综述

基于核转录因子-κB信号通路探讨花青素缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的作用机制

  • 卢琦 , 1, 2 ,
  • 周迪 3 ,
  • 班超 4 ,
  • 田兴舟 , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州大学动物科学学院,贵阳 550025
  • 3 贵州省种畜种质禽测定中心,贵阳 550018
  • 4 泰国苏兰拉里理工大学动物生产与创新系,呵叻 30000
*田兴舟,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

卢琦(1988—),女,河南焦作人,讲师,博士,主要从事反刍动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2024-11-11

  网络出版日期: 2025-06-12

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32302779)

国家自然科学基金项目(32260849)

贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2022]重点033)

贵州省基础研究计划(自然科学)青年引导项目(黔科合基础-[2024]青年106)

贵州省教育厅高等学校自然科学研究项目(黔教技[2024]33号)

贵州大学基础研究项目(贵大基础[2023]16号)

Mechanism of Anthocyanins Reduce Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants Based on Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway

  • LU Qi , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHOU Di 3 ,
  • BAN Chao 4 ,
  • TIAN Xingzhou , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 3 Guizhou Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guiyang 550018, China
  • 4 School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-11-11

  Online published: 2025-06-12

摘要

抑制宿主核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路活性、降低乳腺组织活性氧积聚是缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的可行方案。花青素是植物体内重要的次级代谢产物,不仅具有较高的自由基清除能力,且具有极强的抗炎症作用,是预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎的高效绿色添加剂。基于此,本文主要综述了反刍动物常见饲料中花青素含量、NF-κB在乳腺炎中的作用机制及花青素介导NF-κB信号通路缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的作用机制,旨在为预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎提供科学依据,对绿色畜牧业的发展也有重要作用。

本文引用格式

卢琦 , 周迪 , 班超 , 田兴舟 . 基于核转录因子-κB信号通路探讨花青素缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的作用机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(6) : 3510 -3518 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.288

Abstract

The inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species are the key and feasible ways to solve mastitis of dairy ruminants. Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites of plants which can not only enhance the free radical scavenging ability, but also have a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, anthocyanins can recognize as the most potential green additive for prevention of mastitis of dairy ruminants. For this reason, this paper mainly reviews the anthocyanin content in common feeds of ruminants, the mechanism of NF-κB in mastitis, and the mechanism of anthocyanins reduce mastitis by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway in dairy ruminants. This review can provide a scientific basis for the prevention of mastitis in dairy ruminants.

氧化应激是体内抗氧化与氧化作用失衡的一种状态,可诱发反刍动物乳腺炎、酮症、肺炎、肠炎等各种营养性代谢疾病[1]。反刍奶畜乳腺是体内生化反应最复杂、新陈代谢最旺盛的组织,易受各种致病菌攻击导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生与清除之间的失衡,引发炎症反应[2]。乳腺炎通常由各种病原微生物入侵奶畜乳腺导管引起乳腺组织的炎症反应,可促进乳腺上皮细胞代谢率增高,产生过量自由基蓄积于细胞内不能及时清除,导致细胞老化、凋亡,造成机体免疫功能和炎症应答能力下降,从而引发疼痛、心率加快、采食量降低等全身性的炎症反应症状[3-4]。目前已证实,氧化应激是由过量ROS及相关自由基刺激奶畜乳腺组织引发的一种炎症反应,可引发反刍奶畜乳腺炎疾病[5-6];同时,氧化应激的发生降低了奶畜奶产量与奶品质,导致奶畜泌乳功能丧失,大幅降低经济效益,严重制约奶业发展[7-8]。可见,炎症反应参与乳腺炎疾病的发生、发展过程,利用营养措施调控促炎-抗炎因子平衡,对预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎具有重要的应用价值。
核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)作为炎症和细胞死亡的重要转录因子,可调控动物细胞因子合成与释放,参与调控奶畜的炎症反应[9]。研究表明,反刍奶畜易处于氧化应激状态,从而激活NF-κB信号通路,进一步促进炎症反应的发生和发展[9]。Zhang等[10]报道,高浓度ROS可激活NF-κB信号通路,加剧山羊乳腺炎发病率,严重损害机体的健康。由此可见,抑制NF-κB信号通路活性、降低ROS积聚,是控制炎症反应、缓解炎性损伤的有效方法,是解决奶畜乳腺炎问题的可行方案。
在国家实施饲料禁抗战略下,寻找天然、无残留的绿色抗生素替代物预防奶畜乳腺炎,维护动物源食品安全变得极为重要。天然植物功能组分因其具有抗菌、抗炎等多种生物学功能,且其安全、高效、无残留等特点符合绿色养殖理念[11-12]。Muklada等[13]报道,在患乳腺炎奶山羊饲粮中添加植物源绿原酸,可减少乳汁中体细胞与中性粒细胞数量,在预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎方面具有实践指导意义。花青素是一种天然抗炎添加剂,可降低反刍动物自由基水平,增强抗氧化酶活性,提升抗氧化性能和免疫性能,减轻炎症反应[14-15]。此外,花青素可通过调控相关炎症信号通路(如NF-κB信号通路),下调促炎细胞因子与细胞黏附分子表达,抑制致炎因子释放,降低炎性反应[16-17],从而调节体内促炎-抗炎因子平衡,减缓反刍奶畜乳腺炎症反应,提升奶品质[18]。因此,花青素可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路,减轻乳腺组织炎症反应,具有预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎的潜力。
然而,目前鲜见花青素预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎作用机制的研究报道。因此,有必要进一步深入探究花青素抑制NF-κB信号通路减轻反刍奶畜乳腺炎的作用机制。基于此,本文聚焦NF-κB信号通路,对花青素预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎的可能作用机制进行概述,为在生产实践中预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎提供科学依据。

