢;Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism:苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸代谢;Propanoate metabolism:丙酸代谢;Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation:缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸降解;Vitamin K metabolism:维生素K代谢;Beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids:超长链脂肪酸线粒体β氧化;Mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short chain saturated fatty acids:线粒体短链饱和脂肪酸β氧化;Alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism:亚麻酸和亚油酸代谢;Fatty acid biosynthesis:脂肪酸生物合成;Bile acid biosynthesis:胆汁酸生物合成;Fatty acid elongation in mitochondrial:线粒体脂肪酸延伸;Fatty acid metabolism:脂肪酸代谢;Glycerolipid metabolism:甘油脂代谢;Steroid biosynthesis:类固醇生物合成;Tyrosine Metabolism:酪氨酸代谢;Selenoamino acid metabolism:硒代氨基酸代谢;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Ammonia recycling:氨循环代谢;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Aspartate metabolism:天冬氨酸代谢;Glutamate metabolism:谷氨酸代谢;Malate-aspartate shuttle:苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭;Urea cycle:尿素循环;Catecholamine biosynthesis:儿茶酚胺生物合成;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢;Androgen and estrogen metabolism:雄激素和雌激素代谢;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢。 Fig.4 Significant pathway enrichment map of metabolite MSEA in positive and negative ion modes |
2.8 瘤胃发酵参数与瘤胃菌群及瘤胃差异代谢物之间的相关性分析
图5 瘤胃发酵参数与瘤胃菌群属水平相对丰度相关性分析红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关,颜色深浅表示相关系数大小。图6同。Red represents the positive correlation, blue represents the negative correlation, the color depth indicates the size of the correlation coefficient. The same as Fig.6. Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Bacteria_noname:未命名的细菌;Prevotellaceae_noname:未命名的普雷沃氏菌科;Lachnospiraceae_noname:未命名的毛螺菌科;Clostridiales_noname:未命名的梭菌目;Bacteroidales_noname:未命名的拟杆菌目;Clostridium:梭菌属;Ruminobacter:瘤胃杆菌属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Bacteroidetes_noname:未命名的拟杆菌门;Acetic acid:乙酸;Propionic acid:丙酸;Butyric acid:丁酸;Isobutyric acid:异丁酸;Valeric acid:戊酸;Isovaleric acid:异戊酸;Acetic acid/propionic acid:乙酸/丙酸;Ammoniacal nitrogen:氨态氮。 Fig.5 Correlation analysis between rumen fermentation parameters and rumen flora relative abundances at genus level |
图6 瘤胃发酵参数与瘤胃差异代谢产物相关性分析N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine:N-乙酰基-L-苯丙氨酸;Phenylacetaldehyde:苯乙醛;D(+)-phenyllactic acid:D(+)-苯乙酸;4-ethylphenol:4-乙基苯酚;L-phenylalanine:L-苯丙氨酸;2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid:2,3-二羟基苯甲酸;LPC 18∶2:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶2) lysophosphatidylcholine (18∶2);(+/-)9-HpODE:(±)9-六溴二苯醚 (±)9-hexabromodiphenyl ether;Hydroquinone:对苯二酚;L-adrenaline:L-肾上腺素;Oleamide:油酸酰胺;Hexadecanamide:十六碳酰胺;Stearamide:硬脂酰胺;Thymine:胸腺嘧啶;5,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid:5,6-二甲基-4-氧代-4氢-吡喃-2-羧酸;3-(2-hydroxyethyl) indole:3-(2-羟乙基)吲哚;4-ethylbenzaldehyde:4-乙基苯甲醛;Thymidine:胸腺嘧啶核苷;C-8 1-phosphate ceramide:C8 1-磷酸神经酰胺;Pyridoxine:吡哆醇;Acetic acid:乙酸;Propionic acid:丙酸;Butyric acid:丁酸;Isobutyric acid:异丁酸;Valeric acid:戊酸;Isovaleric acid:异戊酸;Acetic acid/propionic acid:乙酸/丙酸;Ammoniacal nitrogen:氨态氮。 Fig.6 Correlation analysis between rumen fermentation parameters and rumen differential metabolites |

京公网安备 11010802041926号