研究论文

宁乡猪和巴宁杂交猪对玉米有效能、氨基酸回肠消化率及各肠段养分消化的比较研究

  • 范宁宇 , 1, 2 ,
  • 贾增强 1, 2 ,
  • 唐辉 1, 2 ,
  • 邓梦龙 1, 2 ,
  • 印遇龙 1, 2 ,
  • 李瑞 , 2, * ,
  • 徐康 , 2, *
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  • 1 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院,农业农村部畜禽资源(猪)评价利用重点实验室,长沙 410128
  • 2 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室,畜禽养殖污染控制与资源化技术国家工程实验室,动物营养生理与代谢过程湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410125
*李瑞,助理研究员,E-mail: ;
徐康,副研究员,E-mail:

范宁宇(2000—),男,河南项城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为单胃动物营养。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2024-11-26

  网络出版日期: 2025-06-12

基金资助

湖南省科技创新计划(2023RC3204)

国家自然科学基金项目(32494800)

湖南省自然科学基金项目(2023JJ20043)

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA24030204)

国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-35)

国家自然科学基金项目(32472957)

云南省科技人才与平台计划(202505AT350004)

Comparative Study on Corn Effective Energy, Amino Acid Ileal Digestibility and Nutrient Digestion in Intestinal Segments in Ningxiang and Baning Hybrid Pigs

  • FAN Ningyu , 1, 2 ,
  • JIA Zengqiang 1, 2 ,
  • TANG Hui 1, 2 ,
  • DENG Menglong 1, 2 ,
  • YIN Yulong 1, 2 ,
  • LI Rui , 2, * ,
  • XU Kang , 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
* LI Rui, assistant professor, E-mail: ;
XU Kang, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-11-26

  Online published: 2025-06-12

摘要

本试验旨在通过消化代谢试验测定宁乡猪和巴宁(巴克夏×宁乡猪)杂交猪(巴宁猪)对玉米的消化能、代谢能及氨基酸回肠消化率,同时通过回肠-盲肠双瘘管试验比较二者不同肠段对玉米养分的消化差异。试验1:选取体重相近的健康去势宁乡猪[(33.7±1.2) kg]和巴宁猪[(29.1±0.8) kg]各6头,采用全收粪尿法测定其对玉米的消化能和代谢能。预试期7 d,正试期3 d。试验2:选取体重相近的健康去势宁乡猪[(38.6±1.8) kg]和巴宁猪[(35.2±1.2) kg]各6头,分别在其回肠末端和盲肠端安装T型瘘管。采用无氮饲粮法测定猪对玉米氨基酸的标准回肠消化率(SID);同时,分别收集回肠和盲肠食糜,测定不同肠段养分表观消化率。试验分为2个周期,第1个周期共9 d(5 d预试期+2 d盲肠食糜收集期+2 d回肠食糜收集期),饲喂玉米饲粮;第2个周期共7 d(包括5 d预试期和2 d回肠食糜收集期),饲喂无氮饲粮。结果表明:1)在饲喂基础下,宁乡猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.73和14.35 MJ/kg,巴宁猪分别为14.58和14.30 MJ/kg,二者无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)宁乡猪对玉米总能、干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的表观回肠消化率(AID)显著高于巴宁猪(P<0.05);宁乡猪对玉米粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的表观盲肠消化率(ACD)显著高于巴宁猪(P<0.05);宁乡猪对玉米粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的表观全肠道消化率(ATTD)显著高于巴宁猪(P<0.05)。3)宁乡猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为43.61%~85.26%和72.76%~100.90%,其中对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的SID分别为72.76%、90.66%、78.06%和82.74%;巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为31.67%~83.95%和73.41%~199.47%,其中对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的SID分别为73.41%、89.28%、79.88%和80.52%。宁乡猪对甘氨酸和脯氨酸的AID显著高于巴宁猪(P<0.05),但巴宁猪对甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID极显著高于宁乡猪(P<0.01)。综上所述,宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米的有效能无显著差异,但宁乡猪对粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维各肠段的表观消化率高于巴宁猪;同时,宁乡猪和巴宁猪内源氨基酸损失不同,导致二者对玉米甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID存在差异。

本文引用格式

范宁宇 , 贾增强 , 唐辉 , 邓梦龙 , 印遇龙 , 李瑞 , 徐康 . 宁乡猪和巴宁杂交猪对玉米有效能、氨基酸回肠消化率及各肠段养分消化的比较研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(6) : 3655 -3666 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.301

