动物营养学报 >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 5: 3304 - 3317

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.272

研究论文

饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清代谢物及肠道健康的影响

  • 田仁红 , 1, 2 ,
  • 董芮绮 1, 3, * ,
  • 彭凯 , 1, ** ,
  • 邱建强 1, 4 ,
  • 张淑芬 1 ,
  • 鲁慧杰 1 ,
  • 陈冰 1 ,
  • 赵红霞 1 ,
  • 马艳平 5 ,
  • 黄文 , 1, **
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  • 1 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所,广东省农业科学院水产协同创新中心,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广州 510640
  • 2 广东海洋大学水产学院,湛江 524088
  • 3 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,上海 201306
  • 4 华中农业大学水产学院,武汉 430070
  • 5 广东省农业科学院动物卫生研究所,广州 510640
** 彭 凯,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail: ;
黄 文,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

* 同等贡献作者

田仁红(2000—),女,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生,研究方向为对虾营养与育种。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2024-10-17

  网络出版日期: 2025-05-14

基金资助

广东省农业科学院水产协同创新中心课题(XT202301)

科技部国家外国专家项目(G2023030042L)

广东省乡村振兴战略专项(2024-SPY-00-006)

广东省乡村振兴战略专项(2023SDZG01)

收起

Effects of Dietary Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Body Composition, Serum Metabolites and Intestinal Health of Litopenaeus vannamei

  • TIAN Renhong , 1, 2 ,
  • DONG Ruiqi 1, 3, * ,
  • PENG Kai , 1, ** ,
  • QIU Jianqiang 1, 4 ,
  • ZHANG Shufen 1 ,
  • LU Huijie 1 ,
  • CHEN Bing 1 ,
  • ZHAO Hongxia 1 ,
  • MA Yanping 5 ,
  • HUANG Wen , 1, **
Expand
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture in Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3 College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4 College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 5 Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
** PENG Kai, professor, E-mail: ;
HUANG Wen, professor, E-mail:

* Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-10-17

  Online published: 2025-05-14

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摘要

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清代谢物及肠道健康的影响。试验选取初始体重为(0.75±0.01) g的健康凡纳滨对虾虾苗720尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾虾。各组饲喂豆粕的添加比例分别为20%(C20组)、22%(C22组)、24%(C24组)、26%(C26组)、28%(C28组)和35%(C35组)的试验饲料。试验期56 d。结果表明:与C20组相比,C35组对虾终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、全虾粗灰分含量、血清代谢物(白蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇)含量、肠道溶菌酶活性及肠道紧密连接蛋白(闭锁小带蛋白-1、闭锁小带蛋白-2、闭合蛋白和封闭蛋白-3)基因相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05),而血清谷丙转氨酶活性以及肠道肿瘤坏死因子-α、RAS癌基因家族成员RAB6A和组胺含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,饲料中添加35%的豆粕可抑制凡纳滨对虾的生长,降低血脂含量,诱导肝胰腺损伤,降低肠道非特异性免疫力,诱发肠道炎症和屏障功能受损。饲料中添加低于35%的豆粕不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长和肠道健康。

关键词： 凡纳滨对虾; 豆粕; 鱼粉; 生长性能; 肠道健康

本文引用格式

田仁红 , 董芮绮 , 彭凯 , 邱建强 , 张淑芬 , 鲁慧杰 , 陈冰 , 赵红霞 , 马艳平 , 黄文 . 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清代谢物及肠道健康的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(5) : 3304 -3317 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.272

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soybean meal on growth performance, body composition, serum metabolites and intestinal health of Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 720 healthy Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps with an initial weight of (0.75±0.01) g were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 40 shrimps in each replicate. Shrimps in 6 groups were fed experimental diets which the soybean meal adding proportion were 20% (C20 group), 22% (C22 group), 24% (C24 group), 26% (C26 group), 28% (C28 group) and 35% (C35 group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed that compared with the C20 group, the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, whole shrimp body crude ash content, serum metabolites (albumin, globulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) contents, intestinal lysozyme activity and gene relative expression levels of intestinal tight junction proteins (zonula occluden-1, zonula occluden-2, Occludin and Claudin-3) of the C35 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the serum alanine aminotransferase activity and intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α, RAS oncogene family member RAB6A and histamine contents were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, dietary 35% soybean meal can inhibit the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei, reduce blood lipid content, induce hepatopancreatic injury, reduce intestinal non-specific immunity, and induce intestinal inflammation and impaired barrier function. Dietary less than 35% soybean meal do not affect the growth and intestinal health of Litopenaeus vannamei.

