1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | ||
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||
颗粒料 Granular (35%) | 玉米Corn | 11.90 | 11.90 | 11.90 | 11.90 | 11.90 |
| 次粉Wheat middling | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | |
| 面粉Flour | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | 5.25 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 10.15 | 10.15 | 10.15 | 10.15 | 10.15 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.16 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
原粮 Grain (65%) | 玉米Corn | 26.88 | 23.66 | 20.43 | 17.19 | 13.95 |
| 豌豆Pea | 15.00 | 18.00 | 21.00 | 24.00 | 27.00 | |
| 高粱Sorghum | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | |
| 小麦Wheat | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | |
| 保健砂Health sand2) | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.78 | 1.05 | ||
| 98.5%赖氨酸98.5% Lys | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | ||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.76 | 11.76 | 11.76 | 11.76 | 11.76 | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.57 | 15.05 | 15.60 | 15.93 | 16.42 | |
| 钙Ca | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 1.15 | |
| 总磷TP | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.44 | |
| 有效磷AP | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | |
1)预混料为每千克试验饲粮提供The premix provided the following for per kilogram of experimental diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VB1 1.8 mg,VB2 8 mg,烟酸 niacin 20 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,VB6 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.50 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,VE 20 IU,VK3 1 mg,Fe 4.22 mg,Cu 0.56 mg,Mn 2.46 mg,Zn 0.56 mg。 |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 种鸽繁殖性能
破壳率(%)=(破壳数/总蛋数)×100;
种蛋受精率(%)=(受精蛋数/入孵蛋数)×100;
死胚率(%)=(死胚数/受精蛋数)×100;
受精蛋孵化率(%)=(出雏数/受精蛋数)×100;
入孵蛋孵化率(%)=(出雏数/入孵蛋数)×100;
健雏率(%)=(健雏数/出雏数)×100。
1.5.2 种鸽营养物质表观利用率
1.5.3 种鸽体重损失
种鸽体重损失=哺喂开始前种鸽体重-哺喂结束后种鸽体重。
1.5.4 乳鸽生长性能
哺喂期NFCR=哺喂期种鸽窝总采食量/窝乳鸽增重;
全期NFCR=第1周期孵化第1天开始到第2周期乳鸽出栏时种鸽窝总采食量/2个周期窝乳鸽增重。
1.5.5 乳鸽屠宰性能
1.5.6 乳鸽血清生化指标
1.6 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽繁殖性能的影响
表2 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽繁殖性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary crude protein level on reproductive performance of breeder pigeons % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 第1周期The first cycle | |||||||||
| 平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g | 21.74 | 22.46 | 23.00 | 22.56 | 23.09 | 0.251 | 0.496 | 0.141 | 0.542 |
| 产蛋间隔 Laying interval/d | 34.50 | 33.16 | 32.71 | 34.33 | 33.57 | 0.345 | 0.439 | 0.782 | 0.300 |
| 破壳率 Broken egg rate/% | 6.14ab | 8.92a | 6.95a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 1.199 | 0.038 | 0.010 | 0.266 |
| 种蛋受精率 Fertility rate of breeding egg/% | 86.45ab | 85.62b | 92.17a | 92.29a | 86.57ab | 0.961 | 0.044 | 0.263 | 0.049 |
| 受精蛋孵化率 Hatchability of fertilized eggs/% | 96.87 | 100.00 | 98.00 | 95.00 | 94.84 | 1.190 | 0.622 | 0.298 | 0.485 |
| 入孵蛋孵化率 Hatchability of setting eggs/% | 83.33bc | 85.62abc | 89.67a | 87.70ab | 82.63c | 0.745 | 0.024 | 0.880 | 0.002 |
| 死胚率 Embryonic mortality/% | 3.12 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.761 | 0.563 | 0.260 | 0.743 |
