1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验饲料
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 饲料苏氨酸水平Dietary Thr levels/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67 | 1.02 | 1.37 | 1.72 | 2.07 | 2.42 | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 玉米淀粉Corn starch | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 |
| 次粉Wheat middling | 18.00 | 18.00 | 18.00 | 18.00 | 18.00 | 18.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose | 15.65 | 15.65 | 15.65 | 15.65 | 15.65 | 15.65 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 氨基酸混合物Amino acid mixture3) | 7.60 | 7.60 | 7.60 | 7.60 | 7.60 | 7.60 |
| L-丙氨酸L-Ala | 1.75 | 1.40 | 1.05 | 0.70 | 0.35 | |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.35 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 1.40 | 1.75 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels4) | ||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 28.08 | 28.15 | 28.11 | 28.21 | 28.18 | 28.20 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.58 | 5.60 | 5.59 | 5.62 | 5.64 | 5.64 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.58 | 5.55 | 5.64 | 5.61 | 5.60 | 5.58 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VC 500 mg,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK3 5 mg,VB2 30 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 0.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 175 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 2.5 mg,肌醇 inositol 1 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg。 4)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲料提供The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Zn 25 mg,Cu 3 mg,Fe 25 mg,Mn 15 mg,I 0.6 mg,Co 0.1 mg,Se 0.4 mg。 | |
3)氨基酸混合物为每千克饲料提供 The amino acid mixture provided the following per kg of diets:蛋氨酸 Met 2.6 g,赖氨酸 Lys 19.3 g,精氨酸 Arg 9.0 g,组氨酸 His 6.4 g,异亮氨酸 Ile 0.9 g,苯丙氨酸 Phe 11.4 g,缬氨酸 Val 3.3 g,甘氨酸 Gly 3.1 g,天冬氨酸 Asp 15.9 g,胱氨酸 Cys 2.1 g,酪氨酸 Tyr 2.0 g。 |
表2 基础饲料与松浦镜鲤肌肉氨基酸组成对比(干物质基础)Table 2 Comparison of amino acid composition of basal diet and muscle of Songpu mirror carp (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲料 Basal diet | 肌肉 Muscle | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.78 | 0.78 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 2.49 | 2.49 | |||
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.67 | 1.67 | |||
| 组氨酸His | 1.05 | 1.05 | |||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.78 | 0.87 | |||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 2.47 | 1.22 | |||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 2.25 | 2.25 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.67 | 2.29 | |||
| 缬氨酸Val | 1.24 | 1.24 | |||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 3.42 | 1.54 | |||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 4.40 | 3.58 | |||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 1.15 | 1.15 | |||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 2.83 | 2.83 | |||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 1.01 | 0.98 | |||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.38 | 0.38 | |||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.92 | 0.84 |
表中数据均为实测值。基础饲料是指未额外添加苏氨酸的试验饲料,肌肉是指粗蛋白质含量为28%的松浦镜鲤肌肉。 | |
