1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物和饲养管理
表1 不同生长阶段三河牛饲粮组成Table 1 Diet composition of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages % |
| 项目 Items | 新生期 Neonatal stage | 断奶期 Weaning stage | 育肥前期 Early fattening stage | 育肥中期 Mid fattening stage | 育肥后期 Late fattening stage | 后备期 Reserve stage | 围产期 Perinatal stage | 泌乳期 Lactation stage | 干奶期 Dry stage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||||||
| 青贮饲料Ensilage | 34.25 | 64.70 | 52.17 | 52.17 | 52.17 | 60.00 | 64.81 | 65.33 | ||
| 苜蓿Alfalfa hay | 10.95 | 3.47 | 1.26 | |||||||
| 围产精料 Perinatal concentrate | 16.67 | |||||||||
| 羊草Chinese wildrye | 6.85 | 17.65 | 21.74 | 21.74 | 21.74 | 16.67 | 4.63 | 8.79 | ||
| 压片玉米 Flaked corn | 6.85 | 3.33 | 2.32 | 2.51 | ||||||
| 干奶精料Dry stage concentrate | ||||||||||
| 泌乳精料 Lactation concentrate | 6.85 | 24.77 | 22.11 | |||||||
| 育成精料 Fattening concentrate | 17.65 | 17.39 | 17.39 | 17.39 | ||||||
| 水Water | 34.25 | 8.70 | 8.70 | 8.70 | 3.33 | |||||
| 牛奶Milk | 100.00 | |||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
1.2 样品采集及指标测定
1.3 三河牛肠道微生物16S rRNA测序及生物信息学分析
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落α多样性分析
表2 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落α多样性Table 2 α diversity of gut microbiota of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages |
| 项目 Items | 新生期 Neonatal stage | 断奶期 Weaning stage | 育肥前期 Early fattening stage | 育肥中期 Mid fattening stage | 育肥后期 Late fattening stage | 后备期 Reserve period | 围产期 Perinatal period | 泌乳期 Lactation period | 干奶期 Dry period | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observed_species指数 Observed_species index | 724.30e | 2 566.35d | 4 610.50c | 6 483.25a | 6 557.91a | 5 780.22b | 5 625.09b | 5 712.10b | 5 560.80b | 180.33 | <0.001 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 261.44d | 4 701.03d | 11 644.84c | 21 162.52a | 21 652.41a | 15 052.47b | 16 044.99b | 17 428.59b | 16 355.80b | 692.98 | <0.001 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 1 441.71e | 5 518.22d | 13 265.92c | 23 271.29a | 23 897.51a | 16 334.84bc | 17 806.02b | 18 855.23b | 17 351.29b | 747.75 | <0.001 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 3.58d | 5.97c | 7.12b | 8.18a | 8.19a | 8.07a | 7.90a | 7.87a | 7.89a | 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.90b | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | 0.99a | <0.01 | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落β多样性分析
图1 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落PCoAA:全生长阶段PCoA;B:育肥阶段PCoA;C:泌乳阶段PCoA。 NS:新生期 neonatal stage;WS:断奶期 weaning stage;EFS:育肥前期 early fattening stage;MFS:育肥中期 mid fattening stage;LFS:育肥后期 late fattening stage;RP:后备期 reserve period;PP:围产期 perinatal period;LP:泌乳期 lactation period;DP:干奶期 dry period。图2至图4同 the same as Fig.2 to Fig.4。 Fig.1 PCoA of gut microbiota of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages A: PCoA of entire growth stage; B: PCoA of fattening stage; C: PCoA of lactation stage. |