1 反刍动物常见饲料中花青素含量

花青素属多酚类化合物,是自然界中一类广泛存在于黑甘蔗等深色植物中的水溶性天然色素[19]。花青素主结构由1个芳香环构成,并连接含氧杂环与另一个芳香环;其种类由芳香环取代基类型及其位置决定[20-21]。此外,花青素在自然界中通常与糖连接,以花色苷的形式存在,目前在自然界中发现23种花色苷和600多种花青素[22-23]。尽管花青素的种类有限,但植物中花青素含量和组成存在显著差异。如表1所示,自然界中主要包括矢车菊素(cyanidin,Cya)、芍药素(peonidin,Peo)、天竺葵素(pelargonidin,Pel)、飞燕草素(delphinidin,Del)、矮牵牛素(petunidin,Pet)和锦葵素(malvidin,Mal)6类花青素[24]。目前,主要利用吸光光度法检测总花青素含量,但该法不能检出各种花青素及其衍生物的成分与含量,具有一定局限性。需指出,地源性特色反刍动物非常规饲料资源(如高粱秸秆[25]、火龙果皮[26]、紫苦楝叶[27]等)也含有较为丰富的花青素,运用色谱仪检测各种地方饲料资源中花青素的成分与含量是未来研究的一个方向。自然界中6种常见花青素的基本信息以及反刍动物饲料中花青素含量见表1
表1 自然界中6种常见花青素基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of 6 types of anthocyanins

花青素名称
Anthocyanin
names[28]
简写
Abbreviation
化学式
Chemical formula
颜色
Color
基本结构
Structure
反刍动物常用花青素饲料来源
Common sources of anthocyanin feeds for ruminants/(mg/g)
紫玉米秸秆
Purple corn stalk[29]
黑甘蔗
Black sugarcane[30]
紫象草
Purple napier grass[31]
矢车菊素Cyanidin Cya C15H11O6 橙红色 0.179 0.156 0.12
芍药素Peonidin Peo C16H13O6 橙红色 0.453 0.137 0.27
天竺葵素Pelargonidin Pel C15H11O5 橙色 0.111 0.079 0.13
飞燕草素Delphinidin Del C15H11O7 蓝红色 0.515 0.079 0.11
矮牵牛素Petunidin Pet C16H13O7 蓝红色 - - -
锦葵素Malvidin Mal C17H15O7 蓝红色 0.182 0.389 0.47

“-”表示未检出。

“-” indicates that not detected.