| 健雏率 Healthy chick rate/% | 100.00 | 97.50 | 100.00 | 97.91 | 100.00 | 0.733 | 0.675 | 0.938 | 0.494 |
| 第2周期The second cycle | |||||||||
| 平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g | 21.88 | 23.13 | 23.16 | 23.08 | 22.44 | 0.221 | 0.243 | 0.487 | 0.046 |
| 产蛋间隔 Laying interval/d | 34.18 | 32.78 | 33.33 | 32.72 | 32.25 | 0.354 | 0.521 | 0.142 | 0.829 |
| 破壳率 Broken egg rate/% | 4.82 | 5.20 | 2.38 | 4.76 | 2.08 | 1.311 | 0.915 | 0.533 | 0.937 |
| 种蛋受精率 Fertility rate of breeding egg/% | 90.71 | 93.75 | 93.33 | 94.84 | 94.09 | 2.212 | 0.983 | 0.621 | 0.780 |
| 受精蛋孵化率 Hatchability of fertilized eggs/% | 91.66 | 97.50 | 95.68 | 96.66 | 95.83 | 1.585 | 0.788 | 0.502 | 0.457 |
| 入孵蛋孵化率 Hatchability of setting eggs/% | 83.30b | 91.25a | 89.01ab | 90.95a | 90.97a | 1.065 | 0.047 | 0.028 | 0.166 |
| 死胚率 Embryonic mortality/% | 5.20 | 0.00 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.955 | 0.182 | 0.102 | 0.821 |
| 健雏率 Healthy chick rate/% | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 97.91 | 0.490 | 0.540 | 0.221 | 0.332 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽营养物质表观利用率的影响
表3 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽营养物质表观利用率的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary crude protein level on nutrient apparent availability of breeder pigeons % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 孵化期Incubation period | |||||||||
| 干物质DM | 60.62 | 64.10 | 66.42 | 63.36 | 65.66 | 0.948 | 0.348 | 0.164 | 0.340 |
| 有机物OM | 86.82 | 84.43 | 88.19 | 83.92 | 87.76 | 0.699 | 0.211 | 0.760 | 0.414 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 51.43 | 53.02 | 53.12 | 50.23 | 51.38 | 1.383 | 0.975 | 0.805 | 0.779 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 68.67 | 69.50 | 72.75 | 71.23 | 71.88 | 0.879 | 0.602 | 0.238 | 0.514 |
| 钙Ca | 70.77 | 69.32 | 71.03 | 67.46 | 68.25 | 0.775 | 0.553 | 0.249 | 0.908 |
| 总磷TP | 48.68 | 48.80 | 53.19 | 50.26 | 52.14 | 1.581 | 0.893 | 0.523 | 0.804 |
| 哺喂期Feeding period | |||||||||
| 干物质DM | 60.78 | 62.86 | 62.62 | 61.92 | 64.55 | 0.989 | 0.851 | 0.418 | 0.945 |
| 有机物OM | 84.21 | 85.14 | 84.84 | 83.69 | 83.89 | 0.528 | 0.962 | 0.656 | 0.670 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 50.87bc | 53.82ab | 55.15a | 50.76bc | 50.56c | 0.628 | 0.017 | 0.259 | 0.008 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 70.37 | 70.65 | 71.64 | 69.02 | 70.91 | 0.656 | 0.844 | 0.844 | 0.895 |
| 钙Ca | 69.13 | 71.99 | 68.35 | 67.13 | 68.29 | 0.920 | 0.702 | 0.370 | 0.908 |
| 总磷TP | 49.91 | 52.69 | 50.84 | 51.66 | 50.10 | 1.237 | 0.967 | 0.941 | 0.632 |
2.3 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失的影响
表4 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失的影响Table 4 Effects of crude protein level on weight loss of breeder pigeons g/对 |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 第1周期The first cycle | |||||||||
| 开始体重 Starting weight | 1 116.16 | 1 192.80 | 1 146.83 | 1 153.53 | 1 155.00 | 15.079 | 0.521 | 0.736 | 0.503 |
| 结束体重End weight | 1 056.16 | 1 125.20 | 1 079.83 | 1 096.23 | 1 098.71 | 12.985 | 0.458 | 0.566 | 0.568 |
| 体重损失Weight loss | 60.00 | 67.60 | 67.00 | 57.30 | 56.28 | 6.192 | 0.968 | 0.712 | 0.668 |
| 第2周期The second cycle | |||||||||
