1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组 Carob pod powder groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | ||||||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||||
| 碎米 Broken rice | 33.93 | 32.43 | 30.93 | ||||
| 膨化玉米Extruded corn | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | ||||
| 发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal (43% CP) | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | ||||
| 豆粕 Soybean meal (45% CP) | 18.30 | 18.30 | 18.30 | ||||
| 膨化大豆Extruded soybeans | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | ||||
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | ||||
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | ||||
| 乳清粉 Whey powder | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | ||||
| 葡萄糖 Glucose | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | ||||
| 预混料 Premix1) | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | ||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| L-色氨酸L-tryptophan | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||
| 角豆荚粉Carob pod powder | 1.50 | 3.00 | |||||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||||||
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 15.20 | 14.95 | 14.84 | ||||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 19.16 | 19.24 | 19.87 | ||||
| 粗脂肪 EE | 6.70 | 6.71 | 6.72 | ||||
| 粗纤维 CF | 2.34 | 2.48 | 2.61 | ||||
| 粗灰分 Ash | 5.69 | 5.74 | 5.78 | ||||
| 钙 Ca | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.61 | ||||
| 总磷 TP | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | ||||
| 总糖 Total sugar | 10.25 | 11.15 | 11.78 | ||||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 5.98 | 6.43 | 6.88 | ||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 2.84 | 3.07 | 3.29 | ||||
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys | 1.21 | 1.25 | 1.29 | ||||
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.46 | ||||
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.78 | ||||
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Try | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.24 | ||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following for each kilogram of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 80 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 40 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 20 mg,Zn (as zinc oxide) 120 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 35 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.4 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 指标测定及方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 养分表观消化率
1.4.3 血清免疫指标
1.4.4 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.5 粪便微生物
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响
表2 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of carob pod powder on growth performance of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组 Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 始重 IBW/kg | 10.29±0.17 | 10.36±0.23 | 10.18±0.17 | 0.821 |
| 末重 FBW/kg | 16.24±0.29b | 17.86±0.18a | 18.20±0.69a | 0.004 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 424.88±29.99b | 536.31±23.54a | 572.86±45.28a | 0.008 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 775.78±52.70b | 811.99±34.85a | 800.45±52.08a | 0.009 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.87±0.13a | 1.53±0.06b | 1.43±0.10b | 0.012 |
| 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 6.02±0.51a | 3.28±2.98b | 1.37±0.13c | 0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响
表3 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响Table 3 Effects of carob pod powder on apparent digestibility of nutrients of weaned piglets% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组 Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 干物质 DM | 90.68±0.50c | 95.84±0.08a | 94.57±0.06b | 0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 85.59±0.29b | 87.71±0.41a | 85.18±0.58b | 0.005 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 77.71±0.23b | 89.16±1.66a | 88.08±4.25a | 0.040 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 35.21±1.27 | 46.72±6.67 | 49.50±6.60 | 0.181 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 54.51±1.72b | 64.92±3.35a | 67.49±0.76a | 0.016 |
| 钙 Ca | 55.75±0.20c | 59.05±0.44b | 61.81±0.20a | 0.001 |
| 总磷 TP | 39.37±0.28b | 40.34±0.26b | 42.77±0.82a | 0.001 |
2.3 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响
表4 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响Table 4 Effects of carob pod powder on serum immune indexes of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组 Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 第1天 Day 1 | ||||
| 补体3 C3/(μg/mL) | 570.03±29.63 | 517.26±32.52 | 574.03±58.48 | 0.581 |
| 补体4 C4/(ng/mL) | 77.71±4.16 | 72.45±4.04 | 75.29±3.55 | 0.647 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 328.17±83.73 | 377.87±91.19 | 384.84±56.02 | 0.823 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 18.20±2.81 | 21.10±2.57 | 20.71±2.04 | 0.679 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) | 5.51±0.51 | 5.89±0.58 | 5.11±0.69 | 0.657 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 200.21±7.55 | 213.85±8.04 | 208.17±3.30 | 0.493 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 45.06±1.24 | 43.07±1.83 | 42.12±1.22 | 0.370 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 320.09±15.95 | 327.31±23.59 | 320.01±25.12 | 0.964 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β/(pg/mL) | 676.25±24.70 | 682.84±22.12 | 693.56±19.52 | 0.858 |
| 溶菌酶 LZM/(ng/mL) | 44.01±1.14 | 46.88±1.44 | 44.42±1.16 | 0.251 |