Key words： Litopenaeus vannamei; soybean meal; fish meal; growth performance; intestinal health

蛋白质是水产饲料的重要营养成分,约占饲料成本的70%[1-3]。水产饲料中的蛋白质原料主要为鱼粉[4-6],但随着水产养殖与饲料行业的迅猛发展,鱼粉资源供不应求,价格居高不下,制约了水产养殖业的健康与可持续发展[7-9]。因此,寻求鱼粉替代品是维持水产养殖业可持续发展的必然选择。豆粕的蛋白质含量高且价格比鱼粉低,是鱼粉的主要替代品之一[10]。研究表明,饲料中适量添加豆粕不影响凡纳滨对虾(Litopeaneus vannamei)的生长性能[11-13]。然而,豆粕存在氨基酸组成不平衡、含有抗营养因子、适口性差等不足[14-15],过量添加豆粕会抑制营养物质的消化和吸收、减弱抗氧化能力和免疫力、破坏肠道组织结构和微生物菌群结构[1,16-18]。近年来,国内相关育种团队相继开展了凡纳滨对虾耐粗饲、耐植物蛋白质抗性品种的选育,为豆粕等植物蛋白质原料在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用提供了新动力。
凡纳滨对虾具有生长快、抗应激能力强、蛋白质含量高、口感鲜甜等优点[19-20],是我国对虾养殖的重要品种。据中国渔业统计年鉴数据显示,2023年我国凡纳滨对虾的养殖产量近224万t,约占对虾总产量的87%,并呈逐年增长趋势[21]。本课题组前期以20%豆粕添加比例为对照组,研究了饲料中添加28%、35%、42%和50%豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料养分表观消化率、肠道消化酶活性及肌肉生长相关基因表达的影响,结果表明豆粕添加比例超过28%会抑制凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和肌肉发育[16],但其抑制生长的原因尚不完全清楚。肠道健康在维持动物正常生长中起关键作用,如肠道免疫和肠道屏障功能与动物的生长状况密切相关[22-24]。因此,本试验通过在饲料中添加不超过35%的豆粕,研究其对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清代谢物及肠道健康的影响,旨为豆粕在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的合理应用及对虾健康养殖提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计和饲料

试验方案及动物试验伦理审查由广东省农业科学院动物福利伦理委员会批准,批准号:GDAAS2022015。
试验选取健康凡纳滨对虾虾苗720尾,平均体重(0.75±0.01) g,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾虾。各组分别饲喂豆粕的添加比例为20%(C20组)、22%(C22组)、24%(C24组)、26%(C26组)、28%(C28组)和35%(C35组)的试验饲料。试验期56 d。
试验配制了6组等氮等脂的试验饲料,豆粕添加比例分别为20%、22%、24%、26%、28%和35%,以替代饲料中0、5%、10%、15%、20%和40%的鱼粉,试验饲料组成及营养水平见表1。饲料原料经粉碎后过80目标准筛,混匀后用SLX-80型双螺杆挤压机(华南理工大学机械厂)制成粒径为1 mm的颗粒料,55 ℃烘干,自然冷却后过筛并用密封袋分装,于-20 ℃保存备用。
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C20 C22 C24 C26 C28 C35
原料Ingredients
鱼粉Fish meal 25.00 23.75 22.50 21.25 20.00 15.00
豆粕Soybean meal 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 35.00
花生麸Peanut bran 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
鸡肉粉Chicken meal 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
面粉Flour 22.00 22.00 22.00 20.00 20.00 18.00
鱼油Fish oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
大豆卵磷脂Soybean lecithin 2.00 2.10 2.30 2.30 2.40 2.70
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
矿物质预混料Mineral premix1) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
赖氨酸Lysine 0.05
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.35
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
海藻酸钠Sodium alginate 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose 2.90 2.05 1.10 2.35 1.40 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
粗蛋白质Crude protein 39.30 39.40 39.50 39.50 39.60 39.50
粗脂肪Crude lipid 8.40 8.40 8.50 8.40 8.40 8.30
粗灰分Ash 7.70 7.80 7.70 7.60 7.80 7.70

1)维生素预混料和矿物质预混料的组成和含量参照Peng等[16]。The composition and content of vitamin premix and mineral premix referred to Peng et al[16].