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to determine the digestible energy, metabolizable energy and amino acid ileal digestibility of corn in Ningxiang pigs and Baning hybrid pigs (Berkshire×Ningxiang pig) by digestive metabolism test. In addition, the ileo-cecum double fistula test was used to investigate the variations in nutrient digestion of corn in different intestinal segments. In experiment 1, each six healthy castrated Ningxiang pigs with similar body weight of (33.7±1.2) kg and Baning pigs of (29.1±0.8) kg were selected, and the digestible energy and metabolizable energy of corn were determined using whole-collection of feces and urine method for 7 days in the pre-test and 3 days in the formal test. In experiment 2, each six healthy castrated Ningxiang pigs with similar body weight of (38.6±1.8) kg and Baning pigs of (35.2±1.2) kg were selected, and T-type fistulas were installed at the end of the ileum and the end of the cecum of the pigs, respectively. The amino acid standardized ileal digestibility (SID) in corn was determined using the nitrogen-free diet method, and the ileal and cecal digesta was collected separately to determine the nutrient apparent digestibility in different intestinal segments. The experiment was divided into two cycles. The first cycle lasted for 9 days of feeding corn diet, which included a 5-day pre-test period, 2 days of cecal digesta collection, and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The second cycle lasted for 9 days, including a 5-day pre-test period and a 2-day ileal digesta collection period, and the pigs were fed a nitrogen-free diet. The results showed as follows: 1) under the feeding basis, the digestible energy and metabolizable energy of corn were 14.73 and 14.35 MJ/kg in Ningxiang pigs, and were 14.58 and 14.30 MJ/kg in Baning pigs, respectively, which were not significantly different between each other (P>0.05). 2) The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in corn in Ningxiang pigs was significantly higher than that in Baning pigs (P<0.05); the apparent cecal digestibility (ACD) of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in corn in Ningxiang pigs was significantly higher than that in Baning pigs (P<0.05); the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in corn in Ningxiang pigs was significantly higher than that in Baning pigs (P<0.05). 3) The AID and SID of amino acids in corn in Ningxiang pigs ranged from 43.61% to 85.26% and 72.76% to 100.90%, with the SID of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan as 72.76%, 90.66%, 78.06% and 82.74%, respectively. The AID and SID of amino acids in corn in Baning pigs ranged from 31.67% to 83.95% and 73.41% to 199.47%, with SID of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan as 73.41%, 89.28%, 79.88% and 80.52%, respectively. The AID of glycine and proline in Ningxiang pigs was significantly higher than that in Baning pigs (P<0.05), but the SID of glycine and proline in Baning pigs was extremely significantly higher than that in Ningxiang pigs (P<0.01). In conclusion, there is no significant difference in the effective energy of corn between Ningxiang pigs and Baning pigs. However, the apparent digestibility of crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in each intestinal segment in Ningxiang pigs is higher than that in Baning pigs. Meanwhile, the endogenous amino acid losses in Ningxiang pigs and Baning pigs are different, resulting in differences in the SID of glycine and proline in corn.

宁乡猪是我国经过长期自然选择和人工选育形成的优良地方猪种,具有耐粗饲、抗病力强、易于饲养、适应性广且肉质鲜嫩多汁等特点[1]。与其他外来猪相比,巴克夏猪具有生长速度快、瘦肉率高和肉质优良等优点[2-3]。巴克夏公猪常被选作父本,通过杂交育种来改良中国土猪,以解决生长缓慢和瘦肉率低的问题,同时保留我国土猪优良的肉质特征[4]。因此,巴宁杂交猪(巴宁猪)受到市场的青睐,在湖南地区具有巨大的市场潜力。
目前,玉米、豆粕减量替代成为畜牧行业的新常态,而且玉米作为饲粮配方中最主要的能量原料,通常占配方比例的60%以上,因此提高玉米在畜牧业上的利用效率具有重要的意义[5]。不过,目前关于宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米养分消化的差异尚不清楚。一般而言,不同猪种对养分的消化能力与肠道发育、消化酶活性以及肠道微生物群落等消化生理因素有关[6-8]。前期关于不同猪品种或品系对玉米养分消化率的研究多集中在安定猪、安定黑猪及菲律宾黑猪上,结果表明地方猪相比于外种猪如杜长大猪、PIC猪等具有更高的养分利用率[9-10]。然而,宁乡猪与宁乡猪杂交后代对玉米消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)、不同肠段养分表观消化率和氨基酸回肠消化率的研究鲜有报道。构建我国地方猪饲料原料数据库有助于地方猪饲粮配方的精准制定,为地方猪精准饲养提供支撑,在一定程度上缓解“人畜争粮”矛盾。因此,本试验以生长速度较慢的脂肪型猪宁乡猪为和以宁乡猪与巴克夏猪杂交后代改良猪为代表,比较宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米消化能、代谢能、不同肠段养分表观消化率及氨基酸表观回肠消化率(AID)和标准回肠消化率(SID)的差异,旨在补充和完善中国地方猪饲料原料数据库,为我国本土猪专用饲粮的制定提供参考。