| 第14天 Day 14 | ||||
| 补体3 C3/(μg/mL) | 964.88±15.88b | 1 100.41±14.05a | 1 026.80±15.31ab | 0.013 |
| 补体4 C4/(ng/mL) | 95.91±9.00b | 148.83±6.99a | 131.35±9.35ab | 0.002 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 417.01±28.30b | 698.33±48.94a | 649.01±52.19a | 0.004 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 19.85±2.12b | 39.93±3.99a | 35.79±1.30a | 0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) | 9.78±1.60b | 17.49±1.02a | 16.17±1.12a | 0.004 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 228.02±5.24b | 259.67±7.72a | 250.06±6.73a | 0.026 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 44.56±0.82a | 34.65±2.13b | 35.57±1.32b | 0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 317.13±19.80a | 272.81±16.74ab | 245.16±19.30b | 0.047 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β/(pg/mL) | 695.76±29.93b | 808.79±26.09a | 795.26±19.91a | 0.014 |
| 溶菌酶 LZM/(ng/mL) | 46.58±3.25b | 50.74±2.11ab | 58.55±2.42a | 0.018 |
2.4 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表5 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of carob pod powder on serum antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 第1天 Day 1 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 7.56±1.15 | 7.89±1.78 | 8.14±1.78 | 0.968 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 690.75±22.84 | 606.55±41.86 | 666.04±43.99 | 0.293 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 8.51±2.63 | 8.31±1.32 | 8.51±2.63 | 0.996 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 47.87±1.88 | 48.96±1.73 | 44.88±0.98 | 0.202 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 4.59±0.63 | 4.53±0.74 | 4.79±0.35 | 0.542 |
| 第14天 Day 14 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 8.66±1.98b | 17.88±3.37a | 25.23±3.01a | 0.003 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-PX/(U/mL) | 681.00±23.54b | 797.34±20.02a | 766.05±18.98a | 0.004 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 10.33±2.71c | 17.02±2.09b | 23.81±0.81a | 0.006 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 51.84±1.94b | 64.55±4.23a | 73.48±3.20a | 0.005 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 5.45±0.89a | 3.72±0.55ab | 3.10±0.14b | 0.043 |
2.5 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪粪便微生物的影响
2.5.1 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪粪便菌群多样性的影响
表6 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪粪便菌群Alpha多样性指数的影响Table 6 Effects of carob pod powder on Alpha diversity indexes of fecal microbiota of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| Goods_coverage指数 Goods_coverage index | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.387 |
| Ace指数 Ace index | 2 082.25±38.66 | 1 903.44±37.86 | 1 808.07±46.40 | 0.126 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 992.13±35.54 | 1 813.39±36.30 | 1 718.59±46.56 | 0.124 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 7.30±0.10 | 7.17±0.08 | 7.12±0.24 | 0.145 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.97±0.00 | 0.97±0.00 | 0.96±0.00 | 0.742 |
2.5.2 断奶仔猪粪便菌群组成分析
图2 断奶仔猪粪便菌群组成(门水平,前10)Campilobacterota:弯曲菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Patescibacteria:隐杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门。 Fig.2 Composition of fecal microbiota of weaned piglets (phylum level, top 10) |
表7 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪粪便菌群门水平相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of carob pod powder on relative abundance of fecal microbiota at phylum level of weaned piglets% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组 Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 57.38±3.18b | 60.75±2.71b | 67.95±2.85a | 0.049 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 26.55±1.11 | 27.65±0.81 | 27.29±2.47 | 0.818 |
| 广古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 9.47±2.56a | 5.37±2.36ab | 1.53±0.59b | 0.026 |
| 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota | 2.95±1.27 | 1.87±0.71 | 0.44±0.27 | 0.163 |
图3 断奶仔猪粪便菌群组成(属水平,前10)Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Holdemanella:霍尔德曼菌属;Subdoligranulum:亚颗粒菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭菌属1;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属。 Fig.3 Composition of fecal microbiota of weaned piglets (genus level, top 10) |
表8 角豆荚粉对断奶仔猪粪便菌群属水平相对丰度的影响Table 8 Effects of carob pod powder on relative abundance of fecal microbiota at genus level of weaned piglets% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 角豆荚粉组Carob pod powder groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | 3.0% | |||
| 乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus | 14.32±5.82b | 20.46±4.93ab | 29.07±6.55a | 0.038 |
| 普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella | 12.49±1.54 | 19.47±3.67 | 20.83±5.19 | 0.276 |
| 甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter | 24.36±6.25a | 13.78±5.09ab | 4.41±1.99b | 0.033 |
| 普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群 Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group | 9.44±1.14 | 6.90±1.17 | 10.57±3.40 | 0.494 |
| UCG-005 | 7.78±1.74 | 6.89±0.88 | 6.15±2.82 | 0.846 |
| 狭义梭菌属1 Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 | 10.94±3.20 | 5.70±1.31 | 4.03±1.56 | 0.099 |
| 亚颗粒菌属 Subdoligranulum | 7.66±2.35 | 8.86±3.16 | 3.16±1.21 | 0.235 |
| 霍尔德曼菌属 Holdemanella | 3.82±0.75 | 7.09±2.21 | 9.07±2.38 | 0.185 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 5.22±0.55 | 5.55±0.80 | 5.54±1.08 | 0.951 |
| 粪杆菌属 Faecalibacterium | 3.98±0.70 | 5.30±0.83 | 7.16±1.08 | 0.069 |

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