2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

试验在室外循环水养殖系统中进行,虾苗购于广东省江门市某虾苗厂。在开展正式养殖试验前,虾苗先于室外水泥池中暂养7 d,每日投喂商业配合饲料[粗蛋白质(CP)含量40.5%,粗脂肪(CL)含量6.5%]。试验期间采取饱食投喂方式,每日投喂饲料3次(08:30、14:30、20:30),每日记录饲料投喂量、水质情况以及虾死亡情况。试验期间水温维持在(25.0±2.0) ℃,水体pH为7.8~8.2,氨氮含量不超过0.02 mg/L,溶解氧含量大于6.0 mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度小于0.1 mg/L。

1.3 样品采集与指标测定

1.3.1 生长性能

在养殖试验结束后,对虾禁食24 h。统计每缸中对虾的总数量和总重量,用于计算存活率(SR)、终末体重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、摄食量(FI)和饲料系数(FC)等生长性能指标,计算方法参照Peng等[16]。

1.3.2 饲料营养成分和体成分

在养殖试验结束后,每缸随机取4尾虾,于-20 ℃保存,用于测定CP、CL和粗灰分(Ash)等全虾体成分含量。试验饲料和全虾体成分含量参照AOAC(1995)[25]进行测定,即采用105 ℃烘干法(#934.01)测定水分含量,凯氏定氮法(#2001.11)测定CP含量,乙醚抽提法(#920.39)测定CL含量,550 ℃灼烧法(#943.01)测定Ash含量。

1.3.3 血清代谢物

在养殖试验结束后,每缸随机取16尾虾,从围心腔采血,血液样品在室温下静置4 h,经离心(5 000×g,10 min)后,转移血清至-80 ℃冰箱保存。血清代谢物[白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)]参照邱建强等[26]方法进行测定。

1.3.4 肠道免疫应答指标

在养殖试验结束后,每缸随机取4尾虾,解剖并分离肠道(中肠)组织,置于防冻管中,于-80 ℃保存备用,用于肠道免疫应答指标的测定。采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的商业试剂盒测定肠道溶菌酶(LZM)(货号:A050-1-1)活性,采用江苏酶标生物科技有限公司生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定肠道肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)(货号:MB-15009A)、RAS癌基因家族成员(RAB6A)(货号:MB-600001B)、组胺(HIS)(货号:MB-502917B)含量。

1.3.5 肠道紧密连接蛋白基因表达

在养殖试验结束后,每缸随机取4尾虾,在无菌操作台中解剖并分离肠道(中肠)组织,置于防冻管中,于-80 ℃保存备用,用于肠道紧密连接蛋白基因表达的测定。采用广州兴誉生物科技有限公司提供的TRNzol试剂盒(货号:XY-001)提取肠道组织总RNA,然后用南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司生产的cDNA反转录试剂盒(货号:R211-02)将RNA反转录为cDNA。以β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)作为内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、闭锁小带蛋白-2(ZO-2)、闭合蛋白(Occludin)、封闭蛋白-3(Claudin-3)等基因表达,并按照2-△△Ct法[27]计算基因相对表达量。PCR循环条件为:95 ℃预变性5 min,1个循环;95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃复性34 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,40个循环。引物序列见表2。所有引物的扩增效率均达到90%~110%。
表2 引物序列

Table 2 Primer sequences

基因Genes 引物序列Primer sequences(5'—3')
β-肌动蛋白
β-actin		 F:GAGCAACACGGAGTTCGTTGT
R:CATCACCAACTGGGACGACATGGA
闭锁小带蛋白-1
ZO-1		 F:ATTTGTAGCTTCCCCTCGGC
R:GCGACGCATTCGTCAAAAGT
闭锁小带蛋白-2
ZO-2		 F:AAGAAGAAGGACCTGCGGAA
R:TGGGTTCTGTTTTGGCGATG
闭合蛋白
Occludin		 F:TACCATTACTGCGTGGTGGA
R:TCACTCTGCGCCATAAGATG
封闭蛋白-3
Claudin-3		 F:CTTTCGGATTGGAGCTCGTG
R:TTACACTGCATCTGTCCGGT