1 材料与方法

本试验在中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所完成,试验各项操作均经过中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所动物伦理委员会的审查和批准(批准编号:IACUC#201302)。

1.1 试验材料

本试验玉米饲粮使用的玉米为通辽黄玉米,玉米饲粮组成见表1,玉米和玉米饲粮营养水平见表2
表1 饲粮组成(饲喂基础)

Table 1 Diet composition (as-fed basis) %

原料
Ingredients
玉米饲粮
Corn diet
无氮饲粮
Nitrogen-
free diet
玉米Corn 97.3
玉米淀粉Corn starch 78.9
蔗糖Sucrose 10.0
大豆油Soybean oil 3.0
石粉Limestone 0.5 0.5
食盐NaCl 0.4 0.4
醋酸纤维素Cellulose acetate 4.0
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.0 1.9
二氧化钛TiO2 0.3 0.3
碳酸钾K2CO3 0.4
氧化镁MgO 0.1
预混料Premix 0.5 0.5
合计Total 100.0 100.0

预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 4 200 IU,VD3 400 IU,VE 36 IU,VK3 1.2 mg,VB12 23 μg,VB2 5.63 mg,VB5 20.5 mg,VB3 28 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1.0 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.80 mg,VB1 3.4 mg,VB6 2.7 mg,VH 0.18 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 70 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 70 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.30 mg。

表2 玉米和玉米饲粮营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 2 Nutrient levels of corn and corn diet (as-fed basis) %

营养水平
Nutrient levels
玉米
Corn
玉米饲粮
Corn diet
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 15.96 16.35
干物质DM 85.62 87.78
粗脂肪EE 3.70 3.77
粗蛋白质CP 8.04 8.15
粗灰分Ash 1.37 4.56
有机物OM 84.25 83.22
粗纤维CF 1.66 1.54
中性洗涤纤维NDF 13.07 13.52
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 2.48 3.23
钙Ca 0.05 0.51
总磷TP 0.28 0.41
必需氨基酸Essential amino acids
精氨酸Arg 0.35 0.35
组氨酸His 0.18 0.18
异亮氨酸Ile 0.26 0.28
亮氨酸Leu 0.86 0.89
赖氨酸Lys 0.22 0.24
蛋氨酸Met 0.22 0.22
苯丙氨酸Phe 0.32 0.35
苏氨酸Thr 0.24 0.28
色氨酸Trp 0.20 0.21
缬氨酸Val 0.36 0.37
非必需氨基酸Non-essential amino acids
丙氨酸Ala 0.58 0.57
天冬氨酸Asp 0.47 0.54
谷氨酸Glu 1.27 1.32
甘氨酸Gly 0.26 0.30
脯氨酸Pro 0.63 0.63
丝氨酸Ser 0.31 0.34
酪氨酸Tyr 0.25 0.25

营养水平均为实测值。

Nutrient levels were all measured values.

1.2 试验设计

试验1:选取体重相近的健康去势宁乡猪[(33.7±3.2) kg]和巴宁猪[(29.1±0.8) kg]各6头,饲喂以玉米作为唯一能量来源的玉米饲粮,其中维生素和矿物质水平满足NRC(2012)推荐要求。预试期7 d,正试期3 d。采用全收粪尿法收集样品,并通过直接法计算玉米消化能和代谢能。
试验2:选取体重相近的健康去势宁乡猪[(38.6±3.8) kg]和巴宁猪[(35.2±1.2) kg]各6头,分别在猪的回肠末端和盲肠端安装T型瘘管。通过饲喂无氮饲粮和以玉米为唯一能量来源的玉米饲粮,并添加0.3%二氧化钛(TiO2)作为指示剂,采用无氮饲粮法测定猪对玉米氨基酸的回肠消化率,并分别收集回肠和盲肠食糜,测定猪不同肠段养分表观消化率。试验分为2个周期,第1个周期饲喂玉米饲粮,第2个周期饲喂无氮饲粮。第1个周期共9 d,(5 d预试期+2 d盲肠食糜收集期+2 d回肠食糜收集期)。第2个周期为7 d,包括5 d预试期和2 d回肠食糜收集期。饲粮组成见表1