2 NF-κB在反刍奶畜乳腺炎中的作用机制

NF-κB是一种重要的炎症基因关键转录调节因子,其家族蛋白主要包括NF-κB1(p50)、RelA(p65)、RelB、c-Rel和NF-κB2(p52)5个成员,是众多炎症性疾病的关键信号通路[32]。研究表明,NF-κB是炎症反应的主要信号分子,调控相关炎性细胞因子的表达,对调控反刍奶畜乳腺炎的发生和发展具有重要作用[33]。正常情况,NF-κB处于NF-κBp50、NF-κBp65与抑制蛋白IκB结合的多聚体中,以非活形式存在于细胞质,但当细菌、病毒、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)或其他促炎因子外源性刺激时,模式识别受体会迅速识别并与之结合,产生泛素聚合物和信号蛋白复合物,导致多聚体上的IκB磷酸化、泛素化,被蛋白酶降解,从而激活NF-κB转移至细胞核内与DNA上的特异序列相结合,使NF-κB由抑制状态变为活化状态,进而释放炎症因子、集落刺激因子、环氧化酶-2、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、黏附因子、趋化因子等,增强相关炎症基因的转录,最终导致细胞凋亡,加剧机体的炎症反应[34-35]。因此,NF-κB信号通路作为多种炎症因子的转录调节因子,是炎症信号通路传导路径的枢纽点,对调控反刍奶畜炎症反应具有重要作用[8,35]。NF-κB受外源刺激释放炎症因子示意图如图1所示。
图1 NF-κB受外源刺激释放炎症因子示意图

TLRs:Toll样受体 Toll-like receptors;NF-κB:核转录因子-κB nuclear factor kappa-B;MAPK:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 mitogen-activated protein kinase;miRNA:微型RNA microRNA;IκBα:NF-κB抑制蛋白α inhibitor α of NF-κB;NLRP3:NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumour necrosis factor-α;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β interleukin-1β。

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of NF-κB releasing inflammatory factors under exogenous stimulation[33]

研究表明,反刍奶畜易处于氧化应激状态,诱发乳腺组织ROS与其他自由基过量积聚,从而激活NF-κB信号通路,导致大量促炎细胞因子及趋化因子产生,显著上调TNF-α等相关炎症基因的表达[36]。因此,下调NF-κB活性是预防乳腺炎疾病的分子靶标,是预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎研究的热点。孙奕烁等[37]研究发现,反刍奶畜氧化应激可产生过量ROS,进一步激活NF-κB,引起一系列促炎因子和其他脂质介质表达上调,造成乳腺组织炎性损伤,引起乳腺炎。
霍家燕[8]指出,NF-κB基因突变与奶牛乳腺炎易感性紧密相关,可影响相关蛋白质转录与翻译效率,加剧奶牛乳腺炎疾病发生。厉成敏[38]用奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为研究对象发现,当其受到外界刺激时,可激活NF-κB信号通路,加重乳腺上皮细胞的炎症反应。由此可见,NF-κB是调控反刍奶畜乳腺炎的主要通路之一,抑制其活性是缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的可行方法。

3 花青素介导NF-κB信号通路缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎的作用机制

亲电体可氧化或共价修饰NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的半胱氨酸残基,抑制酶的活性,从而阻断NF-κB信号通路[39]。花青素作为一种强有力的亲电体,可直接氧化IκB半胱氨酸残基或改变细胞氧化还原状态来降低NF-κB活性,从而抑制NF-κB的核转移,干扰NF-κB与靶DNA的结合,进而抑制反刍奶畜NF-κB信号通路,下调相关炎症细胞因子表达,保护机体免受炎症侵害,发挥抗炎症功能[39-40]。同时,花青素是强有力的自由基清除剂,其独特的酚羟基具有广泛的电子非定域化特性[41],不仅可维持其他氧化形式的稳定性,而且可清除过量自由基,减少促炎因子分泌,调节乳腺组织促炎及抗炎系统的平衡[42]。花青素通过NF-κB信号通路缓解动物炎症反应示意图如图2所示。Tian等[29]研究发现,相较于黏玉米秸秆青贮饲料,紫玉米秸秆青贮饲料花青素提取液显示出较高水平的2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力及较低水平的半数抑制浓度(0.65 μg/mL vs. 2.80 μg/mL),说明花青素具有极强的清除自由基作用,具有抑制反刍动物炎症反应发生发展的潜力。此外,花青素可抑制反刍动物内皮细胞黏附因子活性,下调NF-κB表达,减轻机体的炎症反应[43]。由此可见,花青素可显著下调反刍奶畜乳腺组织中NF-κB活性,终止炎症介质的转录,从而预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎。
图2 花青素通过NF-κB信号通路缓解动物炎症反应示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of anthocyanins alleviating inflammation through NF-κB signaling pathway in animals[44]