1.4 数据统计分析

使用SPSS 20.0软件的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏多重比较法对试验数据的差异显著性进行分析。若不满足方差齐性,则采用Dunnett-T3检验法进行分析。试验结果以“平均值±标准误”表示,显著水平为P<0.05。

2 结果

2.1 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

由表3可知,各组之间对虾SR、FI和FC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与C20组相比,C22~C28组对虾FBW、WGR和SGR均降低但差异不显著(P>0.05),C35组对虾FBW、WGR和SGR均显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary soybean meal on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C20 C22 C24 C26 C28 C35
存活率SR/% 83.33±3.00 86.67±5.07 93.33±4.17 85.83±3.00 89.20±4.66 90.83±0.83
终末体重FBW/g 9.90±0.22a 8.99±0.41ab 8.42±0.40ab 8.50±0.50ab 8.40±0.95ab 7.32±0.64b
增重率WGR/% 1 203.21±42.59a 1 101.22±48.13ab 1 011.53±45.04ab 1 026.12±77.39ab 1 060.19±123.16ab 889.38±80.08b
特定生长率
SGR/(%/d)		 3.95±0.05a 3.82±0.06ab 3.70±0.06ab 3.72±0.10ab 3.76±0.16ab 3.51±0.13b
摄食量FI/(g/尾) 12.54±0.17 12.33±0.58 11.65±0.39 11.76±0.07 11.33±1.08 11.03±0.17
饲料系数FC 1.37±0.04 1.49±0.01 1.52±0.08 1.52±0.10 1.48±0.22 1.68±0.18

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾体成分的影响

由表4可知,各组之间对虾全虾CP和CL含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与C20组相比,C22~C28组对虾全虾Ash含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),C35组对虾全虾Ash含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表4 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾体成分的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary soybean meal on body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C20 C22 C24 C26 C28 C35
粗蛋白质CP 87.41±0.20 86.37±0.51 87.07±0.35 86.15±0.58 87.24±0.44 85.80±0.73
粗脂肪CL 3.27±0.19 3.19±0.02 3.01±0.06 3.06±0.20 3.14±0.05 3.22±0.12
粗灰分Ash 5.90±0.15a 5.83±0.09a 5.86±0.03a 5.89±0.12a 5.85±0.09a 5.49±0.06b

2.3 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾血清代谢物的影响

由表5可知,各组之间对虾血清UN含量和AST活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与C20组相比,C22~C28组对虾血清ALB、GLB、TG、TC和HDL-C含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),C35组对虾血清ALB、GLB、TG、TC和HDL-C含量均显著降低(P<0.05);C22~C28组对虾血清ALT活性均无显著差异(P>0.05),C35组对虾血清ALT活性显著升高(P<0.05);C22~C35组对虾血清GLU和LDL-C含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾血清代谢物的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary soybean meal on serum metabolites of Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C20 C22 C24 C26 C28 C35
白蛋白
ALB/(g/L)		 5.90±0.46a 6.10±0.23a 6.17±0.44a 6.20±0.26a 6.10±0.21a 4.87±0.15b
球蛋白
GLB/(g/L)		 59.60±0.58a 54.73±0.58a 57.87±4.91a 54.50±4.19a 63.66±5.71a 37.60±5.22b
甘油三酯
TG/(mmol/L)		 2.04±0.25a 1.74±0.13ab 1.73±0.19ab 2.01±0.23a 2.28±0.31a 1.06±0.20b
尿素氮
UN/(mmol/L)		 1.16±0.03 1.12±0.02 1.17±0.07 1.31±0.11 1.35±0.06 1.21±0.11
葡萄糖
GLU/(mmol/L)		 1.00±0.10ab 0.87±0.09ab 1.10±0.36ab 1.00±0.17ab 1.53±0.18a 0.80±0.21b
总胆固醇
TC/(mmol/L)		 2.55±0.24a 2.46±0.22a 2.40±0.33a 2.53±0.23a 2.64±0.27a 1.59±0.25b
高密度脂蛋白
胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.60±0.06a 0.61±0.01a 0.57±0.08a 0.54±0.04a 0.57±0.06a 0.37±0.05b
低密度脂蛋白
胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.31±0.19ab 1.30±0.15ab 1.29±0.20ab 1.37±0.15a 1.52±0.17a 0.81±0.15b
谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L)		 335.67±15.98b 394.33±3.93b 393.67±44.76b 376.00±51.48b 380.33±44.57b 518.33±39.21a
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 290.33±19.15 289.33±34.71 297.67±26.56 285.33±24.57 334.00±5.77 309.67±19.43