1.3 饲养管理

试验1:试验猪饲养在单个不锈钢代谢笼(1.8 m×0.8 m×0.6 m)中,代谢笼内为鸭嘴式饮水器。代谢室温度为(23±2) ℃,相对湿度为(60±5)%。试验开始前对试验猪进行称重,日饲喂量为个体体重的4%,试验饲粮以粉料的形式进行饲喂,每头猪提前称取2份等量饲粮,分别在每天08:30和17:30各饲喂1次。每天称量剩料量及投料量,计算每头猪的实际采食量。预试期每2 d打扫1次代谢室卫生,试验开始的前1 d对代谢室和代谢笼及收粪板进行清理,以确保粪便收集的准确性;正试期不再进行卫生的清理。每天巡栏记录猪只的精神状态。
试验2:于试验开始之前给试验猪做回肠末端和盲肠端T型双瘘管手术,手术前对猪进行禁饲,第1天饲喂多维葡糖糖,第2天禁食,让猪肠道食糜尽可能排空,以确保瘘管猪的成活率。手术后的护理:每天在伤口处喷洒碘伏,并涂抹红霉素软膏,直至伤口完全恢复,术后前3 d给猪注射头孢噻呋钠用来消炎,7 d后开始试验。将12头试验猪分别置于代谢笼内饲养并自由饮水,试验开始前对猪进行称重,日饲喂量为个体体重的4%,试验饲粮以粉料的形式进行饲喂,每头猪提前称取2份等量饲粮,分别在每天08:30和17:30各饲喂1次。

1.4 样品采集与处理

试验1:正试期间,收集每头试验猪新鲜的粪便样品,并立刻放置于-20 ℃冷库中。试验结束后,每头猪3 d内收集的粪便样品被解冻并充分混合,随后从中取出约400 g的样品,置于65 ℃的烘箱中干燥72 h,之后经历1 d的回潮达到恒重状态。干燥处理后的粪便样品经粉碎后过40目筛,分装用于后续分析。此外,每天精确收集每头猪24 h内的尿液,在收集开始前,预先向尿桶中加入50 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸,以固定尿液中的氮元素。尿液收集完成后,进行充分混合,并从中取出10%的样品,存储于-20 ℃冰箱中。待试验全部结束后,这些尿液样品被解冻并再次充分混合,然后通过纱布过滤,转移至50 mL的离心管中,并放置于4 ℃冰箱内备测。尿能测定前处理参考Li等[11-12]的方法,将滤纸折好放入到坩埚中,再加入5 mL尿液,并在65 ℃下干燥8 h。
试验2:每天08:00—18:00进行食糜采集,使用7号自封袋与橡皮筋,将袋子套在试验猪瘘管的外端,每隔30 min或当食糜采集量达到自封袋容积的1/3时更换袋子。采集完成后,立即将食糜样品放入冰盒中暂存,并在每天收集结束后,转移至-20 ℃冷库中保存。试验结束后,将收集的所有食糜样品解冻,充分混合,放入冻干机中冻干72 h,粉碎过40目筛,储存在-20 ℃冷库中待测。

1.5 测定指标及方法

样品中干物质、粗灰分和粗脂肪含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6438—2007和GB/T 6433—2006方法进行测定,有机物含量=干物质含量-粗灰分含量。粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别参照GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022和NY/T 1459—2022方法,采用全自动纤维分析仪(FT12,Gerhardt,德国)进行测定。粗蛋白质含量采用碳氮硫元素分析仪(Vario MAX cube,Elementar,德国)进行测定。钙和总磷含量分别参照GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018进行测定。采用等温式全自动量热仪(5E-AC8018,长沙凯德测控仪器有限公司)测定样品中总能(GE)。参照GB/T 18246—2019方法对玉米原料、饲粮和食糜样品进行预处理,并采用氨基酸分析仪(L8900,Hitachi,日本)测定水解氨基酸含量;色氨酸含量参照GB/T 15400—2018测定。饲粮、食糜和粪便中TiO2含量参照张丽萍等[13]和杨刚[14]的方法进行样品前处理,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Agilent,美国)进行测定。

1.6 计算公式

玉米饲粮和玉米原料的消化能和代谢能计算参考Adeola[15]的方法,计算公式如下:

玉米饲粮消化能(MJ/kg)=(食入总能-排粪总能)/采食量;

玉米饲粮代谢能(MJ/kg)=(食入总能-排粪总能-尿能)/采食量;