The data in the table were all measured values. The basal diet refered to the experimental diet without additional threonine, and the muscle refered to the muscle of Songpu mirror carp with a crude protein content of 28%. |
1.3 试验鱼及饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 饲料、肌肉营养成分含量
1.5.2 生长性能指标
1.5.3 肌肉品质
1.5.4 肌纤维特性
1.5.5 肌肉抗氧化指标
1.5.6 肌肉中蛋白质合成相关基因的相对表达量
表3 引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences |
| 基因Genes | 引物序列Primer sequences (5'—3') |
|---|---|
| 雷帕霉素靶蛋白TOR | F:CCACAACGCAGCCAACAA;R:GCCACAGAATAGCAACCCT |
| 蛋白激酶B AKT | F:GGTGTGTTCAAGTTCACCGTCT;R:TCCTCACCCAGCTCTCCA |
| 核糖体蛋白S6激酶1 S6K1 | F:GCCAATCTCAGCGTTCTCAAC;R:CTGCCTAACATCATCCTCCTT |
| 4E结合蛋白1 4EBP1 | F:GCTACCTCACGACTATTGC3;R:TTCTTGCTTGTCACTCCTG |
| 叉头框蛋白O1 FOXO1 | F:CCAAGAG CAGAGGACGAG;R:CATCAATAAAGGGCGAGA |
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | F:GGCAGGTCATCACCATCGG;R:TTGGCATACAGGTCTTTACGG |
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤生长性能的影响
表4 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary Thr level on growth performance of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别 Groups | 初始体重 IBW/g | 终末体重 FBW/g | 增重率 WGR/% | 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 饲料系数 FCR | 蛋白质效率 PER/% | 摄食率 FR/(%/d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 285.33±17.14 | 487.33±21.35c | 70.90±2.79c | 0.95±0.03d | 2.37±0.09a | 1.41±0.06d | 8.56±0.51b |
| 1.02% | 311.33±17.92 | 563.83±26.30b | 81.19±3.60bc | 1.06±0.04bc | 2.07±0.09b | 1.61±0.07bc | 9.34±0.54a |
| 1.37% | 299.34±5.03 | 564.09±15.12b | 88.43±2.04ab | 1.13±0.02ab | 2.04±0.14bc | 1.64±0.11b | 8.91±0.25ab |
| 1.72% | 310.89±7.70 | 607.36±21.12a | 95.35±3.43a | 1.19±0.03a | 1.86±0.73c | 1.80±0.07a | 9.36±0.09a |
| 2.07% | 301.22±5.13 | 567.07±8.67b | 88.26±0.69ab | 1.13±0.01ab | 1.95±0.07bc | 1.71±0.06ab | 9.26±0.23ab |
| 2.42% | 304.22±25.02 | 535.84±21.36b | 76.58±8.18c | 1.01±0.09cd | 2.26±0.14a | 1.48±0.10cd | 9.33±0.40a |
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉营养成分的影响
表5 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉营养成分的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle nutrient composition of Songpu mirror carp % |
| 组别Groups | 水分Moisture | 粗蛋白质CP | 粗脂肪EE | 粗灰分Ash |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 79.08±0.28 | 12.49±1.43b | 4.94±0.26 | 1.33±0.07b |
| 1.02% | 79.12±0.27 | 13.34±0.94b | 4.59±0.69 | 1.46±0.12b |
| 1.37% | 79.64±0.10 | 13.99±0.05ab | 4.78±0.14 | 1.76±0.17a |
| 1.72% | 79.05±0.16 | 14.91±0.58a | 3.63±1.47 | 1.82±0.20a |
| 2.07% | 79.01±0.13 | 13.49±0.79ab | 4.08±0.70 | 1.33±0.08b |
| 2.42% | 78.88±0.33 | 12.75±0.29b | 3.89±0.38 | 1.12±0.05b |
2.3 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉质构参数的影响
表6 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉质构参数的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle texture parameters of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别 Groups | 硬度 Hardness/N | 内聚性 Cohesion | 胶黏性 Adhesiveness/N | 弹性 Elasticity/mm | 咀嚼性 Masticity/J | 剪切力 Shear force/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 5.85±1.02c | 0.47±0.01 | 275.99±53.48c | 0.76±0.10c | 208.23±33.79d | 20.97±7.42 |
| 1.02% | 7.51±0.65bc | 0.46±0.04 | 343.90±46.47bc | 0.80±0.05bc | 277.80±38.21cd | 25.36±7.10 |
| 1.37% | 7.53±1.08bc | 0.47±0.03 | 351.32±51.71bc | 0.87±0.05ab | 302.37±35.02c | 23.35±6.22 |
| 1.72% | 9.58±1.55a | 0.49±0.02 | 464.73±81.23a | 0.90±0.01a | 416.62±72.16a | 28.33±7.75 |