2.4 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫应答指标的影响

由图1可知,与C20组相比,C22~C28组对虾肠道LZM活性及TNF-α、RAB6A和HIS含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);C35组对虾肠道LZM活性显著降低(P<0.05),肠道TNF-α、RAB6A和HIS含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。
图1 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫应答指标的影响

数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。

Fig.1 Effects of dietary soybean meal on intestinal immune response indices of Litopenaeus vannamei

Value columns with the same small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.5 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响

由图2可知,与C20组相比,C22~C28组对虾肠道ZO-1、ZO-2、Occludin和Claudin-3基因表相对达量均无显著差异(P>0.05),C35组对虾肠道ZO-1、ZO-2、Occludin和Claudin-3基因相对表达量均显著下调(P<0.05)。
图2 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响

Fig.2 Effects of dietary soybean meal on intestinal tight junction protein-related gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei

3 讨论

3.1 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

本试验结果表明,随着饲料中豆粕添加比例的增加,凡纳滨对虾的生长性能呈下降趋势。当饲料中豆粕添加比例达到35%时,凡纳滨对虾的FBW、WGR和SGR均显著降低,这与Shen等[28]在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、矣林圆等[29]在大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)和Cai等[9]在克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的研究结果相似,说明过量添加豆粕会抑制凡纳滨对虾的生长。这可能是由于豆粕中存在大豆球蛋白、β-伴大豆球蛋白等抗营养因子,会抑制肌肉的生长发育,降低肠道消化吸收能力[16],引起肠道过敏反应,诱发肠道炎性损伤[30],从而降低凡纳滨对虾的生长性能。然而Howlader等[31]研究报道,饲料中添加35.7%豆粕对印度囊鳃鲶(Heteropneustes fossilis)的生长性能未产生负面影响,上述研究出现差异的原因可能与动物品种和豆粕添加比例不同有关。

3.2 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾体成分的影响

体成分是评估水产动物营养与生长状况的重要指标[32]。Hernández等[33]报道,饲料中添加60%豆粕不影响尖吻鲷(Diplodus puntazzo)全鱼CP和CL含量。徐田田等[34]研究发现,饲料中添加58%豆粕不影响凡纳滨对虾全虾CL含量。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕不影响凡纳滨对虾全虾CP和CL含量,这与Hernández等[33]和徐田田等[34]的研究结论一致。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著降低了凡纳滨对虾全虾Ash含量,说明过量添加豆粕会抑制矿物质在凡纳滨对虾体内的沉积,类似于陈乃松等[35]在欧洲鳗(Anguilla anguilla)中的研究结果。这可能是由于饲料中豆粕添加比例较高,导致植酸含量增加[35],从而降低了凡纳滨对虾对矿物质的吸收和利用。

3.3 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾血清代谢物的影响

血清代谢物可反映动物的健康状况和营养物质的利用情况[36]。ALB由肝脏合成,是运输合成原料和代谢废物的载体[37],其含量可反映机体内蛋白质的吸收和代谢情况[38]。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著降低了凡纳滨对虾血清ALB含量,说明过量添加豆粕会降低凡纳滨对虾对蛋白质的消化吸收能力。这与徐粒潇等[15]在银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch)幼鱼中的研究结果一致。GLB主要由浆细胞和淋巴细胞合成,其含量可反映动物机体的免疫功能[39]。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著降低了凡纳滨对虾血清GLB含量,类似于涂贵雄等[40]在褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)幼鱼中的研究结果,说明过量添加豆粕会对凡纳滨对虾的免疫机能产生负面影响。TC和TG可反映动物体内肝脏脂肪的代谢状况[41],HDL-C可促进胆固醇的逆向转运[42]。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著降低了凡纳滨对虾血清TC、TG和HDL-C含量,说明过量添加豆粕干扰了凡纳滨对虾的肝脏脂质代谢。相似地,魏梅等[43]报道,大豆皂苷会抑制血清中脂质的氧化和过氧化脂质的生成,从而降低血清TC和TG含量。血清ALT活性是反映肝脏的健康状况的重要指标,当肝脏受损时,血清ALT活性将显著升高[44-45]。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著增加了凡纳滨对虾血清ALT活性,说明过量添加豆粕会导致凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺受损。