玉米原料消化能或代谢能(MJ/kg)=玉米饲粮消化能或玉米饲粮代谢能/0.973。

玉米饲粮某养分AID、表观盲肠消化率(ACD)和表观全肠道消化率(ATTD)计算公式[15-16]如下:

某养分AID、ACD或ATTD=100-[(食糜或粪便中该养分含量/食糜或粪便中TiO2含量)×(饲粮中TiO2含量/饲粮中该养分含量)]×100。

氨基酸AID和SID计算公式[17-19]如下:

某氨基酸AID(%)=[1-(回肠食糜中某氨基酸含量×玉米饲粮中TiO2含量)/(玉米饲粮中某氨基酸含量×回肠食糜中TiO2含量)]×100;

回肠末端内源氨基酸损失(%)=无氮饲粮回肠食糜中某氨基酸含量×(无氮饲粮中TiO2含量/回肠食糜中TiO2含量);

某氨基酸SID(%)=某氨基酸AID+(回肠末端内源某氨基酸损失/玉米饲粮中某氨基酸含量)×100。

1.7 数据统计分析

采用Excel 2019对试验数据进行初步统计和计算,然后采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行差异显著性分析(独立样本t检验),结果数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P>0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能

表3可知,宁乡猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.73和14.35 MJ/kg,巴宁猪分别为14.58和14.30 MJ/kg,二者对玉米的消化能和代谢能均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能(饲喂基础)

Table 3 DE and ME of corn in Ningxiang and Baning pigs (as-fed basis) MJ/kg

项目
Items
宁乡猪
Ningxiang pigs
巴宁猪
Baning pigs
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
消化能DE 14.73 14.58 0.038 0.056
代谢能ME 14.35 14.30 0.036 0.561

2.2 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米养分的AID、ACD和ATTD

表4可知,宁乡猪对玉米总能、干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的AID(分别为74.29%、72.98%、79.72%、61.98%、-12.50%和33.80%)显著高于巴宁猪(分别为69.02%、68.47%、75.45%、56.38%、-22.30%和28.10%)(P<0.05),而2种猪间粗脂肪和酸性洗涤纤维AID无显著差异(P>0.05)。宁乡猪对玉米粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的ACD(分别为62.28%和37.61%)显著高于巴宁猪(分别为58.43%和31.51%)(P<0.05),而2种猪间总能、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、粗纤维和酸性洗涤纤维ACD均无显著差异(P>0.05)。宁乡猪对玉米粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的ATTD(分别为66.11%和73.55%)显著高于巴宁猪(分别为61.22%和67.90%)(P<0.05),而2种猪间总能、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维ATTD均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米养分的AID、ACD和ATTD

Table 4 AID, ACD and ATTD of corn nutrients in Ningxiang and Baning pigs %

项目
Items
总能
GE
干物质
DM
有机物
OM
粗脂肪
EE
粗蛋
白质
CP
粗纤维
CF
中性洗
涤纤维
NDF
酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF
表观回肠消化率AID
宁乡猪Ningxiang pigs 74.29 72.98 79.72 80.50 61.98 -12.50 33.80 3.24
巴宁猪Baning pigs 69.02 68.47 75.45 80.78 56.38 -22.30 28.10 3.22
均值标准误SEM 1.329 1.117 1.642 1.451 1.313 2.543 1.438 1.891
PP-value 0.037 0.044 0.040 0.928 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.996
表观盲肠消化率ACD
宁乡猪Ningxiang pigs 74.07 72.93 81.23 82.07 62.28 -2.49 37.61 4.01
巴宁猪Baning pigs 73.33 71.75 79.70 85.78 58.43 -2.74 31.51 3.56
均值标准误SEM 0.547 0.592 0.457 1.199 0.879 0.950 1.302 1.540
PP-value 0.528 0.349 0.095 0.127 0.010 0.906 0.014 0.892
表观全肠道消化率ATTD
宁乡猪Ningxiang pigs 89.15 88.54 91.87 60.64 80.87 66.11 73.55 57.73
巴宁猪Baning pigs 88.69 88.23 91.52 58.19 79.23 61.22 67.90 56.57
均值标准误SEM 0.276 0.274 0.230 0.821 0.624 1.067 1.241 0.853
PP-value 0.427 0.585 0.469 0.145 0.198 0.013 0.014 0.524

