1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计及饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 15.00 | ||
| 花生秸秆Peanut straw | 25.00 | ||
| 玉米Corn | 28.50 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 5.00 | ||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 12.00 | ||
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS | 4.50 | ||
| 喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn bran | 4.00 | ||
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 4.00 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.50 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.10 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.46 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 37.26 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 23.36 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.01 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.91 | ||
| 磷P | 0.55 | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.03 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 16 000 IU,VD3 1 400 IU,VE 100 IU,Cu 8.5 mg,Fe 50 mg,Zn 45 mg,Mn 27 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.5 mg,Co 0.4 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,根据《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)计算,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, according to Nutrient Requirements for Meat Sheep (NY/T 816—2021), while the others were measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集及指标测定
1.5.1 饲粮营养成分
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 血清生化指标
1.5.4 器官指数
1.5.5 瘤胃微生物物区系
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊采食量和体重的影响
表2 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊采食量和体重的影响Table 2 Effects of L-theanine on feed intake and body weight of growth-retarded lambs |
| 项目Items | 日龄Day of age | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | |||
| 采食量Feed intake/(g/d) | 60~80 | 721.11±4.34b | 724.44±5.02b | 735.00±5.22b | 818.79±4.24a | <0.001 | 0.139 | 0.162 | |
| 81~100 | 934.00±5.28b | 962.44±6.36b | 1 018.11±5.21ab | 1 031.00±7.60a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 101~120 | 1 154.56±8.22c | 1 239.00±6.25b | 1 398.00±8.26a | 1 410.89±4.05a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 121~140 | 1 397.00±3.21c | 1 579.22±7.92b | 1 784.89±5.52a | 1 788.33±6.60a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 体重Body weight/kg | 60 | 10.64±0.36b | 10.87±0.40b | 10.60±0.37b | 13.14±0.16a | <0.001 | 0.620 | 0.874 | |
| 80 | 13.28±0.24b | 13.55±0.32b | 13.53±0.26b | 16.25±0.17a | <0.001 | 0.960 | 0.450 | ||
| 100 | 16.72±0.15c | 17.14±0.19bc | 17.57±0.22b | 20.40±0.09a | <0.001 | 0.110 | 0.010 | ||
| 120 | 20.66±0.18d | 22.04±0.20c | 22.89±0.30b | 25.15±0.09a | <0.001 | 0.020 | <0.001 | ||
| 140 | 25.38±0.18d | 27.27±0.27c | 29.00±0.25b | 30.60±0.14a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊体尺指标的影响
表3 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊体尺指标的影响Table 3 Effects of L-theanine on body size indexes of growth-retarded lambs cm |
| 项目Items | 日龄Day of age | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | |||
| 体长Body length | 60 | 44.61±2.67b | 46.11±2.17b | 47.02±2.24b | 49.67±0.96a | 0.004 | 0.615 | 0.531 | |
| 80 | 54.23±1.79b | 53.87±1.48b | 55.22±1.74b | 58.48±1.32a | <0.001 | 0.359 | 0.625 | ||
| 100 | 59.58±1.71c | 60.47±1.47bc | 61.57±0.77b | 63.70±1.30a | <0.001 | 0.488 | 0.295 | ||
| 120 | 64.92±1.29c | 66.26±1.24c | 68.28±1.78b | 70.07±1.08a | <0.001 | 0.387 | 0.304 | ||
| 140 | 69.93±0.93d | 72.57±0.75c | 74.78±2.26b | 78.40±0.80a | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.049 | ||
| 体高Body height | 60 | 47.53±0.74b | 47.20±1.03b | 48.05±0.73b | 50.13±0.88a | <0.001 | 0.103 | 0.832 | |
| 80 | 52.18±0.50b | 52.58±0.67b | 51.92±0.35b | 55.45±1.29a | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.802 | ||
| 100 | 57.47±0.56b | 58.05±0.37b | 58.42±0.70b | 61.45±1.26a | <0.001 | 0.277 | 0.016 | ||
| 120 | 64.35±0.47c | 64.65±0.57c | 66.08±0.80b | 68.12±0.48a | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| 140 | 70.90±0.58c | 71.15±0.93c | 73.20±0.81b | 75.15±0.36a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| 胸围Chest circumference | 60 | 48.23±0.92b | 47.07±1.16b | 47.60±0.93b | 51.27±1.08a | <0.001 | 0.457 | 0.357 | |
| 80 | 52.02±0.96b | 51.63±0.73b | 52.37±1.03b | 55.67±0.87a | <0.001 | 0.279 | 0.358 | ||