| 开始体重 Starting weight | 1 087.27 | 1 205.81 | 1 153.42 | 1 145.92 | 1 155.20 | 15.624 | 0.159 | 0.493 | 0.223 |
| 结束体重End weight | 1 028.63 | 1 151.50 | 1 073.14 | 1 080.85 | 1 092.70 | 14.680 | 0.072 | 0.573 | 0.299 |
| 体重损失Weight loss | 58.63 | 54.31 | 70.00 | 65.07 | 62.50 | 5.599 | 0.933 | 0.658 | 0.749 |
2.4 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽生长性能的影响
表5 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on growth performance of squabs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 第1周期The first cycle | |||||||||
| 初生重 Birth weight/(g/只) | 16.36 | 16.15 | 16.08 | 16.05 | 16.11 | 0.138 | 0.954 | 0.563 | 0.654 |
| 28日龄体重 Weight at 28 days of age/(g/只) | 495.48ab | 490.16b | 505.38a | 499.33ab | 502.52a | 1.657 | 0.027 | 0.051 | 0.773 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/[g/(d·只)] | 17.11ab | 16.92b | 17.47a | 17.25ab | 17.36a | 0.061 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 0.734 |
| 第2周期The second cycle | |||||||||
| 初生重 Birth weight/(g/只) | 15.70 | 16.39 | 16.49 | 16.83 | 16.04 | 0.134 | 0.086 | 0.238 | 0.020 |
| 28日龄体重 Weight at 28 days of age/(g/只) | 479.39b | 493.05ab | 497.22a | 496.75a | 501.81a | 2.346 | 0.037 | 0.004 | 0.270 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/[g/(d·只)] | 16.56b | 17.01ab | 17.16a | 17.13a | 17.34a | 0.072 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.338 |
| 窝平均日采食量NADFI/(g/d) | |||||||||
| 第1周期The first cycle | |||||||||
| 空巢期 Empty nest period | 63.36 | 63.86 | 64.17 | 62.39 | 60.85 | 0.464 | 0.134 | 0.045 | 0.109 |
| 孵化期 Incubation period | 66.72 | 69.16 | 67.13 | 67.79 | 68.25 | 0.550 | 0.662 | 0.666 | 0.791 |
| 哺喂期 Feeding period | 205.13 | 202.15 | 201.55 | 204.68 | 207.05 | 2.531 | 0.974 | 0.745 | 0.553 |
| 第2周期The second cycle | |||||||||
| 孵化期 Incubation period | 67.82 | 68.08 | 67.97 | 69.02 | 64.13 | 0.764 | 0.222 | 0.216 | 0.169 |
| 哺喂期 Feeding period | 202.83 | 203.39 | 201.38 | 205.44 | 205.29 | 3.098 | 0.996 | 0.762 | 0.878 |
| 窝料重比NFCR | |||||||||
| 第1周期哺喂期 Feeding period of the first cycle | 3.99a | 3.98a | 3.84b | 3.93ab | 3.96a | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.378 | 0.016 |
| 第2周期哺喂期 Feeding period of the second cycle | 4.07a | 3.98ab | 3.89b | 3.99ab | 3.94b | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.048 |
| 全期Full cycle | 4.61a | 4.56a | 4.42b | 4.52ab | 4.51ab | 0.018 | 0.029 | 0.083 | 0.048 |
2.5 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响
表6 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on slaughter performance of squabs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 宰前活重 Live weight before slaughter/g | 485.20 | 472.17 | 509.40 | 477.80 | 489.00 | 5.041 | 0.178 | 0.698 | 0.618 |
| 屠体重 Dressed weight/g | 416.40 | 405.35 | 443.40 | 418.75 | 424.60 | 5.690 | 0.323 | 0.456 | 0.546 |
| 全净膛重 Eviscerated weight/g | 344.61 | 336.58 | 371.60 | 352.69 | 348.75 | 4.262 | 0.107 | 0.387 | 0.181 |
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% | 85.79 | 85.68 | 87.05 | 87.57 | 86.86 | 0.509 | 0.756 | 0.293 | 0.653 |
