1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 粪肠球菌
1.1.2 试验动物与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 61.50 | 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.92 | |
| 豆粕Soy bean meal | 25.00 | 粗蛋白质CP | 16.02 | |
| 稻壳粉Rice hulls | 7.00 | 粗纤维CF | 5.60 | |
| 麸皮Bran | 3.00 | 钙Ca | 0.72 | |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 总磷TP | 0.54 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 赖氨酸Lys | 0.80 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.10 | 蛋氨酸Met | 0.33 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.10 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.6 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 12 mg,VA 30 000 IU,VE 100 mg,VD3 2 200 IU。 |
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 试验设计与饲养管理
1.2.2 样品采集
1.2.3 生长性能测定
1.2.4 肉品质指标测定
1.2.5 血清中与蛋白质代谢相关指标测定
1.2.6 qRT-PCR
表2 引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 登录号 Accession No. | 产物大小 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肌肉生长抑制素 MSTN | F:AGTTGATCCGGTGGCTCTTG R:TTAGGAGCTTGTTCCAGGCG | NM_001001461.2 | 162 |
| 叉头框蛋白O3 FOXO3 | F:CTCATGGATGCAGATGGGCT R:TCTCGTGTCAGTTTGAGGGC | XM_040668652.2 | 183 |
| 胰岛素样生长因子-1 IGF-1 | F:TGGCCTGTGTTTGCTTACCT R:TCCCTTGTGGTGTAAGCGTC | NM_001004384.3 | 166 |
| 蛋白激酶B AKT | F:TTTCGGTAGCTCAGTGCCAG R:TTCGTCCATTCTTCCCGCTC | XM_046917866.1 | 139 |
| 核糖体蛋白S6激酶1 S6K1 | F:TCCCGGCTTCACAAAGCG R:ACGGAGCTTGCGCAGAAA | XM_027471787.2 | 72 |
| 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 mTOR | F:AACCGTGATGACCGAATCCA R:AGCCCATGATTCCTTGGTGG | XM_417614.8 | 268 |
| 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 GAPDH | F:CTGTCAAGGCTGAGAATG R:CAAGAGCATTGCTGACA | NM_204305.2 | 279 |
1.2.7 肠道形态分析
1.2.8 肠道菌群高通量测序分析
1.3 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅生长性能的影响
表3 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance of seed geese at rearing stage |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | ||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 51.32±2.43 | 76.85±3.25 | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 351.00±3.49 | 415.60±3.23 | <0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 6.87±0.35 | 5.37±0.23 | 0.002 |
2.2 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅肉品质的影响
表4 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅肉品质的影响Table 4 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on meat quality of seed geese at rearing stage |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | ||
| pH | 6.12±0.25 | 6.07±0.27 | 0.662 |
| 滴水损失Drip loss/% | 1.44±0.80 | 0.91±0.62 | 0.035 |
| 蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% | 25.80±3.35 | 24.96±3.46 | 0.379 |
| 亮度L* | 44.69±5.94 | 46.94±3.85 | 0.103 |
| 红度a* | 13.03±0.28 | 14.90±0.21 | 0.071 |
| 黄度b* | 9.66±1.35 | 9.85±1.84 | 0.545 |
2.3 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅血清中与蛋白质代谢相关指标的影响
表5 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅血清中与蛋白质代谢相关指标的影响Table 5 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on serum indexes related to protein metabolism of seed geese at rearing stage |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 31.80±1.43 | 34.65±0.85 | 0.046 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 14.45±1.68 | 17.36±2.66 | 0.032 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 0.32±0.19 | 0.07±0.04 | 0.021 |
2.4 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅腿肌中与蛋白质代谢相关基因表达的影响
图1 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅腿肌中与蛋白质代谢相关基因表达的影响MSTN:肌肉生长抑制素 myostatin;FOXO3:叉头框蛋白O3 fork head frame protein O3;mTOR:哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 mmmalian target of rapamycin;IGF-1:胰岛素样生长因子-1 insulin-like growth factor-1;AKT:蛋白激酶B potein kinase B;S6K1:核糖体蛋白S6激酶1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1。 “***”和“****”表示与对照组比较有极显著差异(P<0.01)。 Fig.1 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on expression of genes related to protein metabolism in leg muscle of seed geese at rearing stage “***” and “****” indicated extremely significant difference compared with the control group (P<0.01). |
2.5 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅肠道形态的影响
图2 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅肠道形态的影响“*”表示与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05);“***”和“****”表示与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。 A:对照组空肠HE染色切片HE-stained sections of the jejunum in the control group;B:试验组空肠HE染色切片HE-stained sections of jejunum in the experimental group;C:空肠绒毛高度jejunum villus height;D:空肠隐窝深度jejunum crypt depth;E:空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度jejunum villus height/crypt depth。 Fig.2 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on intestinal morphology of seed geese at rearing stage “*” indicated significant difference compared with control group (P<0.05); “***” and “****” indicated extremely significant difference compared with the control group (P<0.01). |
2.6 粪肠球菌对育成期籽鹅肠道菌群的影响
2.6.1 Alpha多样性分析
2.6.2 Beta多样性分析
2.6.3 物种组成分析
表5 门水平上各组优势菌群相对丰度Table 5 Relative abundance of dominant microflora in each group at phylum level % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | ||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 35.24±0.66 | 57.70±3.26 | 0.030 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 16.33±2.41 | 31.55±3.18 | 0.019 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 47.02±6.40 | 6.32±1.36 | 0.030 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 3.19±0.50 | 0.32±0.09 | 0.050 |
表6 属水平上各组优势菌群相对丰度Table 6 Relative abundance of dominant microflora in each group at genus level % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | ||
| 螺杆菌属Helicobacter | 17.86±4.45 | 0.81±0.64 | 0.021 |
| 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus | 2.01±0.81 | 0.70±0.21 | 0.195 |
| 链球菌属Streptococcus | 1.54±0.41 | 15.26±5.00 | 0.050 |
| 脱硫弧菌属Desulfovibrio | 0.75±0.57 | 2.01±1.82 | 0.543 |
| 罗氏菌属Rothia | 1.93±1.55 | 3.97±1.39 | 0.384 |
| 棒杆菌属Corynebacterium | 0.81±0.42 | 4.92±0.42 | 0.028 |
| 梭菌科梭菌属Clostridiaceae_Clostridium | 3.05±1.37 | 2.79±0.89 | 0.683 |
| 芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属Bacillaceae_Bacillus | 2.40±1.02 | 2.99±1.20 | 0.725 |

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