| 100 | 57.15±1.10c | 58.00±0.54bc | 59.02±1.16b | 61.23±1.09a | <0.001 | 0.091 | 0.014 | ||
| 120 | 62.70±0.48d | 64.05±1.16c | 66.18±1.01b | 68.00±1.43a | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 140 | 69.07±0.48d | 71.15±0.46c | 73.35±1.19b | 75.72±0.65a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 管围Cannon bone circumference | 60 | 6.38±0.16b | 6.42±0.15b | 6.43±0.14b | 6.70±0.30a | 0.044 | 0.848 | 0.583 | |
| 80 | 6.68±0.12b | 6.72±0.16b | 6.77±0.18b | 7.02±0.28a | 0.021 | 0.543 | 0.415 | ||
| 100 | 6.97±0.12b | 7.07±0.13b | 7.10±0.17b | 7.40±0.19a | 0.001 | 0.682 | 0.112 | ||
| 120 | 7.32±0.12c | 7.42±0.13c | 7.60±0.21b | 7.82±0.17a | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.029 | ||
| 140 | 7.80±0.09c | 7.93±0.11c | 8.10±0.18b | 8.30±0.11a | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.030 | ||
2.3 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊器官指数的影响
表4 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of L-theanine on organ indexes of growth-retarded lambs |
| 项目Items | 指标Index | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | |||
| 心脏Heart | 重量Weight/g | 175.00±0.02 | 185.00±0.03 | 191.70±0.02 | 196.70±0.03 | 0.313 | 0.180 | 0.378 | |
| 指数Index/% | 0.61±0.06 | 0.64±0.07 | 0.67±0.06 | 0.68±0.10 | 0.342 | 0.141 | 0.812 | ||
| 肝脏Liver | 重量Weight/g | 538.30±0.03ab | 515.00±0.04bc | 481.70±0.04c | 563.30±0.04a | 0.008 | 0.082 | 0.338 | |
| 指数Index/% | 1.88±0.11ab | 1.80±0.15bc | 1.68±0.13c | 1.97±0.13a | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 脾脏Spleen | 重量Weight/g | 58.70±0.01 | 61.70±0.02 | 65.00±0.01 | 68.50±0.01 | 0.599 | 0.271 | 0.547 | |
| 指数Index/% | 0.21±0.04 | 0.22±0.06 | 0.23±0.04 | 0.24±0.04 | 0.568 | 0.861 | 0.778 | ||
| 肺脏Lung | 重量Weight/g | 460.00±0.08 | 456.70±0.04 | 513.30±0.08 | 515.00±0.06 | 0.279 | 0.087 | 0.928 | |
| 指数Index/% | 1.60±0.14 | 1.61±0.29 | 1.79±0.28 | 1.80±0.21 | 0.285 | 0.967 | 0.629 | ||
| 肾脏Kidney | 重量Weight/g | 162.50±0.02 | 162.70±0.02 | 165.00±0.04 | 176.70±0.03 | 0.214 | 0.095 | 0.075 | |
| 指数Index/% | 0.56±0.06 | 0.56±0.07 | 0.58±0.13 | 0.62±0.09 | 0.236 | 0.289 | 0.731 | ||
2.4 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊血清生化指标的影响
表5 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of L-theanine on serum biochemical indexes of growth-retarded lambs |
| 项目Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | ||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 3.44±0.13c | 3.56±0.04bc | 3.78±0.15b | 4.20±0.31a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 61.67±0.95c | 64.91±2.95bc | 67.58±3.21b | 74.98±3.74a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 25.89±2.96 | 26.20±1.81 | 27.15±2.88 | 28.50±1.13 | 0.239 | 0.069 | 0.391 | |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 46.58±4.79 | 47.52±1.49 | 48.36±3.11 | 49.15±0.90 | 0.712 | 0.371 | 0.602 | |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.54±0.04 | 0.53±0.05 | 0.50±0.01 | 0.56±0.04 | 0.071 | 0.079 | 0.103 | |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 1.64±0.06 | 1.61±0.10 | 1.56±0.08 | 1.67±0.07 | 0.118 | 0.076 | 0.234 | |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 7.91±1.46 | 7.94±1.02 | 8.04±0.68 | 8.26±0.42 | 0.923 | 0.549 | 0.754 | |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 24.04±2.47 | 23.13±1.71 | 22.88±3.88 | 25.31±0.95 | 0.351 | 0.108 | 0.467 | |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 143.56±6.82 | 142.09±1.11 | 141.42±1.20 | 144.30±5.06 | 0.648 | 0.281 | 0.694 | |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 165.60±2.93c | 171.81±1.48bc | 175.54±2.48b | 209.12±4.82a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
2.5 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 瘤胃菌群Alpha多样性分析
表6 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性的影响Table 6 Effects of L-theanine on rumen microbial Alpha diversity of growth-retarded lambs |
| 项目Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | ||||||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 8.16±0.36b | 8.31±0.42b | 8.53±0.26ab | 8.89±0.30a | 0.008 | 0.065 | 0.003 | |||||
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99±0.01ab | 0.99±0.01ab | 0.99±0.01ab | 1.00±0.01a | 0.027 | 0.421 | 0.004 | |||||
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 2 023.64±292.01c | 2 339.3±129.44b | 2 413.13±145.76b | 2 752.28±245.79a | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||