2.3 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID

表5可知,宁乡猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为43.61%~85.26%和72.76%~100.90%,其中对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的SID分别为72.76%、90.66%、78.06%和82.74%。巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为31.67%~83.95%和73.41%~199.47%,其中对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的SID分别为73.41%、89.28%、79.88%和80.52%。宁乡猪对甘氨酸和脯氨酸的AID(分别为43.61%和68.27%)显著高于巴宁猪(分别为31.61%和44.28%)(P<0.05),但巴宁猪对甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID(分别为124.29%和199.47%)极显著高于宁乡猪(分别为88.29%和100.90%)(P<0.01)。
表5 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID

Table 5 AID and SID of amino acids in corn in Ningxiang and Baning pigs %

项目
Items
表观回肠消化率AID 标准回肠消化率SID
宁乡猪
Ningxiang
pigs
巴宁猪
Baning
pigs
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
宁乡猪
Ningxiang
pigs
巴宁猪
Baning
pigs
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
必需氨基酸Essential amino acids
精氨酸Arg 73.92 67.52 1.685 0.052 85.76 79.27 1.664 0.071
组氨酸His 69.26 65.00 1.690 0.224 80.38 76.98 1.736 0.352
异亮氨酸Ile 69.06 65.93 1.703 0.383 80.63 80.73 1.594 0.976
亮氨酸Leu 79.35 76.05 1.258 0.206 86.08 85.36 1.199 0.787
赖氨酸Lys 53.74 55.03 1.958 0.767 72.76 73.41 2.210 0.895
蛋氨酸Met 85.26 83.95 0.791 0.440 90.66 89.28 0.799 0.418
苯丙氨酸Phe 76.55 72.28 1.488 0.160 85.32 83.28 1.362 0.487
苏氨酸Thr 59.44 51.94 2.302 0.105 78.06 79.88 2.147 0.732
色氨酸Trp 81.83 79.62 1.070 0.326 82.74 80.52 1.073 0.325
缬氨酸Val 66.64 63.76 1.710 0.426 79.05 79.82 1.746 0.840
非必需氨基酸Non-essential amino acids
丙氨酸Ala 75.85 70.34 1.616 0.089 85.91 84.71 1.383 0.690
天冬氨酸Asp 65.36 62.02 1.681 0.344 79.53 80.26 1.635 0.835
谷氨酸Glu 78.92 74.09 1.305 0.059 85.86 82.70 1.139 0.176
甘氨酸Gly 43.61 31.67 3.069 0.014 88.29 124.29 6.300 <0.001
脯氨酸Pro 68.27 44.28 5.532 0.011 100.90 199.47 15.647 <0.001
丝氨酸Ser 65.46 60.44 1.900 0.200 81.07 83.41 1.719 0.522
酪氨酸Tyr 72.01 69.77 1.531 0.490 80.72 79.07 1.513 0.609

宁乡猪回肠末端内源氨基酸损失:精氨酸 0.043%,组氨酸 0.022%,异亮氨酸 0.032%,亮氨酸 0.061%,赖氨酸 0.044%,蛋氨酸 0.010%,苯丙氨酸 0.040%,苏氨酸 0.058%,色氨酸 0.002%,缬氨酸 0.058%,丙氨酸 0.060%,天冬氨酸 0.079%,谷氨酸 0.098%,甘氨酸 0.139%,脯氨酸 0.214%,丝氨酸 0.055%,酪氨酸 0.023%。巴宁猪回肠末端内源氨基酸损失:精氨酸 0.045%,组氨酸 0.024%,异亮氨酸 0.038%,亮氨酸 0.074%,赖氨酸 0.049%,蛋氨酸 0.010%,苯丙氨酸 0.034%,苏氨酸 0.077%,色氨酸 0.003%,缬氨酸 0.055%,丙氨酸 0.094%,天冬氨酸 0.102%,谷氨酸 0.122%,甘氨酸 0.298%,脯氨酸 1.063%,丝氨酸 0.082%,酪氨酸 0.024%。

IAAend of Ningxiang pigs: Arg 0.043%, His 0.022%, Ile 0.032%, Leu 0.061%, Lys 0.044%, Met 0.010%, Phe 0.040%, Thr 0.058%, Trp 0.002%, Val 0.058%, Ala 0.060%, Asp 0.079%, Glu 0.098%, Gly 0.139%, Pro 0.214%, Ser 0.055%, Tyr 0.023%. IAAend of Baning pigs: Arg 0.045%, His 0.024%, Ile 0.038%, Leu 0.074%, Lys 0.049%, Met 0.010%, Phe 0.034%, Thr 0.077%, Trp 0.003%, Val 0.055%, Ala 0.094%, Asp 0.102%, Glu 0.122%, Gly 0.298%, Pro 1.063%, Ser 0.082%, Tyr 0.024%.