| 半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated percentage/% | 78.56b | 79.27b | 79.53b | 82.70a | 80.34ab | 0.440 | 0.026 | 0.015 | 0.319 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage/% | 71.00b | 71.27b | 72.95ab | 73.80a | 71.30b | 0.334 | 0.018 | 0.128 | 0.013 |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage/% | 22.83b | 22.48b | 23.27ab | 23.56ab | 24.53a | 0.250 | 0.038 | 0.006 | 0.235 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage/% | 6.35 | 6.46 | 5.97 | 5.69 | 5.90 | 0.146 | 0.424 | 0.113 | 0.783 |
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage/% | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 0.105 | 0.682 | 0.247 | 0.434 |
2.6 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响
表7 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on serum biochemical indexes of squabs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 30.74Bb | 30.20Bb | 32.23ABab | 33.51Aa | 34.43Aa | 0.476 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.475 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 11.59 | 11.98 | 12.06 | 12.09 | 11.56 | 0.223 | 0.912 | 0.980 | 0.362 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 18.13b | 18.59b | 20.17ab | 20.07ab | 22.87a | 0.522 | 0.019 | 0.002 | 0.418 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 0.065 | 0.985 | 0.805 | 0.767 |
| 尿酸UA/(mg/L) | 48.25b | 56.57ab | 63.55a | 64.96a | 70.67a | 2.553 | 0.040 | 0.003 | 0.564 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 11.71c | 13.29ab | 13.98a | 13.93a | 12.39bc | 0.307 | 0.017 | 0.241 | 0.001 |
| 总胆固醇 T-CHO/(mmol/L) | 7.32b | 8.12ab | 7.94ab | 8.45a | 8.99a | 0.279 | 0.043 | 0.004 | 0.935 |
| 碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) | 40.30 | 42.04 | 38.04 | 36.74 | 39.78 | 1.111 | 0.651 | 0.439 | 0.555 |
| 谷草转氨酶GOT/(U/L) | 64.05b | 66.10b | 67.40b | 76.86ab | 84.46a | 2.285 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.248 |
| 谷丙转氨酶GPT/(U/L) | 15.95b | 15.67b | 16.04b | 18.18a | 16.93ab | 0.307 | 0.040 | 0.026 | 0.887 |
2.7 种鸽粗蛋白质需要量的回归分析
表8 种鸽粗蛋白质需要量的回归分析Table 8 Regression analysis of crude protein requirement for breeder pigeons |
| 项目 Items | 二次回归方程 Quadratic regression equation | R2 | 适宜粗蛋白质水平 Optimum crude protein level/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第2周期平均蛋重 Average egg weight in the second cycle | Y=-1.281X2+39.934X-287.874 | 0.943 | 15.58 |
| 第1周期种蛋受精率 Fertility rate of breeding egg in the first cycle | Y=-5.242X2+163.960X-1 191.170 | 0.531 | 15.64 |
| 第1周期入孵蛋孵化率 Hatchability of setting eggs in the first cycle | Y=-6.823X2+211.624X-1 552.221 | 0.874 | 15.51 |
| 粗蛋白质表观利用率 Apparent availability of crude protein | Y=-3.942X2+121.458X-881.562 | 0.611 | 15.41 |
| 第2周期初生重 Birth weight in the second cycle | Y=-0.900X2+28.114X-202.935 | 0.872 | 15.62 |
| 第1周期哺喂期窝料重比 NFCR of feeding period in the first cycle | Y=0.098X2-3.064X+27.840 | 0.545 | 15.63 |
| 第2周期哺喂期窝料重比 NFCR of feeding period in the second cycle | Y=0.083X2-2.624X+24.712 | 0.668 | 15.81 |
| 全期窝料重比NFCR in the full cycle | Y=0.098X2-3.127X+29.137 | 0.676 | 15.95 |
| 全净膛率Eviscerated percentage | Y=-2.085X2+65.263X-437.787 | 0.627 | 15.65 |
各回归方程得出的适宜粗蛋白质水平为对饲粮粗蛋白质水平的最大或者最小响应,最大或者最小值为-b/2a;R2为决定系数,Y为因变量,X为饲粮粗蛋白质水平。 | |
The optimum crude protein level for each regression equation is the maximum or minimum response to dietary crude protein level, with a maximum or minimum of -b/2a; R2 is the coefficient of determination, Y is the dependent variable, and X is the dietary crude protein level. |

京公网安备 11010802041926号