| ACE指数ACE index | 2 009.05±310.36c | 2 280.32±133.93b | 2 397.37±136.54b | 2 707.74±226.63a | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | |||||
| Good's coverage指数Good's coverage index/% | 99.14 | 99.31 | 99.23 | 99.02 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 0.257 | |||||
2.5.2 瘤胃菌群Beta多样性分析
2.5.3 瘤胃菌群分类学分析
2.5.4 瘤胃菌群结构分析
图4 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊瘤胃菌群结构的影响Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Other:其他菌门;Unclassified:未分类菌门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R-7群;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group:毛螺菌科NK3A20群;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Other:其他菌属;Unclassified:未分类菌属。 Fig.4 Effects of L-theanine on rumen microflora structure of growth-retarded lambs |
表7 L-茶氨酸对生长迟缓羔羊瘤胃微生物相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of L-theanine on relative abundances of rumen microbiota of growth-retarded lambs |
| 项目Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | 方差分析ANOVA | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | ||||||||||
| 门水平Phylum level | ||||||||||||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 52.53±2.35 | 51.20±1.18 | 52.63±1.54 | 53.33±1.49 | 0.842 | 0.575 | 0.778 | |||||||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 40.68±1.71 | 37.46±1.95 | 40.28±2.75 | 38.35±0.89 | 0.606 | 0.377 | 0.508 | |||||||||
| 螺旋体菌门Spirochaetota | 1.79±0.14c | 2.84±0.16a | 2.34±0.14b | 1.63±0.09c | <0.001 | 0.028 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota | 1.51±0.31 | 2.03±0.38 | 2.16±0.24 | 1.80±0.28 | 0.471 | 0.772 | 0.148 | |||||||||
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacterota | 0.74±0.09b | 2.06±0.28a | 0.53±0.07b | 2.36±0.20a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||||||||
| 脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota | 0.66±0.05b | 0.99±0.11a | 0.58±0.08b | 1.09±0.14a | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.260 | |||||||||
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 0.58±0.15 | 0.52±0.13 | 0.51±0.09 | 0.83±0.11 | 0.239 | 0.950 | 0.660 | |||||||||
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 0.53±0.09 | 0.62±0.13 | 0.50±0.06 | 0.50±0.09 | 0.770 | 0.380 | 0.800 | |||||||||
| 髌骨细菌门Patescibacteria | 0.31±0.02 | 0.34±0.04 | 0.40±0.09 | 0.42±0.13 | 0.110 | 0.260 | 0.213 | |||||||||
| 蓝细菌门Cyanobacteria | 0.46±0.40 | 0.20±0.08 | 0.10±0.03 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.536 | 0.758 | 0.308 | |||||||||
| 其他菌门Other | 0.30±0.04 | 0.34±0.12 | 0.43±0.06 | 0.51±0.10 | 0.13 | 0.441 | 0.150 | |||||||||
| 未分类菌门Unclassified | 0.13±0.02 | 0.17±0.04 | 0.20±0.04 | 0.24±0.06 | 0.297 | 0.614 | 0.192 | |||||||||
| 属水平Genus level | ||||||||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 10.93±1.09 | 15.65±0.69 | 13.28±1.77 | 12.48±0.63 | 0.055 | 0.175 | 0.101 | |||||||||
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 12.22±1.15 | 9.75±0.98 | 9.85±1.22 | 9.75±1.11 | 0.230 | 0.952 | 0.061 | |||||||||
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 6.70±0.63 | 7.78±0.68 | 8.47±0.92 | 9.30±0.90 | 0.310 | 0.532 | 0.144 | |||||||||
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 7.31±0.56a | 3.86±0.33c | 5.45±0.83b | 2.38±0.32c | <0.001 | 0.015 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 2.60±0.29 | 3.23±0.66 | 3.86±0.25 | 2.61±0.29 | 0.125 | 0.327 | 0.102 | |||||||||
| NK4A214群NK4A214_group | 2.04±0.22 | 2.19±0.20 | 2.59±0.19 | 2.10±0.16 | 0.218 | 0.191 | 0.184 | |||||||||
| 毛螺菌科NK3A20群Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group | 1.39±0.25 | 1.51±0.22 | 1.72±0.89 | 1.45±0.30 | 0.180 | 0.124 | 0.286 | |||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 | 1.04±0.11c | 2.75±0.37a | 1.74±0.41bc | 2.39±0.18ab | 0.003 | 0.045 | 0.009 | |||||||||
| 密螺旋体菌属Treponema | 1.75±0.14 | 2.56±0.63 | 1.89±0.30 | 1.08±0.12 | 0.066 | 0.015 | 0.987 | |||||||||
| 纤维杆菌属Fibrobacter | 1.09±0.22 | 2.28±0.77 | 0.85±0.20 | 2.06±0.28 | 0.081 | 0.823 | 0.132 | |||||||||
| 其他菌属Other | 25.48±1.47 | 24.35±0.60 | 20.67±0.58 | 22.65±0.59 | 0.170 | 0.181 | 0.250 | |||||||||
| 未分类菌属Unclassified | 25.45±1.40 | 24.32±0.85 | 27.61±0.59 | 30.54±1.05 | 0.121 | 0.350 | 0.682 | |||||||||

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