2.3 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在门水平上的组成及变化
图2 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在门水平上的组成Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Lentisphaerae:黏胶球形菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉菌门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Others:其他。图5至图7同 The same as Fig.5 to Fig.7。 Fig.2 Gut microbiota composition of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at phylum level |
表3 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在门水平上的相对丰度Table 3 Relative abundance of gut microbiota of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at phylum level % |
| 项目 Items | 新生期 Neonatal stage | 断奶期 Weaning stage | 育肥前期 Early fattening stage | 育肥中期 Mid fattening stage | 育肥后期 Late fattening stage | 后备期 Reserve period | 围产期 Perinatal period | 泌乳期 Lactation period | 干奶期 Dry period | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 19.73d | 75.99a | 76.17a | 61.86bc | 61.43bc | 69.70ab | 58.34c | 58.73c | 59.01c | 17.15 | <0.001 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 15.84cd | 21.45bc | 13.41d | 34.90a | 34.85a | 26.03b | 38.31a | 38.07a | 37.18a | 11.56 | <0.001 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 63.94a | 0.88b | 1.16b | 0.78b | 1.22b | 0.87b | 0.88b | 0.89b | 1.18b | 18.69 | <0.001 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteria | 0.42b | 1.36b | 7.69a | 0.14b | 0.12b | 0.16b | 0.13b | 0.18b | 0.17b | 3.12 | <0.001 |
| 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobia | 0.03c | 0.01c | 0.22c | 1.39a | 1.44a | 1.10ab | 1.32a | 0.78b | 1.36a | 0.75 | <0.001 |
2.4 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在属水平上的组成及变化
图3 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在属水平上的组成Rikenella:理研菌属;Intestinimonas:肠单胞菌属;Papillibacter:乳头杆菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Christensenella:克里斯滕森菌属;Lawsonibacter:劳森氏杆菌属;Paraclostridium:副梭菌属;Escherichia:埃希氏菌属;Flavonifractor:解黄酮菌属;Caproiciproducens:产己酸菌属;Acetivibrio:醋弧菌属;Romboutsia:罗姆布茨菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Oscillibacter:颤杆菌属;Paraprevotella:副普雷沃氏菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Gut microbiota composition of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at genus level |
表4 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落在属水平上的相对丰度Table 4 Relative abundance of gut microbiota of Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at genus level % |
| 项目 Items | 新生期 Neonatal stage | 断奶期 Weaning stage | 育肥前期 Early fattening stage | 育肥中期 Mid fattening stage | 育肥后期 Late fattening stage | 后备期 Reserve period | 围产期 Perinatal period | 泌乳期 Lactation period | 干奶期 Dry period | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 埃希氏菌属Escherichia | 20.911a | 0.041b | 0.137b | 0.044b | 0.048b | 0.096b | 0.106b | 0.170b | 0.163b | 9.049 | <0.001 |