3 讨论

3.1 玉米的养分分析

本试验测得玉米的大部分养分含量与NRC(2012)[20]和我国《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)[21]相近,而玉米的总能以及干物质和粗纤维含量与二者数据库相比偏低,这可能与玉米的品种和质量有关[22]。此外,玉米中色氨酸含量相较于二者数据库偏高,但与前人研究报道的结果[23]相近。

3.2 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米消化能和代谢能比较

饲料的有效能直接反映其能量利用效率,是饲料营养中至关重要的组成部分之一,且与猪的生长速度、饲料转化率以及胴体性状等紧密相关[24]。据报道NRC(2012)数据库显示,杜长大生长猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.44和14.21 MJ/kg[20]。许晏维等[9]研究表明,杜长大猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为13.67和13.32 MJ/kg,安定黑猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为13.84和13.52 MJ/kg,安定猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.06和13.53 MJ/kg。本研究中,宁乡猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.73和14.35 MJ/kg,巴宁猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能分别为14.58和14.30 MJ/kg,略高于NRC(2012)[20]和许晏维等[9]的研究结果。这可能是由于玉米的品种与质量差异,以及猪的品种、体重大小与环境因素之间的相互作用所导致的[9,22,25]。宁乡猪对玉米的消化能高于巴宁猪,且P值接近于显著,这说明宁乡猪对玉米的消化吸收能力强于巴宁猪。而且宁乡猪对玉米总能和有机物的ATTD高于巴宁猪,对玉米粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的ATTD显著高于巴宁猪。有研究表明,纤维在被后肠微生物发酵后还可以提供10%~30%的能量[26-27],以上均说明宁乡猪对能量的利用效率更高,这为地方猪的饲养提供了数据参考。

3.3 宁乡猪和巴宁猪不同肠段养分消化规律

消化是一个水解、吸收、发酵、分泌和转运的综合过程,这些过程的重要性取决于所供给的养分的种类和数量,以及消化的具体部位[28]。本研究通过比较猪回肠、盲肠和全肠道养分表观消化率,探究养分的消化规律发现,绝大多数养分在回肠、盲肠和全肠道的表观消化率都呈现递增的趋势,然而宁乡猪和巴宁猪对粗脂肪的ATTD远远低于AID和ACD,这很可能是猪的后肠段产生了脂肪酸所致,因为后肠微生物会将碳水化合物转化为脂肪酸[29],这就提高了粪便中粗脂肪的含量,使得粗脂肪ATTD远低于AID和ACD。而粗脂肪的ACD略高于AID,这可能是因为盲肠食糜在回肠段停留的时间延长所致,一般认为饲粮中粗脂肪在猪的回肠末端被基本消化[30]。因此,相比ATTD,粗脂肪AID更准确[20]。另外,粗纤维的AID和ACD均为负值,这表明回肠和盲肠食糜中测得的粗纤维多于饲粮中的粗纤维。McGhee等[31]测得猪对杂交黑燕麦总膳食纤维(TDF)的AID为-5.7%;Jørgensen等[32]认为,纤维消化率出现负值的原因是,内源性和微生物物质的存在可能会影响样品的多糖含量,而粗纤维的测定方法可能对这种物质很敏感,导致人为增加纤维含量和低估纤维消化。因此,粗纤维的AID和ACD均为负值,这可能是取样或分析误差以及结果变异性相对较高的综合结果[28]。总体而言,猪在前肠段已经消化了大部分的总能、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质,但粗纤维和酸性洗涤纤维在该肠段几乎没有被消化;值得注意的是,中性洗涤纤维在2种猪中的AID为30%左右,这说明中性洗涤纤维在前肠段可以被有效分解[33]