花青素通过清除乳腺细胞中过量自由基,提高抗氧化酶活性,缓解组织氧化应激状态[10];花青素通过靶向抑制NF-κB核移位,下调相关促炎细胞因子靶基因表达,减轻炎症对乳腺组织的损害,促进乳腺炎疾病的康复[45]。此外,饲粮中大部分花青素可过瘤胃进入小肠消化吸收,并转移至反刍奶畜乳腺组织,可改善乳腺的抗氧化酶活性,进一步抑制乳腺炎症反应发生[46-47]。Tian等[47]研究发现,在奶山羊饲粮中添加花青素可显著下调乳腺组织中TNF-α等相关炎症基因mRNA转录水平,减轻乳腺组织的炎症反应。Lazalde-Cruz等[48]研究指出,花青素及其衍生物可通过线粒体损伤、膜去极化和细胞色素C释放,促进反刍奶畜细胞凋亡,进一步下调NF-κB基因表达,抑制炎症反应发生。Jaiswal等[49]指出,花青素具有减轻反刍奶畜乳腺上皮细胞NF-κB的作用,显著抑制IκB和p65磷酸化,从而降低NF-κB活化,缓解反刍动物乳腺炎的发生。因此,花青素可通过下调NF-κB及其下游相关靶基因表达,缓解反刍奶畜乳腺上皮细胞氧化应激,降低过氧化物积累,从而调节乳腺组织促炎-抗炎平衡,抑制乳腺炎症反应[50-52]
反刍奶畜发生乳腺炎后,会导致NF-κB及其下游TNF-α、环加氧酶-2等表达上调,引起奶中体细胞数量增加,降低奶成分与奶产量[53]。研究发现,花青素也可清除奶中自由基,增强奶中抗氧化酶活性,从而阻断奶制品脂质氧化过程,改善奶品质[54]。此外,在反刍奶畜饲粮中添加植物源花青素,可显著提高奶中花青素含量,改善奶的品质和感官特性[46,55]。Tian等[56]研究发现,花青素可增强奶制品的抗氧化活性,降低自由基水平和脂质过氧化参数,提高消费者的感官评价。Zhang等[10]指出,花青素可通过减少乳腺上皮细胞ROS含量,增强抗氧化活性,进而提升山羊奶的抗氧化能力,改善奶品质。由此可见,花青素可通过抑制NF-κB活性缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎,进一步提升奶品质,具有双重改善作用。花青素介导NF-κB信号通路预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎的可能作用机制如图3所示。
图3 花青素介导NF-κB信号通路预防反刍奶畜乳腺炎的可能作用机制

IκBα:NF-κB抑制蛋白α inhibitor α of NF-κB;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumour necrosis factor-α;LOX:脂氧合酶 lipoxygenase;ICAM:细胞间黏附分子 intercellular adhesion molecule。

Fig.3 Possible mechanism of anthocyanins mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in preventing mastitis in dairy ruminants

4 小结

NF-κB信号通路是调控反刍奶畜乳腺炎的主要通路之一,花青素可通过抑制NF-κB活性降低ROS和炎症因子积聚,下调NF-κB及其信号通路下游关键靶基因表达,进而缓解反刍奶畜乳腺炎,提高生产性能。然而,目前关于花青素在反刍奶畜上的研究主要聚焦在动物饲养试验上,相关数据也主要集中在生产性能等表型数据。因此,未来研究有必要建立反刍奶畜乳腺上皮细胞炎症模型,利用RNA干扰和过表达等现代分子生物学技术,从细胞分子层面深入探究花青素调控NF-κB信号通路抑制反刍奶畜乳腺炎发生发展的路径。
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