| Sediminibacterium | 14.680a | 0.020b | 0.123b | 0.030b | 0.025b | 0.039b | 0.044b | 0.079b | 0.107b | 5.989 | <0.001 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 10.585a | 0.114b | 1.485b | 0.611b | 0.576b | 0.574b | 0.624b | 0.896b | 0.709b | 5.964 | 0.001 |
| 贪噬菌属Variovorax | 8.049a | 0.068b | 0.290b | 0.079b | 0.105b | 0.053b | 0.074b | 0.076b | 0.075b | 3.398 | <0.001 |
| Phocaeicola | 0.026c | 5.367a | 0.922c | 4.342ab | 4.109ab | 3.369ab | 4.156ab | 4.361ab | 4.090ab | 2.311 | <0.001 |
| 醋弧菌属Acetivibrio | 0.011d | 5.781a | 2.892b | 1.708bc | 1.939bc | 1.541c | 1.599c | 2.266bc | 1.912bc | 1.992 | <0.001 |
| Herbivorax | 0.015b | 9.631a | 1.328b | 0.625b | 0.628b | 0.506b | 0.651b | 0.957b | 0.706b | 3.943 | <0.001 |
| Pseudoclostridium | 0.003b | 7.224a | 1.091b | 0.452b | 0.554b | 0.372b | 0.422b | 0.653b | 0.501b | 3.210 | <0.001 |
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 0.017d | 5.010a | 0.837cd | 1.346bcd | 1.916bc | 1.379bcd | 2.709b | 2.555bc | 2.766b | 2.325 | <0.001 |
| 副梭菌属Paraclostridium | 0.029c | 0.138bc | 12.809a | 3.016bc | 2.291bc | 1.187bc | 1.965bc | 3.302b | 1.528bc | 4.585 | <0.001 |
| 罗姆布茨菌属Romboutsia | 0.801d | 1.150cd | 5.119a | 1.922bcd | 2.598b | 1.376bcd | 2.142bc | 2.380bc | 1.799bcd | 1.816 | <0.001 |
| 产己酸菌属Caproiciproducens | 0.007d | 0.657c | 4.201a | 2.686b | 2.489b | 2.805b | 2.279b | 2.679b | 2.525b | 1.332 | <0.001 |
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 0.011d | 1.868c | 2.037c | 5.575a | 5.045a | 3.488b | 5.565a | 5.185a | 5.007a | 2.161 | <0.001 |
| 另枝菌属Alistipes | 0.024d | 0.131d | 1.605c | 6.040a | 5.894a | 4.037b | 5.367a | 5.503a | 5.581a | 2.550 | <0.001 |
| Monoglobus | 0.005c | 0.134c | 2.542ab | 2.913a | 2.743ab | 2.189b | 2.492ab | 2.688ab | 2.859a | 1.250 | <0.001 |
| 副普雷沃氏菌属Paraprevotella | 0.001e | 0.103e | 1.016d | 3.249a | 3.327a | 1.779c | 2.548b | 2.502b | 2.447b | 1.321 | <0.001 |
| 阿克曼菌属Akkermansia | 0.028c | 0.012c | 0.215c | 1.385a | 1.441a | 1.073ab | 1.321a | 0.768b | 1.353a | 0.748 | <0.001 |
| 肠单胞菌属Intestinimonas | 0.009e | 0.551e | 2.701d | 5.571b | 5.134bc | 6.607a | 4.489c | 4.968bc | 5.055bc | 2.269 | <0.001 |
| 克里斯滕森菌属Christensenella | 0.007d | 0.577d | 4.732b | 4.562b | 3.917bc | 7.024a | 4.441b | 3.522c | 4.749b | 2.226 | <0.001 |
| 乳头杆菌属Papillibacter | 0.021e | 0.810d | 3.771c | 4.895ab | 4.672b | 5.449a | 5.372a | 4.570b | 5.047ab | 2.013 | <0.001 |
| 劳森氏杆菌属Lawsonibacter | 0.014e | 1.724d | 3.008c | 4.170ab | 3.848bc | 4.910a | 3.423bc | 3.092c | 3.376bc | 1.583 | <0.001 |
| 解黄酮菌属Flavonifractor | 0.007f | 0.511e | 2.441d | 2.685cd | 2.666cd | 3.548a | 3.371ab | 2.765cd | 2.995bc | 1.250 | <0.001 |
| 颤杆菌属Oscillibacter | 0.007f | 0.651e | 1.969d | 2.620b | 2.521bc | 3.064a | 2.645b | 2.185cd | 2.592b | 1.036 | <0.001 |
| Dysosmobacter | 0.005e | 0.517d | 1.713c | 2.685b | 2.389b | 3.170a | 2.681b | 1.839c | 2.421b | 1.050 | <0.001 |
| 理研菌属Rikenella | 0.028f | 3.665de | 1.963ef | 5.869cd | 6.960bc | 5.215cd | 9.598a | 8.496ab | 8.959ab | 3.557 | <0.001 |