3.4 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米养分AID、ACD和ATTD的比较

不同猪种对饲粮养分的消化能力与肠道发育、消化酶活性以及肠道微生物群落等消化生理因素有关,而消化生理的差异又可归因于猪遗传背景的差异[6-8]。本试验结果表明,不同猪种对同一饲粮的养分表观消化率存在很大差异,特别是在猪的回肠末端。对于绝大数养分来说,宁乡猪的表观消化率都是要高于巴宁猪,无论是AID、ACD还是ATTD。这与之前我国地方猪与外种猪及其杂交猪消化率对比研究的结果类似,例如Ngoc等[34]研究表明,越南芒采猪对纤维饲粮有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、非淀粉多糖、粗纤维和总能的AID显著高于杂交猪(长白×大白)。Liu等[6]研究表明,金华猪胰腺胰蛋白酶、小肠胰蛋白酶和小肠脂肪酶活性均高于长白猪。由此可见,不同猪种的AID存在显著差异,这可能是不同猪种的食糜在肠道内滞留的时间不同及小肠消化酶活不同所致[6,34]。本试验结果表明,宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米养分的ATTD差异主要体现在纤维的利用方面。这与前人的研究结果类似,敖翔等[35]研究发现,川藏黑猪对玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)饲粮和玉米-豆粕型饲粮总能、干物质、碳水化合物和粗蛋白质的ATTD显著高于杜长大三元杂交猪;宋青龙[36]研究发现,野猪对纤维的消化率显著高于长白猪;Liu等[37]研究结果表明,无论是低纤维饲粮还是高纤维饲粮,桃源黑猪对粗纤维的ATTD都显著高于杜洛克猪。因此,宁乡猪比巴宁猪具有更加强大的后肠发酵能力,但宁乡猪与巴宁猪肠道菌群结构的差异还需要进一步的研究。综上所述,宁乡猪对玉米绝大多数养分的AID、ACD和ATTD均高于巴宁猪,这可能是遗传因素导致不同猪种间消化酶活性和肠道菌群结构的差异。然而,这一观点仍需更多的研究结果来证明。

3.5 宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸AID和SID的比较

国内外对玉米在宁乡猪上的氨基酸回肠消化率的报道较少,前人探索大多集中在杜长大猪上。本试验采用玉米原料,研究宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸回肠消化率的差异,结果表明,在饲喂基础下,宁乡猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为43.61%~85.26%和72.76%~100.90%,而巴宁猪对玉米氨基酸的AID和SID分别为31.67%~83.95%和73.41%~199.47%,相比之下大部分氨基酸消化率都在前人报道的范围之内[20,38-39]。然而,宁乡猪对玉米甘氨酸的AID和巴宁猪对玉米甘氨酸和脯氨酸的AID偏低。当氨基酸的AID为负值或非常低时,这主要是由于胃肠道中的黏蛋白所致,黏蛋白中可能含有大量的甘氨酸和脯氨酸,其对蛋白质的水解作用具有很强的抵抗力,并且这些黏蛋白经常出现在回肠末端[40]。黏蛋白是肠道黏液的主要成分,肠道黏液可以和肠道菌群相互作用[41],因此笔者猜测宁乡猪和巴宁猪不同的肠道菌群影响了二者对于甘氨酸和脯氨酸的AID。另外,需要说明的是,巴宁猪对甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID已经超过了100%。然而,SID的最大值不能超过100%,说明有些内源氨基酸的水平被过高估计,尤其是脯氨酸和甘氨酸。这进一步证实De Lange等[42]和Sauer等[43]的发现,即与含氮饲粮相比,无氮饲粮饲养的动物,由于蛋白质代谢的紊乱,内源脯氨酸和甘氨酸排泄量可能被过高估计[44]。不同猪种氨基酸需要不同,说明不同猪种内源氨基酸损失必然存在差异。另外,动物日龄或体重也影响动物内源氨基酸损失,这可能是由于不同体重或日龄的动物生理成熟度有差异[45-46]。不过,2种猪除了对甘氨酸和脯氨酸消化率存在显著差异外,未观察到宁乡猪和巴宁猪间其余氨基酸回肠消化率存在差异。这与之前的研究一致,Jo等[40]报道了杂交猪(长白×大白)和小型济州岛地方猪对大部分氨基酸AID和SID无显著差异,2个品种之间的氨基酸回肠消化率相似可能归因于它们共同的解剖学和生理学特征。Zhao等[47]研究表明,杂交猪(杜洛克×巴克夏×嘉兴黑猪)对赖氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸的AID比杜长大猪高3%~6%。Cheng等[48]报道,与杜洛克猪相比,湘村黑猪对氨基酸的消化率更高,饲料效率更高。巴宁猪对玉米甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID极显著高于宁乡猪,说明不同猪品种对氨基酸的消化吸收能力存在差异。

4 结论

宁乡猪和巴宁猪对玉米的消化能和代谢能无显著差异,但宁乡猪对粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维各肠段的表观消化率高于巴宁猪,体现了宁乡猪“耐粗饲”的特征;此外,宁乡猪和巴宁猪的内源氨基酸损失不同,宁乡猪对玉米甘氨酸和脯氨酸的SID极显著高于巴宁猪。
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