3.4 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫应答指标的影响

甲壳动物主要依靠非特异性免疫系统作为抵御细菌和疾病的保护屏障,维持机体的正常生理平衡[46-47]。LZM是机体重要的非特异免疫因子[48],可通过破坏细菌细胞壁中N-乙酰胞壁酸和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖间的β-1,4-糖苷键,消化分解细菌,从而抑制外源微生物的生长,增强机体免疫力[49-51]。何旺泉[52]研究发现,豆粕替代鱼粉会下调凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫因子LZM基因相对表达量。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著降低了凡纳滨对虾肠道LZM活性,这与何旺泉[52]的研究结果一致,说明过量添加豆粕会抑制非特异免疫因子活性,降低凡纳滨对虾肠道的免疫力。TNF-α主要由活化的单核巨噬细胞产生[53],介导与细胞免疫有关的免疫应答。本试验结果表明,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著增加了凡纳滨对虾肠道TNF-α含量,这可能是由于豆粕中存在大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白等抗营养因子,可通过激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路来刺激促炎因子分泌[54-55],从而诱发凡纳滨对虾的肠道炎症反应。RAB6A是Ras超家族中有鸟苷三磷酸酶(GTPase)家族的成员,参与高尔基体至内质网的逆行运输和高尔基体至细胞膜的顺行运输[56]。已有研究发现,RAB6A可调控促炎因子TNF-α的靶向转运[57]。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著增加了凡纳滨对虾肠道RAB6A和TNF-α含量,说明过量添加豆粕会诱发凡纳滨对虾肠道炎症反应,但其具体机制还需进一步研究。HIS是肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞内组氨酸脱羧基后产生的一种胺类物质,可作为肥大细胞脱颗粒的标志物[58-60],参与炎症反应。Sun等[61]研究发现,大豆球蛋白可导致18日龄断奶仔猪肠道中HIS的释放量提高。Guo等[62]用纯度高于93%的β-伴大豆球蛋白灌胃大鼠,发现大鼠肠道中HIS含量显著升高。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著增加了凡纳滨对虾肠道HIS含量,类似于Sun等[61]在断奶仔猪和Guo等[62]在大鼠中的研究结果。这可能是由于豆粕中含有的大豆球蛋白、β-伴大豆球蛋白等抗营养因子刺激肥大细胞释放HIS,使肠道致敏[61,63],从而诱发凡纳滨对虾的肠道炎症反应。

3.5 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾肠道紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响

紧密连接是肠道上皮细胞间最主要的连接方式,能够阻碍病原体入侵、保护细胞膜免受损伤以及维护肠道屏障完整性[64-65]。胞质蛋白闭锁小带蛋白(ZOs)和跨膜蛋白Claudin-3、Occludin是紧密连接的重要组成部分[66]。ZOs异构体(ZO-1、ZO-2)可连接跨膜蛋白与细胞骨架、传递信号分子以及调节细胞物质转运,Claudin-3可调控肠上皮细胞的屏障功能,Occludin可调控细胞间的黏附、迁移以及肠道的通透性[67-71]。Liu等[72]报道,饲料中添加高比例豆粕会降低大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)后肠Claudin-3、Occludin和ZO-1等基因相对表达量。杨红玲[73]研究发现,投喂高比例豆粕饲料可降低花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)后肠ZO-1和Occludin等基因相对表达量。本研究中,饲料中添加35%豆粕显著下调了凡纳滨对虾肠道ZO-1、ZO-2、Occludin和Claudin-3的基因相对表达量,说明过量添加豆粕会破坏凡纳滨对虾肠道紧密连接完整性,增加肠道通透性,进而破坏凡纳滨对虾肠道屏障功能,类似于在大菱鲆[72]和花鲈[73]中的研究结果。这可能是由于豆粕中含有的抗原蛋白通过激活Rho/Rho激酶(ROCK)信号通路来破坏紧密连接结构[74],从而导致凡纳滨对虾肠道屏障功能受损。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲料中添加35%的豆粕可抑制凡纳滨对虾的生长,降低血脂含量,诱导肝胰腺损伤,降低肠道非特异性免疫力,诱发肠道炎症和屏障功能受损。饲料中添加低于35%的豆粕不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长和肠道健康。

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