1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 颗粒型混合饲粮和精料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of pelleted mixed diet and concentrate (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 颗粒型 混合饲粮 Pelleted mixed diet | 精料 Concentrate |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 燕麦干草 Oat hay | 70.00 | |
| 玉米 Corn | 13.50 | 45.00 |
| 小麦 Wheat | 2.70 | 9.00 |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 1.80 | 6.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 3.60 | 12.00 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 2.40 | 8.00 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 4.20 | 14.00 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.20 | 4.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 10.36 | 20.67 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 2.38 | 2.92 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 7.38 | 3.38 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 42.09 | 15.27 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 22.74 | 8.87 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.61 | 1.09 |
| 磷 P | 0.37 | 0.59 |
表2 燕麦干草营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrient levels of oat hay (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Item | 粗蛋白质 CP | 钙 Ca | 磷 P | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗脂肪 EE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦干草Oat hay | 5.67 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 29.72 | 55.31 | 4.97 | 1.49 |
1.2 饲养管理及饲料制备工艺
1.2.1 饲养管理
1.2.2 饲粮制备工艺
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能
1.3.2 腹泻频率
表3 粪便评分标准Table 3 Fecal scoring criteria |
| 评分 Score | 形态 Shape | 外观 Appearance |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 正常 | 条形或颗粒 |
| 2 | 成形 | 较软、糊状 |
| 3 | 不成形 | 呈水样 |
| 4 | 不成形 | 呈水样、黏液附着少量血丝 |
| 5 | 不成形 | 呈水样、黏液附着大量血丝 |
1.3.3 饲粮营养水平和养分表观消化率
1.3.4 瘤胃发酵参数
1.3.5 瘤胃主要消化酶活性
1.3.6 瘤胃微生物区系
1.3.7 瘤胃代谢组学
1.4 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响
表4 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on growth performance of weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| 初始体重 Initial body weight/kg | 57.80±2.87 | 58.00±2.98 | 0.963 |
| 终末体重 Final body weight/kg | 74.70±2.29 | 75.20±3.22 | 0.902 |
| 平均日增重 Average daily gain/(g/d) | 281.70±19.60 | 286.70±17.80 | 0.855 |
| 体斜长 Body oblique length/cm | 89.60±1.63 | 88.60±2.04 | 0.712 |
| 体高 Body height/cm | 86.20±0.97 | 87.80±1.77 | 0.451 |
| 胸围 Chest circumference/cm | 108.60±1.81 | 109.20±1.88 | 0.824 |
| 管围 Cannon circumference/cm | 12.10±0.19 | 12.20±0.25 | 0.760 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛腹泻频率的影响
表5 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛腹泻频率的影响Table 5 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on diarrhea frequency of weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| 粪便评分 Fecal score/分 | 1.18±0.02 | 1.19±0.02 | 0.829 |
| 腹泻频率 Diarrhea frequency/% | 2.26±0.96 | 3.54±0.94 | 0.367 |
2.3 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛养分表观消化率的影响
表6 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛养分表观消化率的影响Table 6 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on nutrient apparent digestibility of weaned yak calves% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| 干物质 DM | 71.94±0.55B | 74.71±0.56A | 0.008 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 65.34±1.41b | 69.96±0.44a | 0.014 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 66.28±0.83B | 72.71±0.77A | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 64.57±1.61 | 66.11±0.95 | 0.335 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 66.78±2.93 | 70.59±1.79 | 0.300 |
2.4 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表7 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 7 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on rumen fermentation parameters of weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| pH | 6.76±0.03 | 6.78±0.04 | 0.654 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 3.77±0.39 | 4.10±0.47 | 0.596 |
| 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/dL) | 12.77±1.27b | 16.43±0.31a | 0.023 |
| 乙酸 Acetate/(mmol/L) | 36.92±1.56 | 45.24±3.95 | 0.086 |
| 丙酸 Propionate/(mmol/L) | 5.53±0.77 | 7.10±0.81 | 0.200 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 5.56±0.71 | 8.18±1.02 | 0.069 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 55.11±2.66 | 67.16±6.33 | 0.117 |
| 乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 6.57±0.46 | 6.48±0.36 | 0.858 |
2.5 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃主要消化酶活性的影响
表8 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃主要消化酶活性的影响Table 8 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on rumen main digestive enzyme activities of weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| 纤维素酶 Cellulase/(U/mL) | 341.95±8.55b | 373.66±7.97a | 0.027 |
| 淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/L) | 330.16±7.62 | 325.00±5.97 | 0.609 |
| 木聚糖酶 Xylanase/(U/mL) | 368.24±11.49b | 404.26±7.68a | 0.031 |
| 内切葡聚糖酶 Endoglucanase/(U/L) | 71.49±3.19 | 68.36±3.61 | 0.424 |
| 脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/L) | 687.77±5.98 | 691.47±16.79 | 0.840 |
| 胃蛋白酶 Pepsin/(U/mL) | 12.95±0.38B | 14.54±0.21A | 0.006 |
2.6 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.6.1 操作分类单元(OTU)聚类及基础分析结果
2.6.2 Venn图
2.6.3 Alpha多样性指数
表9 瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性指数Table 9 Alpha diversity indexes of rumen microbiota |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 985.36±73.95A | 604.04±14.46B | 0.001 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 985.21±73.89A | 603.69±14.72B | 0.001 |
| 覆盖率 Good’s coverage | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.150 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 8.26±0.29A | 6.60±0.28B | 0.003 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.99±0.00 | 0.94±0.00 | 0.109 |