| Muribaculum | 0.014g | 1.151f | 2.895e | 3.807cd | 3.588d | 2.418e | 4.342bc | 5.144a | 4.511ab | 1.686 | <0.001 |
2.5 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落定殖规律
图5 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落定殖C1~C3分簇在门和科水平上物种组成Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门。Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Lactobacillaceae:乳杆菌科;Moraxellaceae:莫拉氏菌科;Comamonadaceae:丛毛单胞菌科;Enterobacteriaceae:肠杆菌科;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺菌科;Bifidobacteriaceae:双歧杆菌科;Carnobacteriaceae:肉杆菌科;Clostridiaceae:梭菌科;Prevotellaceae:普雷沃氏菌科;Streptococcaceae:链球菌科;Bacteroidaceae:拟杆菌科;Eggerthellaceae:伊格尔兹氏菌科;Planococcaceae:动球菌科;Pseudomonadaceae:假单胞菌科;Selenomonadaceae:硒单胞菌科;Aerococcaceae:气球菌科;Bradyrhizobiaceae:慢生根瘤菌科;Burkholderiaceae:伯克氏菌科;Chitinophagaceae:噬几丁质菌科;Enterococcaceae:肠球菌科;Eubacteriaceae:优杆菌科;Eubacteriales Family:真细菌目科;Sporomusaceae:鼠孢菌科;Staphylococcaceae:葡萄球菌科;Tissierellaceae:泰氏菌科;Alcaligenaceae:产碱菌科;Atopobiaceae:奇异菌科;Bacillaceae:芽孢杆菌科;Coriobacteriaceae:红蝽菌科;Dehalococcoidaceae:脱卤球菌科;Geobacteraceae:地杆菌科;Peptococcaceae:消化球菌科;Peptostreptococcaceae:消化链球菌科;Puniceicoccaceae:紫红球菌科;Rhizobiaceae:根瘤菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Stappiaceae:斯塔普氏菌科;Sutterellaceae:萨特氏菌科;Syntrophotaleaceae:互养菌科;Turicibacteraceae:苏黎世杆菌科;Veillonellaceae:韦荣氏菌科;Xanthomonadaceae:黄单胞菌科;Zoogloeaceae:动胶菌科;Methanosarcinaceae:甲烷八叠球菌科;norank:未定级;Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾原体科。图6和图7同 the same as Fig.6 and Fig.7。 Fig.5 Species composition of gut microbiota C1 to C3 clusters colonized in Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at phylum and family levels |
图6 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落定殖C4~C6分簇在门和科水平上物种组成Elusimicrobia:迷踪菌门;Acidaminococcaceae:氨基酸球菌科;Desulfovibrionaceae:脱硫弧菌科;Tannerellaceae:坦纳氏菌科;Muribaculaceae:鼠杆状菌科;Odoribacteraceae:臭杆菌科;Phyllobacteriaceae:叶杆菌科;Corynebacteriaceae:棒状杆菌科;Weeksellaceae:威克斯氏菌科;Beijerinckiaceae:拜叶林克氏菌科;Caulobacteraceae:柄杆菌科;Hyphomicrobiaceae:生丝微菌科;Methylobacteriaceae:甲基杆菌科;Micrococcaceae:微球菌科;Mycobacteriaceae:分枝杆菌科;Pasteurellaceae:巴斯德氏菌科;Akkermansiaceae:阿克曼氏菌科;Barnesiellaceae:巴恩斯氏菌科;Porphyromonadaceae:紫单胞菌科;Victivallaceae:食物谷菌科;Acetobacteraceae:醋杆菌科;Azospirillaceae:固氮螺菌科;Cohaesibacteraceae:黏着杆菌科;Elusimicrobiaceae:迷踪菌科;Fibrobacteraceae:纤维杆菌科;Flavobacteriaceae:黄杆菌科;Rhodospirillaceae:红螺菌科;Spirochaetaceae:螺旋体科;Succinivibrionaceae:琥珀酸弧菌科;Thermoanaerobacterales Family:热厌氧菌目科。图7同 the same Fig.7。 Fig.6 Species composition of gut microbiota C4 to C6 clusters colonized in Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at phylum and family levels |
图7 不同生长阶段三河牛肠道微生物群落定殖C7~C9分簇在门和科水平上物种组成Treponemataceae:密螺旋体科;Anaplasmataceae:无形小体科;Christensenellaceae:克里斯滕森菌科;Dysgonomonadaceae:营发酵单胞菌科;Paludibacteraceae:栖泥沼杆菌科。 Fig.7 Species composition of gut microbiota C7 to C9 clusters colonized in Sanhe cattle at different growth stages at phylum and family levels |

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