| 2.07% | 9.17±1.67ab | 0.49±0.01 | 446.72±86.62a | 0.89±0.02a | 397.56±68.54ab | 27.28±12.26 |
| 2.42% | 8.09±1.99ab | 0.49±0.02 | 392.16±98.30ab | 0.85±0.11ab | 332.68±85.07bc | 25.35±8.49 |
2.4 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉离心失水率、蒸煮损失及pH的影响
表7 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉离心失水率、蒸煮损失及pH的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle centrifugal water loss rate, cooking loss and pH of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别 Groups | 离心失水率 Centrifugal water loss rate/% | 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% | pH |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 9.14±1.52a | 15.27±2.17a | 6.78±0.05c |
| 1.02% | 7.94±1.15ab | 14.55±1.78a | 6.86±0.04ab |
| 1.37% | 7.86±2.34ab | 12.22±1.79b | 6.93±0.07a |
| 1.72% | 5.48±1.30b | 10.83±0.94b | 6.89±0.04ab |
| 2.07% | 6.38±1.17b | 11.93±1.21b | 6.84±0.07bc |
| 2.42% | 7.74±1.09ab | 12.08±1.78b | 6.89±0.04ab |
2.5 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌纤维特性的影响
表8 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌纤维特性的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle fiber characteristics of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别 Groups | 肌纤维直径 Muscle fiber diameter/μm | 肌纤维密度 Muscle fiber density/(根/mm2) |
|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 78.20±7.97a | 275.76±70.96c |
| 1.02% | 67.25±4.37b | 327.95±53.57bc |
| 1.37% | 63.11±6.10b | 348.68±58.07b |
| 1.72% | 60.59±4.52b | 464.00±41.46a |
| 2.07% | 67.52±6.62b | 370.57±31.90b |
| 2.42% | 80.35±9.02a | 275.51±50.61c |
2.6 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉色泽的影响
表9 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉色泽的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle color of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别Groups | 亮度L* | 红度a* | 黄度b* |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 31.40±0.39a | 10.41±1.89b | 8.03±0.81a |
| 1.02% | 31.77±1.60a | 12.39±2.02ab | 7.14±0.93a |
| 1.37% | 31.56±1.65a | 12.02±2.17ab | 6.72±1.69ab |
| 1.72% | 30.00±1.10b | 12.99±0.90a | 5.27±1.92b |
| 2.07% | 31.06±1.18ab | 10.71±1.25ab | 6.52±1.08ab |
| 2.42% | 30.02±0.72b | 11.14±2.75ab | 6.72±0.06ab |
2.7 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉抗氧化指标的影响
表10 饲料苏氨酸水平对松浦镜鲤肌肉抗氧化指标的影响Table 10 Effects of dietary Thr level on muscle antioxidant indices of Songpu mirror carp |
| 组别 Groups | 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 过氧化物酶 POD/ (U/mg prot) | 过氧化氢酶 CAT/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/ (μmol/g prot) | 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/ (mmol/g prot) | 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67% | 6.41±0.35b | 170.79±70.32c | 8.96±2.33b | 28.15±5.45c | 1.16±0.02b | 3.62±0.90 |
| 1.02% | 6.60±0.81ab | 271.30±45.49bc | 12.38±1.64b | 37.76±11.96bc | 1.23±0.03ab | 2.69±1.23 |
| 1.37% | 6.72±0.10ab | 360.04±110.32ab | 14.02±3.57b | 44.09±9.95bc | 1.27±0.06ab | 3.25±0.49 |
| 1.72% | 7.13±0.24a | 467.42±38.87a | 28.22±10.62a | 65.94±20.08a | 1.32±0.02a | 2.55±0.51 |
| 2.07% | 6.84±0.50ab | 399.06±74.99ab | 12.37±4.52b | 57.21±6.44ab | 1.18±0.14b | 2.61±0.19 |
| 2.42% | 6.75±0.56ab | 340.11±49.93ab | 11.21±1.08b | 56.62±4.72ab | 1.20±0.01b | 2.94±0.49 |

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