2.6.4 瘤胃微生物优势菌门和菌属相对丰度
表10 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物优势菌门和菌属相对丰度的影响Table 10 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on relative abundance of microbiota dominant phyla and genera in rumen of weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 指标 Indexes | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | PMD | |||||
| 门水平 Phyla level | 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 70.61±1.92 | 79.07±3.29 | 0.057 | ||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 26.84±1.83a | 17.97±2.59b | 0.023 | |||
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 0.86±0.23 | 0.93±0.25 | 0.826 | |||
| 螺旋体门 Spirochaetota | 0.55±0.05 | 0.65±0.25 | 0.718 | |||
| 纤维杆菌门 Fibrobacterota | 0.29±0.14 | 0.55±0.13 | 0.122 | |||
| 脱硫杆菌门 Desulfobacterota | 0.40±0.07 | 0.33±0.11 | 0.586 | |||
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 0.09±0.02 | 0.15±0.04 | 0.199 | |||
| 梭杆菌门 Fusobacteriota | 0.04±0.01 | 0.07±0.01 | 0.095 | |||
| 迷踪菌门 Elusimicrobiota | 0.02±0.01 | 0.05±0.01 | 0.087 | |||
| 巴氏杆菌门 Patescibacteria | 0.01±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.836 | |||
| 属水平 Genera level | 普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella | 21.23±2.75 | 34.42±7.81 | 0.150 | ||
| F082 | 14.73±1.46a | 8.91±1.82b | 0.038 | |||
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 12.97±0.85a | 9.12±1.00b | 0.019 | |||
| Muribaculaceae | 8.73±1.91 | 12.55±3.54 | 0.371 | |||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 | 2.96±0.78 | 3.89±1.61 | 0.618 | |||
| 毛螺菌科ND3007群 Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group | 3.59±1.07 | 2.99±0.86 | 0.672 | |||
| p-251-o5 | 1.44±0.32 | 3.15±2.49 | 0.516 | |||
| 普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群 Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group | 1.14±0.41 | 2.61±1.07 | 0.237 | |||
| NK4A214群 NK4A214_group | 1.83±0.50 | 1.04±0.58 | 0.132 | |||
| 梭状芽孢杆菌属UCG-014 Clostridia_UCG-014 | 1.84±0.19 | 1.43±0.27 | 0.252 | |||
图4 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度的影响Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Protecbacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫细菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;Patescibacteria:巴氏杆菌门;Campilobacterota:弯曲杆菌门;Planctomycetota:浮游菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Myxococcota:黏细菌门;Gemmatimonadota:芽单胞菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Effects of separate concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on rumen microbial relative abundance at phyla level of weaned yak calves |
图5 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度的影响Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Prevotellaceae_UGG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group:毛螺菌科ND3007群;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Clostridia_UCG-014:梭状芽孢杆菌属UCG-014;[Eubacterium]-coprostanoligenes-group:前列烷真杆菌属群;Prevotellaceae_UGG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;Bacteroidales_RF16_group:拟杆菌目RF16群;Papillibacter:乳头状杆菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R-7群;Others:其他。 Fig.5 Effects of concentrate and forage and pelleted mixed diet on rumen microbial relative abundance at genus level of weaned yak calves |
2.7 精粗分饲与颗粒型混合饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃代谢组学的影响
2.7.1 主成分分析(PCA)
2.7.2 正交偏最小二乘方-判别分析(OPLS-DA)
2.7.3 瘤胃微生物差异代谢产物
表11 断奶牦牛犊牛瘤胃差异代谢产物Table 11 Rumen differential metabolites of weaned yak calves |
| 代谢通路 Metabolic pathways | 代谢产物 Metabolites | 变量投影 重要度 VIP | log2 (差异倍数) log2(FC) | P值 P-value | 变化 Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
亚油酸代谢 Linoleic acid metabolism | 12,13-二羟基油酸 12,13-dihydroxyoleic acid | 3.469 | -0.543 | 0.011 | 下调 |
| 12R,13S-环氧-9S-羟基-10E-十八烯酸 12R,13S-epoxy-9S-hydroxy-10E- octadecenoic acid | 2.698 | -0.857 | 0.017 | 下调 | |
| α-亚麻酸代谢 Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism | (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-羟基十八烷- 10,12,15-三烯酸 (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca- 10,12,15-trienoic acid | 2.545 | -0.692 | 0.032 | 下调 |
精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢 Arginine and proline metabolism | N-甲基海因 N-methylhydantoin | 2.518 | -0.253 | 0.030 | 下调 |
| N-乙酰腐胺 N-acetylputrescine | 1.227 | 2.264 | 0.031 | 上调 | |
| 组氨酸代谢 Histidine metabolism | N-乙酰组胺 N-acetylhistamine | 1.785 | -0.921 | 0.047 | 下调 |
| 脂肪酸降解 Fatty acid degradation | 戊二酸 Glutaric acid | 1.602 | -0.495 | 0.048 | 下调 |
| 半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢 Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 蛋氨酸亚砜 Methionine sulfoxide | 1.002 | 1.371 | 0.002 | 上调 |
2.7.3 KEGG通路富集分析
图9 KEGG富集分析气泡图Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Drug metabolism-other enzymes:药物代谢-其他酶;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Fatty acid degradation:脂肪酸降解;Primary bile acid biosynthesis:初级胆汁酸的生物合成;Histidine metabolism:组氨酸代谢;Thiamine metabolism:硫氨酸代谢;Glycerophospholipid metabolism:甘油磷脂代谢;Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism:丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢;Chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation:化学致癌-受体激活;Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism:甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢;Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism:α-亚麻酸代谢; Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Choline metabolism in cancer:癌症的胆碱代谢;Linoleic acid metabolism:亚油酸代谢;Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis:糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚生物合成;Autophag-animal:自噬-动物;Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection:卡波济氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染;Autophagy-other:自噬-其他。 Fig.9 Bubble map of KEGG enrichment analysis |

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